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By Sherwin F. Kelly

THOUGH the Geophysics Commit- tee limited itself to two sessions this year, both of them marked by a high percentage of absentee authors, even this situation failed to dampen the and or of the ebullient geophysicists, who bandied no small amount of good- humoredlv barbed discussion. Hans Lundherg offered some constructive criticism of last year's report by the Geophysics Education Commit- tee, making a plea for more training in field techniques and less insistence on rigorous theoretical training. Carl Heiland pointed out the necessity of making geophysics and geology courses more attractive in order to draw more students into these fields. Exception was taken to this line of reasoning by Father Macelwane and Sherwin F. Kelly who emphasized the necessity for sound basic training if competent geophysicists were to be turned out. This discussion developed apropos of the report of the Geophysics Education Committee, which had been postponed from the Education Division meetings, but was not read as it was available in mimeographed form. Except for this diversion the morning program fol-

Jan 1, 1944

As will be noted from the paper following, the sampling and estimating of limestone replacement deposits is entirely different from such work on a vein or disseminated ore deposit.

Jan 1, 1925

By S. F. Emmons

The history of the mining region of Custer county has been somewhat peculiar. Although, in the broader features of geological structure, it bears a strong resemblance to its newer and now more famous neighbor, 40 miles to the northward, the Cripple Creek mining district, it has been noted for failures rather than for successful mining ventures. Yet it has a number of mines that have proved themselves to be remarkably rich, and many others that have well-defined veins and very rich ore, though they never have been worked to any great depth. A few of the deposits seemed to the early miner so anomalous in form and manner of occurrence that they were popularly described as " contrary to all geological laws." The region has had several " booms," succeeded by more than usually violent reactions, the latter having proved more permanent than the former. It was, for a long time, the favorite resort of patent-process mongers, and the ground is now strewn with relics of various unsuccessful reduction-plants. Mismanagement, ignorance and disagreements among mine-owners seem to have been quite as responsible for the want of success in the region as the quality of the ores or the form of the deposits. In the early eighties, when the booms had not entirely died out, a division, then under my charge, of the U. S. Geological Survey, undertook an examination of the region for the purpose of making a study of its ore-deposits. The areal survey was carried to completion by Mr. Whitman Cross, but the study of the mines could never be completed for the reason that most of them were closed, for one reason or another, before we had time to visit them. From time to time, one or another of the important mines has been started up again, but it was not

Jan 1, 1897

By Roy A. Lindgren

SINCE the year 1643, when the first blast furnace in America for treating iron ore was built at Saugus, Mass., out of mica schist quarried in the neighboring district, the procurement of a suitable refractory for furnace lining has been a problem of concern to the operators of furnaces. The stacks built of mica schist continued to smelt iron ore until about 1836, when, according to F. H. Norton, the first firebrick were produced', at Queens Run, Pa. Other writers speak of brick having been molded and burned in Massachusetts about the year 1834. In 1841, Andrew Russell began to produce medium refractory plastic clay brick near East Liverpool, Ohio, that were used for lining blast furnaces'. The well-known Kentucky clay-producing district was not opened up until the year 1871, but since then it has produced a large percentage of the linings for iron blast furnaces. While some strides have been made by the refractories industry during the 100 years that have passed since the first firebrick were produced, it has been only during the last two decades that any real progress has been made towards bettering the product, even though the method of production had improved. Perhaps the fault lies with the user of the brick rather than with the producer, for not sooner demanding a supe¬rior product. During the past 15 years the tonnage produced per lining has increased from 500,000 gross tons to 1,000,000 gross tons, and now some furnaces are producing 1,600,000 gross tons and better on a single lining. It is true that enlarged capacity of furnaces and improved practice have accounted for some of this increase in tonnage, nevertheless better quality in firebrick must be given credit for its share. However, we are not yet ready to say that we have reached a maximum life of furnace lining. We believe that a better product can be produced and that the refractories industries of America will, through their extensive research depart-

Jan 1, 1937

By F. G. Cottrell

AS previously announced, Van. H. Manning has resigned as director of the Bureau of Mines, effective June 1, to become director of research with the newly organized American Petroleum Institute. Doctor Manning has been connected with the Department of the Interior for 34 years, having been civil engineer with the Geological Survey, from 1885 to 1910, previous to his connection with the Bureau of Mines which was organized in the latter year. Doctor Manning was appointed to an administrative position in the new Bureau under Joseph A. Holmes, its first director, and on Jan. 1, 1911, was made assistant director. On Jan. 1, 1914, when Doctor Holmes had to relinquish active

Jan 1, 1920

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

I. Anhydrous Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides; Fluorides. II. OxycMorides ; Oxyfluorides. III. Hydrous Chlorides; Hydrous Fluorides. The Fourth Class includes the haloids, that is, the compounds with the halogen elements, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and also the less closely related fluorine.

Jan 1, 1922

By Donald W. Petrasek

The effects of selected alloying elements on the elevated-temperature tensile properties of copper alloy -tungsten fiber reinforced composites were invcstigated. A cornparison of the elevated-temperature tensile properties of copper alloy - tungsten fiber reinforced composites, representing soluble systems. was made with copper - tungsten fiber reinforced composites, representing a mutually insoluble system. A linear relation between tensile strength and volume percent fiber content existed at elevated temperatures for all the systenzs investigated. The copper alloy composites were weaker in tension at high volume percent fiber contents than copper composites in which alloying with the fiber did not occur. The tensile strength of the alloyed tungsten fiber decreased with increasing penetration of the alloying element into Ihe tungsten fiber. THE technique of combining strong fibers with relatively weak matrix materials so that the fibers are load-carrying members has been utilized for many years in the reinforcement of plastics with glass fibers. This type of strengthening is currently being extended to include the reinforcement of metals with metallic fibers. Investigations of the room-temperature tensile properties of metal-fiber-reinforced metallic composites have been numerous,'-" but the study of tensile properties at elevated temperatures has been limited. In previous work done at the Lewis Research Center' composites consisting of mutually insoluble constituents were investigated. Composites were made of copper reinforced with uniaxially oriented tungsten fibers. The stress-strain behavior and tensile properties of the composites were related to the tensile properties of the base materials. The tensile strength of the composite was directly proportional to the volume percent of tungsten fiber present, and the full strength of the fiber was realized. Few metal fiber - metal matrix systems exist that are mutually insoluble, and those that do exist are not generally practical. An extension of this work was an

Jan 1, 1967

By Leonard Larson

DURING several years immediately preceding the adoption of wet-charge smelting at McGill, various necessary conditions affecting this procedure, such as plant rearrangement and the metallurgical nature of the concentrate produced at the concentrator, were fully considered. Wet-charge smelting is not altogether novel to the recently reconstructed smelter at McGill. A number of years prior to this improvement, when flotation methods were initiated at the concentrator, large tonnages of wet and (at that time) sticky flotation concentrate were charged directly into the reverberatory furnaces, because of the difficulty in handling the entire tonnage in the roasters. The plant had excess reverberatory units and this surplus furnace capacity was utilized to smelt raw flotation concentrate. During the years 1927 and 1928, a number of actual operating furnace test runs were made to determine in principle the feasibility of wet-smelting operation. Results were encouraging, and in November 1932 the roasting plant was shut down. For some time thereafter the wet feed was delivered directly to the reverberatory side-charging calcine hoppers already in place. Feeding the wet material through the old calcine hoppers and charge holes into the furnace involved considerable labor, but under the conditions existing at that time it was desirable to continue wet smelting even under the handicap of this laborious procedure. The smelting plant during this period was on a curtailed production basis, operating only about 15 days per month. The alternate starting up and shutting down of the roasting plant presented a difficult problem and charging the wet material directly to the furnace entirely eliminated this difficulty. The roasting plant was never operated thereafter. EARLY PROCEDURE Fig. 1 shows the general layout of the smelting plant before the smelter was remodeled. Under this arrangement, all concentrates and fluxes except converter flux were delivered in cars to wooden storage bins, which paralleled the roaster building. The material to be roasted was dis-

Jan 1, 1938

J. A. MATHEWS, ? Syracuse, N. Y. (written discussion§).-This paper by Prof. Hoyt, together with the papers by Messrs. Jeffries, Clayton, Rawson, and Moore, submitted at this meeting, constitute a valuable symposium on what might be called the "mechanism of failures." Prof. Hoyt has not emphasized too strongly the importance of the notched-bar test, or the notch as a feature of a structural design. There has been a good deal of misunderstanding in reference to the value of the notched-bar test, and various vibratory tests such as the Wohler, White-Souther, Stanton, and Upton-Lewis have been devised. This form of testing has received more attention abroad than it has here, and has been the subject of a great many very careful investigations. I have heard many expressions of surprise at the apparent lack of agreement between the results of vibratory tests and the results of shock tests. It is not necessary that the values obviously should agree, because obviously different properties are being tested. In reference to the presence of notches or sharp corners in the construe tion of machines or parts, would say that these more frequently lead to fatigue failures than to typical notch-bar failures clue to sudden impact. I have seen a number of airplane crankshafts that had apparently failed due to a keyway that was left with fairly sharp angles at the bottom. The material satisfactorily responded to every test, including the notched-bar test, nevertheless the shafts failed, showing a fatigue break, usually spiral and sometimes making at least one complete turn around the shaft. The lack of concordance between supposedly duplicate notched-bar tests in my experience has been most often due to lack of care in the machining of the test piece itself. Prof. Hoyt draws attention to a report of Charpy in 1909, in which two steels of almost identical physical properties show very different results in the notched-bar test. He states that the microstructure at once showed that one steel was in poorer condition than the other. More recent experience has shown other cases of this kind where not even the microstructure serves to reveal any startling differences in structure.

Jan 4, 1919

By Richard McCaffery

THE statistical analysis of blast-furnace data was undertaken to determine some of the relations which exist between the variables involved in furnace operation, and particularly to show the effect of variation of slag composition on such economically important factors as coke consumption, daily tonnage of pig iron and sulfur elimination. It was desired to correlate the results obtained in- commercial practice with those predicted from a study of the quaternary system lime-alumina-silica-magnesia. This paper presents the results of a preliminary study of blast-furnace daily operating reports, and is intended to indicate the suitability of our method of attack and something of the results that may be expected from an extended statistical examination of such data. It has been shown that blast-furnace slags are not composed of oxides, as reported by chemical analysis, but are actually composed of several compounds, each made up of two or more of the oxides present.1 These compounds persist in the liquid state, and the properties of a slag are the properties of a mixture of these compounds, and not of a mixture of the ultimate oxides .2,3 The oxides lime, alumina, silica and magnesia make up 94 to 96 per cent. of the usual blast-furnace slag, and assuming that we may neglect the remainder of the components, we may determine the minerals present, and their relative proportions, from a study of the quaternary system involving these four oxides. Operating reports from 15 furnaces were available for this investigation. Complete slag analyses for one slag per day were available, permitting the calculation of the mineral composition of the slags used. Basic, malleable and foundry irons, with silicon varying from 0.75 to 4.50 per cent. were included in the reports for this examination.

Jan 1, 1931

By R. S. McCaffery, R. G. Stephenson

The statistical analysis of blast-furnace data was undertaken to determine some of the relations which exist between the variables involved in furnace operation, and particularly to show the effect of variation of slag composition on such economically important factors as coke consumption, daily tonnage of pig iron and sulfur elimination. It' was desired to correlate the results obtained in commercial practice with those predicted from a study of the quaternary system lime-alumina-silica-magnesia. This paper presents the results of a preliminary study of blast-furnace daily operating reports, and is intended to indicate the suitability of our method of attack and something of the results that may be expected from an extended statistical examination of such data. It has been shown that blast-furnace slags are not composed of oxides, as reported by chemical analysis, but are actually composed of several compounds, each made up of two or more of the oxides present.' These compounds persist in the liquid state, and the properties of a slag are the properties of a mixture of these compounds, and not of a mixture of the ultimate oxides. The oxides lime, alumina, silica and magnesia make up 94 to 96 per cent. of the usual blast-furnace slag, and assuming that we may neglect the remainder of the components, we may determine the minerals present, and their relative proportions, from a study of the quaternary system involving these four oxides. Operating reports from 15 furnaces were available for this investigation. Complete slag analyses for one slag per day were available, per-mittling the calculation of the mineral composition of the slags used. Basic, malleable and foundry irons, with silicon varying from 0.75 to 4.50 per cent. were included in the reports for this examination.

Jan 1, 1931

By D. E. Hilts, R. P. Miller

A large coal-fired power plant is to be built jointly by Pacific Power & Light Co. of Portland, Ore., and by The Washington Water Power Co. of Spokane, Wash., at a site about six miles northeast of Centralia, Wash. (Fig. 1 inset). Coal will be mined from nearby open-pit strip mines that will require cut slopes up to 250 ft in height. Coal will be removed from a seam approximately 50 ft thick, located at the bottom of the mine slopes. The coal fields are located in a geologically complex area that has been subjected to intense folding and faulting. As a result, the soils and rock comprising the overburden are highly fractured, jointed, and faulted. Classical approaches to slope stability based solely on the physical proper- ties of the overburden appeared to offer little assurance that theoretically stable slopes would remain stable. Further, the scope of the exploration program that would be required to provide a reasonable evaluation of the primary and secondary structural features from which a statistical evaluation could be developed was considered impractical. As part of the development of an overall mining plan, an experimental Pilot mine excavation, about 225 ft high and about 400 ft long at the base, was made within the coal field. This experimental cut was to provide firsthand knowledge of cut slope behavior. Our purpose at the Pilot mine was to observe the cut slopes as the excavation proceeded. To accomplish this purpose, the highwall of the experimental cut was instrumented to measure face movements and movement at depth behind the face. In addition, a detailed geologic map of the soil and rock conditions exposed in the highwall was prepared, and continual visual observations of the mine were made, noting significant events as they occurred.

Jan 1, 1970

By Basil B. Zavoico

The production of all Russian fields incressed from approsimatctly 74,000,000 bbl. during 1926-27, to approximately 83,000,000 bbl. during 1927-28. Of this amount Baku was responsible for 54,.500,000 bbl., Grozny for 25,800,000 bbl., and Emba for 1,200,000 bbl. Accordingly, the proportional importance of the Grozny oil field has been considerably increased, the present production being twice that of 1913. The most notable factor of production during 1927-28 was the importance of gushers; 40.8 per cent. of the total was thus obtained. In the Baku fields 26 per cent. of the total, and in Grozny 74.2 percent'. of the total were produced by naturally flowing wells. This may be explained by the reduction in authorizations for drilling by the central authorities, and, accordingly, the local trusts increased the production to the planned figures at the expense of the proved prolific reserves. In Baku region, the Surnkany oil field produced 36.1 per cent. of the total Baku production, or an equivalent of 53,800 bbl. per clay, the largest percentage coining from the fifth horizon. Nest year's plans call for continual development of that horizon as well as of the sixteenth horizon in the Bibi-Eibat field, which was opened lately. In the Grozny fields the New Area (Bellik) WAS responsible for 79.4 per cent. of the total production. The authorized plan for 1928-29 production calls for 92,200,000 bid., and a reasonably accurate estimate for 1932--33 production is placed at. 156,000,000 bbl., with Baku contributing 101,800,000 bbl., Grozny 44,100,000 bbl., Emba 6,200,000 bbl., Kuban 2,100,000 bbl., Saghalien Island 1,400,000 bbl., and Russian Turkestan 400,000 bbl. In connection with recent discoverices in the Baku area these figures art. quite conservative. The average production per well per day in the Baku oil fields was 49.2 bbl., in Grozny 175 bbl.; in detail, Surakany oil field averaged 250 bbl., and the New Area in Grozny 514 bbl. per day. New completions in all Baku fields averaged 264 bbl. per day, and in Grozny 970 bbl. pel. day. These figures show a considerable progress in the technical developnlent of all fields, compared even with the prerevolution figures, since all the mprovements are noted in the fields that arc over 30 years old.

Jan 1, 1929

The University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. The University has published a volume, "Geology and Natura Resources of Colorado," by R D George The price is $2 and the volume may be had from the Campus Bookstore, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.

Jan 1, 1933

By Rossiter Raymond

(Butte Meeting, August, 1913.) ON Mar. 28, 1913, the Board of Directors of the American Institute of Mining Engineers unanimously adopted the following Minute: JOHN FRITZ, one of the most distinguished of American mechanical and metallurgical engineers, won that position by the force of innate genius, indomitable industry, unstained integrity and unfailing sympathy, and generosity towards his fellow-men. Self-educated in the hard school of practice, he appreciated nevertheless the advantages of technical instruction and discussion, and evinced this appreciation both by his membership and lively interest in this and other similar societies, and by his munificent gifts to engineering education at Lehigh University, and his long and faithful service us a Trustee of that institution. . As one of the foremost of those American engineers who, through their brilliant inventions and practical skill. developed here -the modern iron blast-furnace -and rolling-mill, and introduced and perfected the Bessemer process and other improvements in the manufacture of steel, Mr. Fritz contributed mightily to the chief departments of that industrial progress which characterized the Nineteenth Century. Proud of his great achievements, we cannot but rejoice over his long and fruitful life, crowned with a peaceful death ; but our praise and thanks are mingled with sorrow, as we recall the kindly face which we shall see no more on earth, and the loyal friendship and spontaneous good-will which led the love of his generation, and the reverence of the generation which followed, to regard him universally as " Uncle John Fritz." That. summary, though only an outline, is a good portrait ; and in the present sketch, we shall do no more than supply some details of the likeness, and some elements of the background.

Jan 6, 1913

"Located on Missouri River 16 miles N. E. from Helena, 67 miles from Butte and 18 miles below Canyon Ferry. River drainage area 16,000 sq. miles.DAM: Built in 1907; rebuilt of concrete in 1911. Maximum height 129.3 ft., length over all 720 ft.; elevation of crest 3621; elevation of bridge 3640; normal head 60'; normal tail water elevation 3568.5.SPILLWAY: Length over all 491 ft.; clear opening in 24 sections; 445' flashboards, 14 high to elevation 3635, which is 3.5' above Canyon Ferry normal tail . water elevation.PENSTOCKS: 5 of steel, 12 ft. diam., about 75 ft. long from canal to main turbines, and 3 40-inch diam. from canal to exciters.WHEELS: 5 main pairs, horizontal, center discharge, 48-inch bronze turbines, 225 rev., 4,000 h-p. at 60 ft. head, made by S. Morgan Smith Co., direct coupled to generators, and--3 single, horizontal, 25-inch units, direct coupled to exciters.GENERATORS: 5 W. E. & M. Co. water wheel type, revolving field, 2,800 k-w., 2,400 v., 225 r. p. m., 3 phase, 60 cycle alternators.OPERATION: The plant has a larger water storage than Canyon Ferry and can also use stored water from Canyon Ferry storage. Separate transmission lines 13 miles long connect to lines from Canyon Ferry to Butte, and the Plant operates in parallel with the Canyon Ferry plant."

Jan 1, 1913

By Malcolm D. Flavel

This article synopsizes the major conclusions of Allis-Chalmers research into crushing and screening plant design. The full text of the research findings, together with the supporting mathematical details, is expected to be made available to the industry within the next several months.

Jan 7, 1977

The National Research Council was organized in 1916 at the request of the President by the National Academy of Sciences, under its congressional charter, as a measure of national preparedness. The work accomplished by the council in organizing research and in securing cooperation of military and civilian agencies in the solution of military problems demonstrates its capacity for larger service. The National Academy of Sciences is therefore requested to perpetuate the National Research Council, the duties of which shall he as follows: 1. In general, to stimulate research in the mathematical, physical, and biological sciences, and in the application of these sciences to engineering, agriculture, medicine, and other useful arts, with the object of increasing knowledge, of strengthening the national defense, and of contributing in other ways to the public welfare. 2. To survey the larger possibilities of science, to formulate comprehensive projects of research, and to develop effective means of utilizing the scientific and technical resources of the country for dealing with these projects. 3. To promote cooperation in research, at horse and abroad, in order to secure concentration of effort, minimize duplication, and stimulate progress; but in all cooperative undertakings to give encouragement to individual initiative as fundamentally important to the advancement of science. 4. To serve as a means of bringing American and foreign investigators into active cooperation with the scientific and technical services of the War and Navy Departments and with those of the civil branches of the Government. 5. To direct the attention of scientific and technical investigators to the present importance of military and industrial problems in connection with the war, and to aid in the solution of these problems by organizing specific researches. 6. To gather and collate scientific and technical information, at home and abroad, in cooperation with governmental and other agencies, and to render such information available to duly accredited persons. Effective prosecution of the council's work requires the cordial collaboration of the scientific and technical branches of the Government, both military and civil. To this end representatives of the Government, upon the nomination of the National Academy of Sciences, will he designated by the President as members of the council, as heretofore, and the heads of the departments immediately concerned will continue to cooperate in every way that may be required. THE WHITE HOUSE, WOODROW WILSON. 11 May, 1918.

Jan 7, 1918

Chairman James F. Kemp :—I call upon Prof. Albert Sau-veur to open the general discussion on the subject of sound steel ingots. Albert Sauveur, Cambridge, Mass.:—I believe that I have the privilege, this instant, of opening one of the most important, significant and far-reaching discussions ever held before this Institute. I believe that our talk this morning will be heard far and wide, not only on this side of the water, but also on the other side. Everywhere, in short, where steel is manufactured. I welcome the opportunity of expressing my mind in regard to the production of sound steel ingots, a subject about which I entertain Rome very decided opinions. I shall not attempt to discuss the relative merits of the various processes that have been described. I shall, on the contrary, confine myself to a general consideration of the important questions before us. So intensely do I feel regarding the production of sound steel ingots that I have put my remarks on paper in my desire to present my views. I have always remembered my astonishment, not to say dismay, some twenty years ago, when I beheld for the first time a steel ingot, a rail steel ingot, that had been split open from top to bottom. There was the pipe! There was an enormous cavity extending from a short distance from the top to nearly one-third of the length of the ingot; and when I was told that manufacturers seldom discarded more than one-tenth of the total length of the ingot it became evident to me that a large proportion of piped, and therefore, defective, or at least weak and dangerous, rails were manufactured; in fact, probably one rail out of six, nearly 17 per cent., of dangerous rails.

Jan 1, 1914

By S. H. Gelles

Samples of poly crystalline zinc of 99.999+ pct purity were observed metallographically after having been exposed to hydrostatic pressures of up to 27 kbars. The deforrnation produced by this treatment was analyzed using X-ray and metallogaphic techniques. Basal-plane slip occurred universally in all grains exumined at the lowest pressure used (8 kbars). At pressures of >23 kbars, {1012} twin nucleation and growth were noted as well as slip. Formation of bend planes, complex kink bands, and recrystallization at the gain boundaries were also observed in this pressure range. These observations are discussed in reference to the expected deformation behavior of zinc under high hydrostatic pressure. It has been shown over the past few years1'3 that anisotropic, poly crystalline metals can be made to deform plastically by the application of a hydrostatic pressure. The effect is greater 1) the larger the anisotropy of linear compressibility and 2) the smaller the stress level needed to produce plastic deformation. Zinc having both very anisotropic linear compressibilities and a very low critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) for basal-plane slip has been shown to exhibit large amounts of plastic deformation when subjected to a hydrostatic pressure.2,3 At pressures up to 15 kbars, grain boundary migration and slip on one set of glide planes have been reported.' After exposing samples to 20 kbars pressure, grain boundary migration, single slip, multiple slip, and twinning have been noted.' The identification of the deformation modes operative under these conditions has not been reported. It was the purpose of this research to identify the deformation modes induced in poly crystal line zinc by the action of a hydrostatic stress and to study the strain accommodation at grain boundaries. Hydrostatic pressure could affect the operational modes of deformation by altering the Peierls-Nabarro stress. This may be roughly approximated by the relationship4

Jan 1, 1967