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By JOHN W., E. C. SARCENT

The South Texas area discussed herein represents districts 2 and 4 of the Texas Railroad Commission. It extends from Jackson, Lavaca and Gonzales Counties on the northeast to the Rio Grande River, and comprises a total of 26 counties.

Jan 1, 1946

By R. J. Wysor

MoRe than two years ago, in making efficiency tests on our hot-blast stoves, I was surprised to discover a marked difference in temperature as indicated by a pyrometer inserted near a stove on blast, and the regular recording instrument situated near the bustle pipe. A special hole was then provided at the junction of the hot-blast main and the bustle pipe, and portable pyrometers with bare fire ends were used, both at this point and in the stove necks. I had occasion to make a number of such tests on various stoves on the same, furnace, the difference in temperature as shown by the two pyrometers varying chiefly with the temperature of the blast, and the distance of the stove from the furnace. However, this difference was always great, often averaging above 100" F., for the entire period of a stove on blast. Later, experiments were made with similar results on another group of stoves. The pyrometers used were properly standardized and checked against each other before and after each test. However, there was still a slight doubt as to the accuracy of the results obtained, as subsequently explained. But I have obtained corroboration of the magnitude of heat losses from blast-furnace hot-blast mains from two independent sources. I have learned from H. A. Brassert, Superintendent of Blast Furnaces, South Works, Illinois Steel Co., that he has recently done some experimental work similar to my own, and found temperature drops of the same order of magnitude. Also, C.,R. Lyle, of the Armstrong Cork Co., has made some interesting theoretical calculations, based on the thermal conductivity of fire brick, for the particular conditions of several of our tests; and his theoretical interpolations, all facts being considered, check our actual observations fairly well. I understand that Mr. Lyle expects to publish the results of his investigations. Method of Conducting the Tests The location of the pyrometer fire ends is shown in Fig. I, a plan of Bethlehem Steel Co.'s "G" blast furnace, hot-blast stoves, and main. Bare fire ends were used at both positions "A" and "B," being inserted

Jan 1, 1916

By Nagel, Theodore

USE of oxygen in metallurgical operations was investigated by a committee of unusually able engineers more than ten years ago. A record of their work appeared under the title "The Use of Oxygen or Oxygenated Air in Metallurgical and Allied Processes," Serial 2502, Report of Investigations, U. S. Bureau of Mines. Shortly thereafter the A.I.M.E. published "Use of Oxygenated Air in Metallurgical Operations," based on a symposium at the New York meeting, February 1, 924. Quoting from the Bureau of Mines report In view of the many recent developments in oxygen manufacture, and considering the increasing cost and decreasing quality of our raw materials, the Bureau of Mines has taken the matter of the application of oxygen or oxygenated air to the metallurgical centers for consideration and has appointed an advisory committee to study the problem.

Jan 1, 1935

By L. E. Young

IT has been said the British Empire was built on British Coal. In all the postwar planning for Great Britain the necessity for producing cheap coal and the prosperity of the coal industry are given first consideration. On Jan. 23, 1945, there was released in London a "Report to the Colliery Owners" which had been awaited with great interest. This was entitled "A Plan for Coal" and was the recommendation of Robert Foot, chairman of The Mining Association (Colliery Owners), prepared at their request. Presentation of the "Plan" at this time is particularly significant as it is an answer to the demand for nationalization of the coal industry by the Labour Party and at the same time is a carefully considered program for postwar reconstruction, prosperity, and stability. In the words of Mr. Foot, If the coal industry for the first ten years after this war is to find itself in a situation similar to the one it occupied for the ten years following the last war, with its record of disputes, strikes, stoppages, short-time working, unemployment, and, with it all, a completely insufficient margin of profit, and all the insecurity and instability in our basic industry that was brought with them, it is goodbye to any real prospect of full employment, social security, and high standard of living. To present an elaborate review of the conditions which have brought to a crisis the unfortunate situation in the British coal industry is here unnecessary, but certain of the salient points

Jan 1, 1945

By Sam F. Harrison

The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors again sends out this recommendation: If you have an air compressor that is mounted directly on the air tank, get it off. Characteristically, small- to intermediate-sized air receivers are thin-walled vessels, and as such are prone to failure when subjected to external loading. Many of these vessels, if not a great majority, are bought by a distributor of air compressor systems, who provides the compressor, motor, switchgear and other accoutrements-all of which are very frequently mounted on a base which is then welded to the shell of the receiver. These welds at the points of attachment transmit external loading to the tank in the form of weight and vibration, frequently resulting in stress-induced cracks.

Jan 3, 1978

By George R. Ensminger, E. Heaton Hemingway

During the past year, the Watertown Arsenal has been interested in the occluded gas and oxide content of certain ordnance steels in order to determine, if possible, whether some of the peculiar failures in their physical properties might not be traced to these causes. For the purpose of best accomplishing a study of this nature, it was decided to heat the various samples of steel in a vacuum for definite periods of time at high temperatures and carefully examine the quantity and composition of the gases evolved. By the use of a fused quartz tube fitted with a water-cooled, ground-glass stopper, it was possible to maintain a vacuum at a temperature of 1000" C. for 10 hr. without perceptible leakage being evidenced as measured by a McLeod gage. The silica tube was connected with an evacuating system so constructed that the volatilized gases could be removed from time to time and a low vacuum of 0.0002 to 0.0010 mm. of mercury continuously maintained. At no time during the period of heating or in the removal of the gases did the evacuated system come in contact with rubber stoppers or any rubber connections, making contamination from such a source, impossible. In other words, the only volatile products that could be: obtained must necessarily have come from the steel itself or from the glass and fused quartz system or from the mercury used as a sealing agent. In the carlier experiments, the steel treated was in the form of turnings, but this practice was discarded because the weight's of the turnings before and after being heated were widely inconsistent,, even when taken from the same piece of steel. This discrepancy developed largely through variation in the amount of metal volatilized with the gases; this metal could always be seen in the form of a ring where it condensed in the cooler portion of the tube in either the amorphous or crystalline condition. Because of the frequency in occurrence and the variation in the manner of deposition, this material was roughly analyzed and found to consist for the most part of iron. At the same time two samples of steel that had been

Jan 1, 1922

By E. Heaton Hemingway, George R. Ensminger

During the past year, the Watertown Arsenal has been interested in the occluded gas and oxide content of certain ordnance steels in order to determine, if possible, whether some of the peculiar failures in their physical properties might not be traced to these causes. For the purpose of best accomplishing a study of this nature, it was decided to heat the various samples of steel in a vacuum for definite periods of time at high temperatures and carefully examine the quantity and composition of the gases evolved. By the use of a fused quartz tube fitted with a water-cooled, ground-glass stopper, it was possible to maintain a vacuum at a temperature of 1000" C. for 10 hr. without perceptible leakage being evidenced as measured by a McLeod gage. The silica tube was connected with an evacuating system so constructed that the volatilized gases could be removed from time to time and a low vacuum of 0.0002 to 0.0010 mm. of mercury continuously maintained. At no time during the period of heating or in the removal of the gases did the evacuated system come in contact with rubber stoppers or any rubber connections, making contamination from such a source, impossible. In other words, the only volatile products that could be: obtained must necessarily have come from the steel itself or from the glass and fused quartz system or from the mercury used as a sealing agent. In the carlier experiments, the steel treated was in the form of turnings, but this practice was discarded because the weight's of the turnings before and after being heated were widely inconsistent,, even when taken from the same piece of steel. This discrepancy developed largely through variation in the amount of metal volatilized with the gases; this metal could always be seen in the form of a ring where it condensed in the cooler portion of the tube in either the amorphous or crystalline condition. Because of the frequency in occurrence and the variation in the manner of deposition, this material was roughly analyzed and found to consist for the most part of iron. At the same time two samples of steel that had been

Jan 1, 1922

By E. DeGolyer

PROSPECTING for new deposits is a part of the ordinary routine business of the petroleum industry to an extent that is not true for any other mineral industry. The health of the industry depends upon whether we are successful or unsuccessful. How many know what it costs to find oil today and what it has cost in the past? Very few, I will wager. The industry is not well informed upon this extremely important point. We cannot deal in averages for lack of information. Does it cost more or less than previously? Prospect wells are increasingly deeper and, since the introduction of the core drill, prospecting techniques have required increasingly expensive field oper-

Jan 1, 1939

By G. R. Speich

The distribution of carbon and the type of substructure in iron-carbon martensites containing 0.02 to 0.57pct C has been studied in the as-quenched condition and after tempering at 25" to 700°C by using electrical resistivity, internal friction, hardness, and light and electron microscope techniques. in marten-sites containing less than 0.2 pct C, almost 90 pct of the carbon segregates to dislocations and to lath boundaries during quenching; in martensites containing greater than 0.20 pct C, appreciable amounts of carbon enter normal interstitial positions located far from defects. Tempering martensites with carbon contents below 0.20 pct at temperatures below 150°C results in additional carbon segregation to dislocations and to lath boundaries but no carbide precipitation whereas -carbide precipitation occurs in martensites with carbon contents exceeding 0.2 pct. Above 150°C, a rod-shaped carbide (either Fe3C or Hagg) is precipitated in all cases. At 400°C, spheroidal Fe3C precipitates at lath boundaries and at former aus-tenite grain boundaries. At 400" to 600"C, recovery of the martensite defect structure occurs. At 600" to 700°C, recrystallization of the martensite and Ost-waW ripening of the Fe3C occur. The effects of the carbon segregation that occurs during quenching and the subsequent substructural changes that occur during tempering on martensite tetragonality, hardness, and precipitation behavior are discussed. A mathematical analysis of carbon segregation during quenching is presented. RECENT studies of the strength of low-carbon martensitel-4 emphasize the importance of carbon segregation to the martensite lath boundaries and to the dislocations contained between them during quenching. Unfortunately, very few studies of the tempering of low-carbon martensites have been conducted, so the exact nature of this segregation is poorly understood. In fact, most early tempering studies5,6 were restricted to carbon contents greater than 0.20 pct. Moreover, these studies did not determine the amount of carbon segregated to the martensite substructure during quenching so that the initial state of the martensite was not established. Aborn7 studied the precipitation of carbide in low-carbon martensite during quenching but did not establish whether carbon segregation occurs prior to carbide precipitation, nor did he study the subsequent tempering sequence in detail. In the present work we have used electrical resistance and internal friction measurements, supplemented by electron transmission microscopy to establish the carbon distribution in as-quenched specimens. Specimens thin enough to avoid carbide precipitation (but not carbon segregation) were employed. The redistribution of carbon on subsequent tempering below 250°C was followed by measurements of elec- trical resistance. Additional studies were made on specimens tempered at 250" to 700°C to elucidate the overall tempering behavior of low-carbon martensites, including the formation of cementite and recrystalli-zation of the martensite. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Eight iron-carbon alloys with 0.026, 0.057, 0.097, 0.18, 0.20, 0.29, 0.39, and 0.57 wt pct C were prepared as 8-lb ingots by vacuum melting. Typical impurities in wt ppm were 40 Si, 20 Mn, 30 S, 10 P, and 10 N. These alloys were hot rolled to 3 in. plate at 1095°C) (2000°F). The hot-rolled plates were surface ground to remove scale and the decarburized layer, then cold rolled to 0.010 in. sheet. Specimens cut from the sheet were austenitized for 30 min at 1000°C (1830°F) in a vacuum tube furnace in which the pressure did not exceed 2 x 10-3 torr. Chemical analysis of specimens after austenitization indicated no decarburization at this pressure. Immediately before quenching, the furnace was filled with prepurified helium. The specimen was then pushed rapidly through an aluminum foil gasket, which sealed the bottom of the furnace, into an iced-brine bath (10 pct NaC1, 2 pct NaOH). The quenching rate at the M, temperature is about 104'c per sec for 0.010 in thick specimens, as calculated from Newton's law of heat flow2 using a heat transfer coefficient of 25 ft-'. This quenching rate is sufficiently high so that all the alloys transformed completely to martensite throughout the entire 0.010 in thickness and no carbide precipitation occurred in the martensite. All specimens were immediately transferred to liquid nitrogen after quenching and stored there until needed. Tempering below 250°C (480°F) was done in silicone oil baths thermostatically controlled to *;"C. Tempering above 250°C was done in circulating air furnaces or lead pots with the specimens contained in evacuated silica capsules. Electrical resistance was determined by measurement of the potential drop across both a standard resistance and the specimen, connected in series. All resistance measurements were made in liquid nitrogen (77K, -196°C) to minimize thermal scattering of electrons and thus maximize the contribution of impurity scattering to the resistance. Specimen dimensions were 5.10 by 0.19 by 0.025 cm. Although the precision in the electrical resistance measurements was +0.1 pct, the electrical resistivities could only be measured with an accuracy of +5 pct because of uncertainty in the specimen dimensions. Internal friction measurements were performed in an inverted pendulum apparatus at vibration frequencies of either 1.9 or 66 Hz. The specimen dimensions were 5.10 by 0.375 by 0.025 cm. Hardness measurements were made with a Leitz-Wetzlar microhardness machine with loads of 100 g. Specimens were examined by light microscopy after etching in 2 pct Nital and by electron transmission microscopy after preparation of thin sections by electrolytic thinning in a chromic-acetic acid solution.

Jan 1, 1970

By J. F. Myers, F. M. Lewis

This second progress report of grinding presents comments regarding ball consumption and data pertaining to the hydroscillator, which is closed circuited with the tricone mill. A study and postulate of how balls function is presented. The paper summarizes cost reduction obtained by the method of "grinding for the tail race" rather than for "mesh tons."

Jan 11, 1950

By C. C. Wright, T. S. Spicer

A characteristic property of bituminous coal is that upon being heated the coal becomes plastic, evolves volatile gases, and finally solidifies into coke. This fundamental characteristic is of utmost importance and is utilized in the production of the high-temperature coke upon which the steel industry is so dependent; but from the standpoint of operation in the domestic underfeed stoker this coking tendency seriously interferes with efficient combustion. When the coke formed has too strong a structure, certain difficulties result, such as low rate of burning, slow response to heat demand, and, in extreme cases, extinction of fire. The plastic mass prevents uniform distribution of air through the fuel bed and, with strongly coking coals, large dense pieces of coke are produced which have much less reacting surface than was possessed by the original coal. In both ignition and combustion of solid fuels, the extent of the reacting surface is an accelerating factor. Poor combustion permits a surplus of fuel to accumulate in the furnace because the rate of feed and the rate of combustion are not in equilibrium, and this produces an unbalanced condition detrimental to continued automatic service. In order to bum strongly coking coals satisfactorily in a conventional stoker during the three requisite types of operation—continuous, intermittent and hold-fire, frequent attention is necessary. Domestic stokers are defined by the industry as residential stoker heaters that burn 60 lb. of coal or less per hour. With a few exceptions, these units employ the underfeed principle of combustion in which both air and coal move in the same direction up and through the fuel bed. Domestic combustion equipment has difficulty in meeting the problems presented by the several variations in ash and volatile matter, in ash-clinkering tendencies, in coking properties, and in the particle size of bituminous coals. The work of Bituminous Coal Research Inc. at Battelle Memorial Institute has shown that, of these, coking characteristics and the clinkering tendencies have the greatest effect upon the operation of the conventional clinkering type of stoker. Typical coke formations in a clinkering type of underfeed domestic stoker are illustratcd in Fig. I, which shows (A) the ideal fuel bed obtained with a noncoking or free-burning coal; (B) the type of fuel bed formed with a coal that produces a weak coke; and (C) the type of fuel bed obtained with a strongly coking coal. C is characteristic of the fuel bed developed when the average Pennsylvania bituminous coal is burned in an underfeed stoker of conventional type. It is apparent from these pictures that the formation of coke trees will seriously interfere with the efficient automatic combustion of Pennsylvania bituminous coals.

Jan 1, 1942

By T. S. Spicer, C. C. Wright

A characteristic property of bituminous coal is that upon being heated the coal becomes plastic, evolves volatile gases, and finally solidifies into coke. This fundamental characteristic is of utmost importance and is utilized in the production of the high-temperature coke upon which the steel industry is so dependent; but from the standpoint of operation in the domestic underfeed stoker this coking tendency seriously interferes with efficient combustion. When the coke formed has too strong a structure, certain difficulties result, such as low rate of burning, slow response to heat demand, and, in extreme cases, extinction of fire. The plastic mass prevents uniform distribution of air through the fuel bed and, with strongly coking coals, large dense pieces of coke are produced which have much less reacting surface than was possessed by the original coal. In both ignition and combustion of solid fuels, the extent of the reacting surface is an accelerating factor. Poor combustion permits a surplus of fuel to accumulate in the furnace because the rate of feed and the rate of combustion are not in equilibrium, and this produces an unbalanced condition detrimental to continued automatic service. In order to bum strongly coking coals satisfactorily in a conventional stoker during the three requisite types of operation—continuous, intermittent and hold-fire, frequent attention is necessary. Domestic stokers are defined by the industry as residential stoker heaters that burn 60 lb. of coal or less per hour. With a few exceptions, these units employ the underfeed principle of combustion in which both air and coal move in the same direction up and through the fuel bed. Domestic combustion equipment has difficulty in meeting the problems presented by the several variations in ash and volatile matter, in ash-clinkering tendencies, in coking properties, and in the particle size of bituminous coals. The work of Bituminous Coal Research Inc. at Battelle Memorial Institute has shown that, of these, coking characteristics and the clinkering tendencies have the greatest effect upon the operation of the conventional clinkering type of stoker. Typical coke formations in a clinkering type of underfeed domestic stoker are illustratcd in Fig. I, which shows (A) the ideal fuel bed obtained with a noncoking or free-burning coal; (B) the type of fuel bed formed with a coal that produces a weak coke; and (C) the type of fuel bed obtained with a strongly coking coal. C is characteristic of the fuel bed developed when the average Pennsylvania bituminous coal is burned in an underfeed stoker of conventional type. It is apparent from these pictures that the formation of coke trees will seriously interfere with the efficient automatic combustion of Pennsylvania bituminous coals.

Jan 1, 1942

By R. S. Hutton

WHEN I had the honor of receiving an invitation to give the-Institute of Metals Lecture, it occurred to me that it might be of interest to review the advances which have been made in refractories, considering how important these materials of construction are in the carrying out of many metallurgical operations and what a large factor they represent in our costs of production. Frankly, I can claim no recent contact with the refractories industry and what little work I myself have been concerned with has been rather unorthodox in character. However, perhaps in consequence of this, I can approach the review without bias and include some suggestions which may prove stimulating or provocative to some of you, who have a more intimate knowledge of refractories and their uses than I Possess. It is neither possible nor necessary for me to survey the progress of industrial refractories, for this has been so thoroughly undertaken by others1-7 in recent publications. Perhaps the best way to get a broad picture of this progress is to compare the Faraday Society Symposium on Refractory Materials 20 years ago8, containing a report on one of the first attempts at standardized testing, with the American Society for Testing Materials Committee Report of February 1935. Suffice it to say, lest my provocative remarks be misunderstood, that I do appreciate that great advances have been made, particularly by companies that have established their own research laboratories and by universities and cooperative research institutes working for the common weal of groups of manufacturers or for national and international progress. The scientific study of the constitution diagrams of binary and ternary refractory oxides, which American workers have been foremost in under-taking, ? led by the work of the Geophysical Laboratory at Washington, has laid a firm foundation for the whole subject. It should be remem-bered, however, that to a much greater degree than with the constitution of metal alloys, the equilibrium conditions are so sluggishly arrived at

Jan 1, 1937

By T. MacDONALD

ATHOUGH flotation has been a commercial process for over twenty years, the last two years have witnessed a sudden and phenomenal increase in our knowledge of how to separate minerals heretofore not considered amenable to flotation at all. As remarked by Professor Locke in the January issue. "Either commercial or laboratory flotation is reported on zircon, ilmenite, carnotite, kyanite, scheelite, chromite, fluorite, feldspar, cassiterite, wolframite, barite, and clay. Attractive patents on soap flotation are U. S. Nos. 2,000,656 and 2,040.187. A survey by Ralston in the February E. & M. J. adds many other minerals to this impressive list. The simple but pregnant fact is that any mineral can be coated, directly or indirectly, with a water-repellent coating, and since this is true, it follows that any mineral can be floated. Fundamentally, this is no new discovery, where, for instance, is the mineral that cannot he washed from a pair of dirty hands by means of soap and water, given the absence of refractory greases or oils which would have no proper place in flotation ?

Jan 1, 1937

By G. R. Rubly, H. J. Steele

The San Manuel property is in town&ips 8S and 9S, range 16E, Gila and salt River Base and Meridan, State of Arizona. This area is in the Old Hat mining district, southern pinal county, and is about 31/25 miles southwest of the town of Mammoth on the San Pedro River And one mile south of the Mammoth mine at Tiger, Arizona, The property consists of over 150 contiguous lode claims. The old Hat district was prospected prior to the civil war, but there was little or no production until 1881.1 The chief producers have been the Mammoth and Mohawk mines, now consolidated and operating as the st. Anthony Mining and Development Co., Ltd. Production to 1936 was $5,200,000, of which 83 pet was gold.2 Since 1940 the production has been chiefly lead and zinc, and some molybdenum and vanadium. There are a few small properties in the vicinity that have produced very minor tonnages of copper ore. In the San Manuel group there are claims which have been held continuously from 1906 to the present time, and at least two churn-drill holes were put down on or near the outcrop in 1917. No logs for these holes are available, but it is assumed that the grade of copper encountered was not sufficient to encourage further exploration. A small amount of ore has been shipped from open cuts on the San Manuel outcrop area, but there is no record of the tonnage Or grade. It is estimated that not more than 50 tons were mined. These cuts, plus a few shallow shafts and some short adits indicate limited and unenthusiastic prospecting at San Manuel. In 1942, through the efforts of James M. Douglas, R. B. Giffin, Victor Erickson, and Henry W. Nichols, owners of the Sari Manuel group, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and War Production Board authorized the United States Geological Survey to investigate the property, and by their recommendation, the United States Bureau of Mines was authorized to put down a limited number of churn-drill holes. The Bureau of Mines carried On drilling from November 1943 to February 1945 Seventeen holes were drilled, varying from 305 to 1990 ft in depth. The property was brought to the attention of Magma Copper Co. in June 1944, and an option agreement was made with the Owners. Subsequently, a group of claims lying north of the original group and held by the Apex Lead Vanadium Mining Corp, and a group to the east held by the Quarelli family, were optioned. A drilling program was laid out to conform to the Bureau of Mines pattern, and drilling started in December 1944 Sari Manue1 Copper Corp. was incorporated September 1945, and has carried on the exploration program to the present time. Geology General The mineralized outcrop, chief copper mineral of which is chrysocolla, is a tri-

Jan 1, 1949

By G. R. Rubly, H. J. Steele

The San Manuel property is in town&ips 8S and 9S, range 16E, Gila and salt River Base and Meridan, State of Arizona. This area is in the Old Hat mining district, southern pinal county, and is about 31/25 miles southwest of the town of Mammoth on the San Pedro River And one mile south of the Mammoth mine at Tiger, Arizona, The property consists of over 150 contiguous lode claims. The old Hat district was prospected prior to the civil war, but there was little or no production until 1881.1 The chief producers have been the Mammoth and Mohawk mines, now consolidated and operating as the st. Anthony Mining and Development Co., Ltd. Production to 1936 was $5,200,000, of which 83 pet was gold.2 Since 1940 the production has been chiefly lead and zinc, and some molybdenum and vanadium. There are a few small properties in the vicinity that have produced very minor tonnages of copper ore. In the San Manuel group there are claims which have been held continuously from 1906 to the present time, and at least two churn-drill holes were put down on or near the outcrop in 1917. No logs for these holes are available, but it is assumed that the grade of copper encountered was not sufficient to encourage further exploration. A small amount of ore has been shipped from open cuts on the San Manuel outcrop area, but there is no record of the tonnage Or grade. It is estimated that not more than 50 tons were mined. These cuts, plus a few shallow shafts and some short adits indicate limited and unenthusiastic prospecting at San Manuel. In 1942, through the efforts of James M. Douglas, R. B. Giffin, Victor Erickson, and Henry W. Nichols, owners of the Sari Manuel group, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and War Production Board authorized the United States Geological Survey to investigate the property, and by their recommendation, the United States Bureau of Mines was authorized to put down a limited number of churn-drill holes. The Bureau of Mines carried On drilling from November 1943 to February 1945 Seventeen holes were drilled, varying from 305 to 1990 ft in depth. The property was brought to the attention of Magma Copper Co. in June 1944, and an option agreement was made with the Owners. Subsequently, a group of claims lying north of the original group and held by the Apex Lead Vanadium Mining Corp, and a group to the east held by the Quarelli family, were optioned. A drilling program was laid out to conform to the Bureau of Mines pattern, and drilling started in December 1944 Sari Manue1 Copper Corp. was incorporated September 1945, and has carried on the exploration program to the present time. Geology General The mineralized outcrop, chief copper mineral of which is chrysocolla, is a tri-

Jan 1, 1949

By Frederick H. Williams

The object of this paper is to bring to the attention of those members of the Institute who are interested in the subject, a method for the estimation of manganese, which has been frequently used in the labratory of the Vulcan Steel Works during he last eight months, and which is deemed worthy of more general use. It is simply an adaptation of well-known processes, for the purpose of determining this element in pig iron and steel. In general, the method consists in precipitating the manganese as binoxide dissolving in dilute sulphuric acid in the presence of an excess of a standardized solution of oxalic acid, and titrating the remainder of the oxalic acid left unoxidized with permanganate of potash. For this method, therefore, two standardized solutions are needed, viz., a permanganate solution and an oxalic acid solution. The permanganate solution is made so that 1 C.C. is equivalent to 1 mgr. of iron. By using so weak a solution and keeping tile bulk of the solution to be titrated down to 75 C.C. or a little leas, the accuracy of the process is greatly increased, since the final reaction is almost if not quite as sharp as if a stronger solution were used. The oxalic acid may be of almost any strength, but if made so that 1 c.c. requires 3 O.C. of the permanganate to oxidize it, it will auswer well. The process is then, as follows: from 1 to 2 grams of. pig iron or steel ate dissolved in 40 to 50 C.C. of concentrated nitric acid with the aid of heat. As soon as solution is erected, in the awe of steel, add gradually and cautiously, the solution being kept boiling, sufficient pulverized chlorate of potash to precipitate the manganese as binoxide. Two grams will be a great abundance. In the case of pig iron, first remove the carbon and silica by filtering the solution through asbestos and washing with concentrated nitric acid. Filter the strong acid solution in which the binoxide has been precipitated, through asbestos with the aid of the filter pump. When it has entirely passed through wash well with water. Blow the contents of the funnel into the beaker in which the precipitation was made and rinse the funnel with a little water.

Jan 1, 1882

The total crude production from the Dutch East Indies, and the British Protectorates of Sarawak and Brunei for 1932 is given in the following table: Production, which had shown a rapid increase from 1921 to 1929, has since been reduced. Exploitation drilling in the majority of the larger fields was suspended and existing production kept within predetermined limits by beaning. Most of the smaller fields were shut down entirely. The depth of producing levels varies widely in the different fields. Shallow fields with drilling depths to 500 meters (1650 ft.) are still numerous as well as those with depths between 500 and 1000 m. (3300 ft.). A few of the newer fields reach greater drilling depths up to 1600 m. (5250 ft.). The deepest exploration well drilled to date (Djambi field, South Sumatra) reached a, depth of 2332 m. (7650 ft.) before abandonment in March, 1930. The specific gravities of the various crude oils produced range between 0.65 (86.2° A.P.I.) and 0.95 (17.5° A.P.I.). The lighter crudes have a high gasoline content and fuel oils are derived from the heavier crudes, which usually are rich in paraffin. Producing companies are: De Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij (Royal Dutch-Shell combine in Dutch territory); The Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Co. Ltd. (Royal Dutch-Shell combine in British territory); De Nederlandsch-Indische Aardolie Maatschappij (De Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij-Dutch East Indian Government combine); De Nederlandsche Koloniale Petroleum Maatschappij (Standard Oil Co. of

Jan 1, 1933

A completely automated primary crusher is now in operation at Kaiser Steel Corp.'s Eagle Mountain, Calif., iron mine. The word "completely" is italicized to underscore its literal meaning- automation so thorough that even the control room for the crusher does not require a man to watch the flickering dials and lights. The automation of the unit is such that its operation, including starting and stopping, are controlled from the secondary crusher station. The crusher-a Symons 60-in. gyratory which can handle 3600 tph-features built-in safety devices that will turn the crusher off if oil pressure drops, if oil overheats, if bearing temperatures exceed permissible limits, or if parts of its electronic brain fail. According to reports, the worst that can now happen is a plugging of the crusher.

Jan 6, 1963

By C. WIFLARD HAYES

(New Haven Meeting, February, 1909.) I DESIRE to make it perfectly clear at the outset that I fully realize the hazardous nature of any attempt to estimate the quantity of iron-ore or any other mineral in the ground. I should not have had the temerity to venture upon an inventory of the iron-ore supplies of the United States except for the requirements of the Conservation Commission. During the preparation of this inventory I have been impressed by the wide diversity in estimates of those best qualified to. hold an opinion, and I am therefore prepared in advance for criticism of my figures. Inasmuch as this report was prepared in large part for unprofessional readers, I considered it necessary to classify and describe the commercial iron-ores in a somewhat elementary manner, in order to explain the reasons for the large element of uncertainty in the estimates. I have therefore given a chemical and a geological classification of iron-ores, which place the commercial deposits in six classes: (1) magmatic segregations in basic igneous rocks; (2) contact-deposits formed in connection with igneous intrusions; (3) concentration-deposits; (4) replacement-deposits; (5) bedded-deposits, and (6) gossan-deposits. The iron-ores are further distinguished under two classes available and not available. This classification is in large measure arbitrary, and it, is evident that it will vary front time to time. In the available class are placed those ores which can be worked at a profit under conditions essentially as they exist at present. Since it depends wholly on the question of costs, the various factors which affect cost will determine the classification of any particular deposit. Actual production, * Abstract of Report prepared for the Conservation Commission. t Chief Geologist, United States Geological Survey. .

Apr 1, 1909