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The apparent small effect of skimming on desulphurization is somewhat misleading because the data was collected during the first months of use on the skimmer. During this period of time, the operators were, of course, just learning to use the equipment and, consequently, in many cases a so-called skimmed heat may have only been partially skimmed. In addition, during this period, the percentage of sulphur in the blast furnace slag was gradually increasing because of the increasing oil injection rates being employed at the blast furnace. An additional factor that cannot be disregarded is the apparent slower slag formation rate obtained in the BOF when the blast furnace slag is removed. This is evidenced at our shop by a much stronger tendency toward sparking and related lance skulling problems with deslagging, in spite of satisfactory manganese levels in the hot metal. Naturally, slower slag formation could account for poor desulphurization which would partially offset the beneficial effect of a lower sulphur input.

Jan 1, 1972

J. T. Pullon, Rowangarth, Roundhay, Leeds, England :— In discussing Mr. Lee's paper, I wish to call attention to the fact that Mr. B. II. Thwaite (who was heard here yesterday on the subject of the application of blast-furnace gas for the production of power, of which he was undoubtedly the pioneer) read, at the Engineering Congress in Glasgow in 1901, a paper on the profitable utilization of power from blast-furnace gases,' in which he suggested the diversion and cleaning of the whole of the waste gases coming from the blast-furnace and their utilization for power-production, so as to obtain, with proper manipulation, from 4 to 6 times the efficiency of present methods. He suggested also the heating of the stoves with producer-gas of a higher and therefore more suitable calorific value, so as to maintain them in a constant state of maximum efficiency, free from dust, and to avoid the irregular working of the furnace, besides obtaining a maximum supply of air-blast, of 15 or even 20 lb. pressure, by means of internal-conibustion blast-engines driven by the cleaned waste furnace-gases, with a surplus of gas left for other uses. Since that time, in view of the necessity of having a stand-by plant, immediately available, in case of strikes or other reasons causing the banking or blowing-out of the blast-furnace, he has developed, as an addition to his other types of producer, a high blast-pressure gas-generator, producing a gas identical with, or somewhat superior to, blast-furnace gas; and in which all the ash of the fuel is turned into fluid slag, which is available for, the production of slagwool. The gas is a little richer in carbon monoxide than average blast-furnace waste gas, and has only from 1 to 3 per cent. of hydrogen. Fig. I, drawn from a photograph, shows a plant containing this generator, now in operation at Leeds. It is made in units of from 1,000 to 10,000 h.p. capacity for each vessel, and coupled,

Jan 1, 1907

By Edwin Ludlow

THE responses to the request of the Finance Committee have been coming in with gratifying results, .but there have also been about a dozen letters received objecting in various ways to the voluntary subscription. These can be summarized as: First.-That the dues should have been increased, and thus impose the same burden on everyone. This would not have met the present situation, as under the constitution no increase could be effective until 1922. Second.-The Institute should 'live within its means, and reduce its expenses to correspond with its income. As far -as possible this was done by deferring the publication of Volume LXIV until 1921, although the papers published in that volume, were presented at the meeting in February, 1920. It is to avoid being obliged to do this again that the subscription is asked, as we feel that it is, a duty we owe to our membership_ to give them the papers presented at as early a date as possible.. Our financial situation is due to the very large increase in the cost of publication; owing to the high price of paper and printing. The cost of paper is now decreasing, and we hope that there will be' wage adjustments that will permit a lower cost for printing. Under present conditions each volume of our TRANSACTIONS costs three times as much as it did in 1917 and we would be able to publish only one' volume per year. Third.-That there are too many papers published that are 'of no interest to the writer of them .complaint.-This is undoubtedly true, but it must be remembered that the membership of the Institute includes all branches of mining and metallurgy and that all these branches are entitled to be' represented in our TRANSACTIONS by papers.

Jan 1, 1921

By Joseph Hartshorne

EVER since the introduction of the Siemens regenerative furnace, it has been recognized that a certain amount of gas is lost each time the furnace-action is reversed. This loss comes, first, from the gas which passes through the free connection between the stack and the gas-main, which exists during the time the reversing-valve is turning over; and, secondly, from the gas which is in the chamber and flues, from the hearth to the reversing-valve, and which flows back into the stack when the valve is reversed. The amount lost each time is, of course, small; but, since a furnace is reversed from four to six times every hour for, say, 300 days in the year, the aggregate is large enough to be well worth attention. The estimate has been published' that, in Germany alone, the loss from the first of the above causes amounts to 500,000 marks per year. The loss from the second cause is, of course, much greater. A process for saving this entire loss, in use at Teplitz, Bohemia, for about three years, would seem to be of value even in this country, where coal is cheaper and where the small economies are not watched as closely as they are in Europe. This process, invented by Mr. Adelbert Kurzwernhart, late Technical Director of the Teplitzer Walzwerk, has been worked out with thoroughness. The loss from each cause can be calculated very closely for any particular furnace, and the results to be expected from the process ascertained. It can easily be decided, therefore, whether it is worthwhile to adopt it under any given conditions. The amount of chamber-gas lost depends upon,-(1), the cubic contents of the chamber, ports and flues upon one side of the furnace, up to the reversing-valve (deducting, of course,

Mar 1, 1906

By E. H. Mohr

At the McGill concentrator of the Nevada Consolidated Copper Co., all flotation operations have been carried out in Forrester cells since November, 1926. In respect to cost of operation, the new cell has proved to be superior to the Callow, which it supplanted, and its incorporation in the flow sheet has resulted in a marked improvement in the metallurgy. Before citing the advantages of the new machine over the old, it should be explained that the Forrester has not only replaced the Callow, but it has made possible the elimination of a number of tables as well. When Callow cells were in use, table concentration preceded flotation. The ball mill pulp was elevated, by means of air lifts, to roughing Wilfley tables situated two floors directly above the flotation floor. On an intermediate floor were additional tables which cleaned the concentrate from those above. The finished table concentrate constituted approximately 60 per cent. of the total mill production, and contained about 40 per cent, of the recovered copper. The table tailings were returned to the classifiers, the overflow from which went to the flotation cells and the oversize to the ball mills. As soon as the Forrester cells were installed, this tabling operation was discontinued. The ball mill pulp now discharges into the classifiers direct, without the intermediate tabling. It was impracticable to ernploy the present flow sheet when Callow cells were in use, for the reason that unless the great,er part of the heavy mineral was first removed, it accumulated on the mats and adversely affected the flotation operation. By tabling ahead of flotation, it was practicable to maintain the concentrator at 10 to 20 per cent. greater capacity (depending up on the pyrite contnt of the ore) than was possible by flotation alone. This was due to the necessity for finer grinding in the latter case. Even though the table conecntrates contained only 6 to 8 per cent'. copper content, the low smelting costs made it advantageous to operate at high mill capacity, at the cost of low grade of product. Standard Section equipment With the old flow sheet, a standard section consisted of four ball mills and classifiers, one air. lift, 20 roughing tables, 10 cleaner tables, 12 primary

Jan 1, 1928

By G. B. Gould, F. M. Gibson

IN DECEMBER, 1934, the joint Committee on Fuel Values, of the American Institute of Minim and Metallurgical Engineers and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, submitted a preliminary report, which briefly stated its conclusion that it was not possible to devise any formula for the valuation of coal, based upon the various physical and chemical properties, that would be generally applicable. That report also listed those chemical and physical properties of coal that are generally recognized to have some effect on its use in steam plants, and those physical characteristics of steam plants which affect, in one way or another the relative importance of the properties of coal used in them. Since then, the Committee has considered and discussed in greater detail the interrelationship of the properties of coal and plant characteristics. The conclusions of the Committee are summarized below, with certain recommendations regarding engineering procedure, which will promote the collection of more easily correlated observations with respect to this subject, and thus advance more rapidly the accumulation of data capable of general application.

Jan 1, 1936

By Rossiter W. Raymond

(Read at the Amenia Meeting, October, 1877.) IN the case of The Eureka Consolidated Mining Company v. The Richmond Mining Company of Nevada, recently tried at San Francisco, California, the real defendant was the Richmond Consolidated Mining Company, of London; but this being a foreign corporation, holds its mining property in Nevada through the Nevada corporation of similar name, in which the London Company owns all the stock, except the few shares necessary to "qualify" the American directors. The trial would naturally have taken place in the Circuit Court at Carson City, Nevada, and before a jury. But by stipulation of the parties, the case was tried in San Francisco, before Hon. Stephen J. Field, Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Hon. Lorenzo Sawyer, United States Circuit Judge of the Ninth Circuit, and Hon. E. W. Hillyer, United States District Judge, for the District of Nevada. The hearing began July 23d, 1877. The witnesses occupied two weeks, and the argument of. counsel three days. Very eminent lawyers were. engaged on both sides ; for the plaintiff, Messrs. Solomon Heydenfeldt, R. S. Mesick, John Garber, and H. J. Thornton ; for the defendant, Messrs. S. M. Wilson, Thomas Wren, and J. J. Williams. The court held the case under advisement until August 22d, when Mr. Justice Field delivered its unanimous opinion in favor of the plaintiff. The action was a complaint in ejectment, and an appeal was taken to the United States Supreme Court. The questions at issue between the Eureka and the Richmond Company in this suit, comprised several points in the construction of the mining law of the United States, and its relation to the customs and regulations of the mining districts, which possess an importance and an applicability far beyond the limits of the case in which they arose. It is my purpose to state these points, the arguments

Jan 1, 1878

By J. M. GLEDHILL

(Washington Meeting, May, 1905.) A Discussion of Mr. J. M. Gledhill's paper, read by title at the Lake Superior meeting, but presented first at the New Yolk meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute (October, 1904), and here published under a mutual agreement. Between the two Institutes. Discussion. MR. E: WINDSOR RICHARDS, Past-President, said that at a recent meeting of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers a paper was read on tool steel, and he called the attention of the members to the high-speed tool steel at the Bethlehem Works. They would have the pleasure of seeing those wonderful works and would see 60, 70, 80 and 100 tons oil lathe with half-a-dozen of these high-speed tools running. PROP. H. M. HOWE (Columbia University) said that they all looked upon these high-speed tool steels as of very great importance, particularly to the machine shop. One point occurred to hire : Had it really been shown that Swedish steel is necessary, or better than equally pure steel that is not Swedish; and is cemented steel really necessary, and is there any advantage in using that, rather than equally pure open-hearth steel'! It might be well if the author could indicate the kind of evidence on which lie bases his assertion that it is necessary to have cemented Swedish steel. Many were hoping for the development of high-speed steels from elements which exist in great quantities, such as silicon, manganese and chromium, rather than from rarer metals like molybdenum, vanadium and tungsten, the supply of which is likely to be soon exhausted. If the high-cutting speed was to last more than a generation, it. seemed to him that they would have to draw upon the common ele¬ments and not upon the rare ones. MR. Tom WESTGARTH (Middlesbrough) said he fully appreci¬ated what had been said about the advantages of using high-speed steel, because great benefit had been derived from the

Mar 1, 1905

By C. B. Foraker

THE Magma mine, of the Magma Copper Co., at Superior, Pinal County, Arizona, is 68 miles east of Phoenix and 21 miles west of Miami, Arizona, on highway U. S. 180. TEMPERATURES AND UNDERGROUND WATERS Surface Temperatures.-The average surface dry-bulb temperature at Superior is 72.4º; wet-bulb, 57.4º; with an indicated relative humidity of 38 per cent. The average yearly rainfall from 1921 to 1936, inclusive, was 18.74 in. The maximum condition of the atmosphere is in June, July and August, and the minimum is in January and February. The surface temperatures, of course, influence the temperatures of the down- cast shafts; however, the variation between winter and summer causes a difference of only 2º to 3º in the stopes and working places that are not close to the intake shafts. Average atmospheric conditions are shown in Fig. 1. Rock Temperatures.-Rock temperatures on the deeper levels of the mine are as follows: [ ] There appears to be no difference in rock temperature for any particular horizon of the various formations or in the vein. Water encountered is always the same temperature as the rock from which it flows, and for this reason it is thought that the water is heated by the rock; not the rock by the water. The country rock apparently has been heated by the various intrusions, perhaps the vein itself, and has not yet had time to cool off. The geothermal gradient (Fig. 2) as indicated by the rock temperatures given above is 1 ½ º per 100 feet. Underground Waters.-The underground water varies from 350 to 565 gal. per min., depending on the rainfall. The limestone and other

Jan 1, 1938

By Daniel C. Jackling

WHAT is written here features some of the things that I would say if I were to de- liver a Presidential address during the Annual Meeting to be held this month in New York. I am aware that custom favors written rather than vocal delivery of such a discourse; and, as this accords exactly with my own preference, I assure readers that they will never be called upon to hear these remarks spoken- anyhow, not by me. My year as President is drawing to a close. As I look back I like to classify and analyze the impressions that have been left with me. It has been a delightful and fascinating experience to me personally; I have appreciated the courtesies and aids, and have been deeply gratified at the honors accorded me. Perhaps the source of greatest satisfaction is the opportunity I have had to sense more about the provinces of this Institute and about the useful functions of the profession that it represents. For 38 years I have been a member. I served two terms as Director-one in 1914-'16 and again in 1927-'29. I have been honored by selection as a Saunders Medalist. I thought I was reasonably familiar with the functions, the ideals, and the activities of the Institute. But the things that I have discerned during the past year have dispelled that conceit. I still think that, a year ago, I was as well informed as most members; but since then I have had the rare privilege of executive service and insight. That has given me a perspective that I feel can be obtained in no other way-as I think the illustrious engineers who have preceded me in office will agree. I wish that I had the power to translate to every member somewhat of the feelings of pride in our organization that a year as President cannot help but instill.

Jan 1, 1939

By VlNTON H. CLARKE

Diamond-drill blasthole sloping has now been used for a long enough time to permit us to discuss fairly its problems from the ore-breaking angle and to attempt to peer into its future. To do this we have gathered information from many properties through questionnaires. The operators have indicated fairly well in their answers what they think of the method. The many variations of methods have by now been fairly well developed, and performance rates and. mining costs are well established at each property. All this can be laid down on paper with fair completeness. Now. knowing all this, what will the future of the method be? To attempt to look into the future of a mining method immediately brings to light many problems and variables. For instance: why were diamond drills used in the first place? What has the cost trend been? In what type of deposit has the method proved most advantageous? What will the future cost of diamonds be? What are the possible substitutes?

Jan 1, 1949

By W. B. Daly, A. S. Richardson

The application of artificial refrigeration, or air-conditioning, to the ventilation of deep, hot mines has long been a subject of interest to the operators of such properties. Artificial cooling of the air in theaters, railroad coaches, and various industrial plants has been so successful within recent years that it has been natural to assume that the adoption of similar methods would afford a ready solution to the difficult problem of mine ventilation. It should however, be obvious, that although there may be nothing technically impossible in the application of this process to mine ventilation there is a great economic distinction between the maintenance of a high standard of comfort for a large number of people in a relatively small space such as a theater and the cooling of air to improve working conditions for miners scattered throughout the extensive workings of a large mine. Many methods of air-conditioning have been considered by the management of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. at various times, but until the development of the process to be described in this paper none has seemed economically practicable. The Ventilating Problem at Butte The main obstacle to satisfactory ventilation in the Butte mines is the normally high temperature of the granite country rock. In the present operating zone, rock temperatures as high as 120' F. have been noted, and in some parts of the district the rate of increase of temperature with depth has ranged as high as 3.5" F. per 100 ft. Other factors, such as the decay of mine timber and the oxidation of sulfide minerals in the ore bodies, contribute to raise the temperature of the air in the working places but, particularly in the development of the mines to greater depth, the naturally high temperature of the rock is of predominant importance. In few other places, probably, are the ordinary ventilating measures more hindered than at Butte. At an operating depth now exceeding 3000 ft., all of the air required for ventilation must pass through timbered shafts which, because of heavy ground, are of small size and offer great resistance to the flow of air. Shaft compartments are rarely more than 4.5 X 5 ft., and the shaft area open to the flow of air usually does not exceed 65 sq. ft.; in only two shafts is the area as great as 85 sq. feet.

Jan 1, 1934

By A. M. Kivari

OPERATIONS at the cement plant of the Permanente Corporation, in the hills about 45 miles south of San Francisco and 12 miles west of San Jose, are interesting to the members because of the adoption of modern hydrometallurgical methods for handling and beneficiating raw materials Closed-circuit grinding, classification, hydroseparation, flotation, agitation, and thickening are familiar terms at this cement plant These methods make it possible to process refractory limestone into suitable materials for the manufacture of modern cements Construction of the plant, haying originally a design capacity of 7000 bbl of cement per clay, was started in June 1939, and the first clinker was ground on the following Christmas Day At present the capacity is about 12,000 bbl of finished cement per 24 hr , most of the production being low-heat cement † About 3130 tons of limestone, 620 tons of clay and 100 tons of gypsum are required daily for this output Occasionally iron oxide is added to the clay to obtain the desired composition This, together with the gypsum, is purchased from outside sources Up to the present time, the corporation has produced low-heat, normal, moderate¬ heat, moderate-sulphate-resisting, high-early-strength, oil-well, modified-oil-well, and plastic cements Most of the present production is for Shasta Dam, near Redding, Calif , the told demand being 5,800,000 bbl of cement Following are sonic of the cement requirements of the Shasta D [im] specifications [ ] The average specific surface in the bin s sampled shill be not less Ulan 1800 sq cm per gram and no individual sample less thin 1600 sq centimeters Compressive strength The average compressive strength in pounds per square inch of three mortar cubes composed of one part cement and 2 75 parts fine testing sand, by weight, shall be equal to or greater thin the following

Jan 1, 1941

By Thunaes, Arvid

Pilot plant test work in 1942 and 1943 showed that by a combination of desliming, fine-size classification, and Sullivan deck concentration it is possible to recover heavy minerals such as cassiterite at least as fine as 10 microns in size. This appreciable improvement in gravity concentration practice has been substantiated by several full-sized plants.

Jan 1, 1950

By AIME AIME

T HE Mining Methods Committee held its initial meeting* on Tuesday afternoon, with F. W. Bradley in the chair and W. Y. Westervelt as vice- chairman. The first paper to be presented was "A Plea for a U. S. Court of Patent Appeals," for which Kenneth W. Greenawalt ably pleaded. The paper (which was published in full in last month's issue) is so carefully prepared that no synopsis can do it justice. It discusses the opposed views of some patent lawyers and other lawyers and members of the judiciary as, for example, Chief Justice Taft who is quoted as saying in 1921: "I think it is a great deal better to take a first class lawyer and a first-class judge and make him a good patent expert than it is to take a patent expert and try to make him a first-class lawyer and a good judge." Mr. Greenawalt argued the need for specialized scientific and engineering interest and understanding to enable a lawyer or judge to prepare or interpret patent specifications and decide the originality necessary for a valid invention. He proposed the special U. S. Court of Patent Appeals to also counteract the costly confusion and injustice now ruling where a patent may be declared valid in the courts of certain States and invalid by the courts of other States.

Jan 1, 1930

By AIME AIME

THE Committee on Elimination of Waste in industry came into existence from a speech in Washington by Mr. ,Hoover, in November, in which, he said: It is primary to mention the three-phase waste in production: first, from intermittent employment; second, from unemployment that arises in shifting of industrial currents; and third; from strikes and lockouts. Beyond this elimination of waste there is another field of progress in the adoption of measures for positive improvement in production.

Jan 1, 1921

By J. H. Rose

The arrangement of the reverberatory furnace and the two waste-heat boilers at the Magma Copper Company's smelter at Superior, Ariz., is shown in Fig. 1. The inside dimensions of the furnace at the slag line are: length, 96 ft.; width, 22 ft. The boilers are Erie City vertical type with a rated capacity of 700 hp. The 3-in. boiler tubes are arranged in two banks with a vertical baffle between. The banks are 30 tubes wide by 9 tubes deep—a total of 540 tubes.

Jan 1, 1934

By Richard A. Hawkins

O the American coal man, Australian coal mining most appear to have little, if any, influence on American coal-mining practice and to bear little relation to it. Actually, the relationship has been close, for Australian operators have carefully studied American practice by reading American technical publications, by consulting American engineers, and by visits to Ameriean operations. They have leaned heavily on America for their supply of mechanization equipment and many American mining-machinery manufacturers are active in that country, supplying its needs and furnishing technical assistance. Australia's influence on American coal mining has been obscure and probably negligible. However, it seems reasonable to assume that this influence will increase. The wartime development of air transportation will inevitably bring these two countries into much more intimate contact than existed in recent years. American servicemen. many of them former miners and coal-mining technicians, have visited Australian operation, while stationed in that country, have talked with operators and men over there, and undoubt-

Jan 1, 1945

By C. S. Finney, John Mitchell

The growing popularity in the United States of the vertical-flue even was emphasized when in 1905 the United States Steel Corp. chose the Koppers oven as the type which best suited their requirements. Heinrich Koppers was born on November 23. 1872. at a small farm in Walbeck near Geldern on the lower Rhine. When young Koppers was eight years old, however the family moved away from the farm to the industrial city of Bochum in the Ruhr. Here Koppers attended public school and subsequently served an apprenticeship to a tinsmith before taking a job as a lathe operator with a local steel company. He had ambitions to be much more than a machinist, however, and used his week-ends and evenings to improve his theoretical background by taking courses at a vocational-training school in Bochum. After winning the highest honor the school could bestow (the silver Staats-medaille), Koppers went on to continue his education at the Rheinisch-Westfalische Hüttenschule in Duisberg. One of his teachers there, Fritz Wüst who later became a professor at the Technische Hochschule at Aachen, recognizing Koppers' unusual abilities, predicted for him a great future. In 1894 Heinrich Koppers joined the firm of Dr. C. Otto and Co. in Dahlhausen, and in 1899 while superintendent of the Mathias Stinnes mine he built his first battery of ovens for Hugo Stinnes, the German industrialist. Two years later he started his own organization, and in 1902 he made Essen his headquarters. It was to Essen that a group of engineers from the United States Steel Corp. went in 1906 with an invitation to Koppers to design and supervise the construction of four batteries of ovens at the Joliet works of the Illinois Steel Co. Each battery was to consist of 70 ovens. Arriving in the United States in 1907, Koppers established a branch of his firm in Joliet, and construction began. The first battery was fired on July 27, 1908. Rugged and simple, these ovens incorporated basic design features which were to make the Koppers oven and its future modifications the choice of a very large segment of the by-product coking industry of America. The 280 ovens at Joliet were 35 ft long, 8 ¾ ft in height, and tapered from 21 to 17 in. The total daily capacity of the four batteries was 2240 tons of coke. The ovens were of the new cross-regenerative type; that is, instead of longitudinal regenerators serving an entire battery, as in the older Koppers ovens, cross regenerators for each separate oven were employed. Fuel gas was supplied from the side of the battery through ducts in the brickwork known as gun flues, which reached to the center of the battery under the vertical heating-flues. Removable, ceramic gas-nozzles fitted at the top of each gun flue helped to insure good control over the distribution of the fuel gas, and uniform heating conditions were also promoted by regulating the air supply to, and the suction in, each heating flue. A different refractory w& used for each battery. One was built of American silica brick, one of American quartzite, and two of imported German quartzite. The installation at Joliet proved to be very successful, and in 1911, 490 additional' Koppers ovens were built for the Illinois Steel Co. at the great new steelworks at Gary, Ind. By 1912 the H. Koppers Co. had established its headquarters in Chicago and was rapidly extending its business to include construction for such iron and steel companies as the Woodward Iron Co. at Woodward, Ma. (80 ovens in 1912); the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Rail- road Co. at Fairfield, Ala. (280 ovens in 1912); the Inland Steel Co. at Indiana Harbor, Ind. (86 ovens during 1913 and 1914) ; and the Republic Iron and Steel Co. at Youngstown, Ohio (68 ovens in 1913). In 1914 a group of men in Pittsburgh bought a major shareholding in the H. Koppers Co., and moved the headquarters of the organization from Chicago to their own city. Under its new management the company was highly successful in obtaining a large share of the contracts for by-product installations built during World War I. In 1917 the remaining German interests in the company were

Jan 1, 1961

By Anthony Lucas

THE discovery of oil in 1901 on the Spindletop dome, Texas, inaugurated a new industry on the Gulf Coast, an industry which has grown with the discovery of successive fields, until today it engages the services of thousands of workers and employs enormous capital. New fields are being discovered from time to time and doubtless some still remain to be found, though of late years discoveries have become more infrequent. Nowadays several hundred dry holes are drilled each year in a fruitless and blind effort to discover new fields, for as yet geologic science has developed no effectual method of locating the coastal oil deposits in advance of drilling. Moreover, despite the occasional discovery of new fields, the total production of the Gulf Coast is today no greater than it was in 1906, for the added production of the new fields has been offset by the rapid decline and more or less complete exhaustion of some of the older ones. Careful geologic work within the fields has in some cases increased the production temporarily, but has developed no really new supplies. The Gulf Coast oil industry seems to have passed its period of greatest expansion and to be declining at a fairly steady rate, and this condition is naturally viewed with alarm by the more farsighted operators. In my opinion, the time has come for the adoption of radical and aggressive methods of prospecting, and a fraction of the money wasted yearly in drilling shallow wells in hopeless locations might well be devoted to this purpose. Many facts lead me to believe that all the salt-dome oil has had a common origin; that it has migrated up from considerable

Jan 7, 1918