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William Kelly, Vulcan, Mich.:—In the northern part of Bedford county, Pa., the county immediately south of Huntingdon, the Clinton measures appear along the eastern slope of Tussey mountain near its base. The only iron-ore bed that has been worked is in the upper part of the formation. Along the mountain this seam has a dip of more than 60°. At the outcrop the ore is soft and rich, but with depth it passes often abruptly into an almost pure limestone similar to that described by Dr. Rutledge. The soft ore extends deeper in the cross-gullies than it does under the higher gound between the depressions. The slates adjoining the rich ore have been weathered, but where in juxtaposition to lean ore and limestone they are hard. The alteration of the ore-bed is evidently the result of the conditions of drainage in quite recent geo-

Jan 1, 1910

By S. Leber, R. F. Hehemann

This investigation describes the kinetics of alloying in a (Cb-15 wt pct W. 5 wt pct Mo, 1 wt pct Zr) powder-metallurgy alloy. The degree of homogeneity obtained in hydrostatic ally pressed and vacuum-sintered samples is described by composition distributions resulting from analysis of X-ray dvfraction line profiles. Sintering variables and degvee of powder dispersion were evaluated. The utility of single-value parameters obtained from composition distributions is disaissed. The spatial distribution of composition, as revealed by anodically tinted metallographic sarrzples, was used to provide diffision models based on a concentric-sphere geometry. Diffusion equations developed from these models were found to be in general agreement with experimental results. The powder-metallurgy method for the production of refractory metal alloys has the ability to produce an inherently fine-grained, fabricable structure. The more general use of this method is inhibited, in part, by the presumed difficulty in obtaining homogeneity on a microscale. The degree of homogeneity therefore is an important, but usually neglected, variable in specifying the quality of a powder-metallurgy alloy. Convenient techniques for measuring the degree of homogeneity are now available,' and have been used to develop a model describing the process of alloying in a simple binary mixture.' In this investigation, the process of alloy formation has been studied in a more complex system. PROCEDURE The columbium-based F-48 mixture was prepared from the constituent powders shown in Table I. The particle sizes tabulated were provided by the vendors of the individual powders. Standard laboratory techniques utilizing a jar mill were employed for blending. The blended powders were hydro-pressed into 1-in. diam rods which were then sliced into thin discs for vacuum sintering. All samples were given a preliminary treatment at 1700°C for 2 hr. Varying degrees of homogeneity were obtained using additional treatments at higher temperatures. The degree of homogeneity obtained by a specific sintering treatment was evaluated metallographi-cally using the anodic-tinting technique described by olff,' and quantitatively by the analysis of X-ray diffraction line profiles using the X-ray diffraction technique developed by udman.' The diffraction technique is strictly valid only for binary systems. However, the relatively small difference between the lattice parameters of tungsten and molvbdenum when compared with columbium permitted the treatment of the complex composition of F-48 as a (W, Mo)-Cb pseudobinary. Calculations were weighted in accord with the W-Mo ratio in the F-48 composition. The contribution of the 1 pct Zr was ignored since it could not even be detected in the blended powder. Two factors are required to convert an X-ray line profile into a composition distribution. The variation of these factors with composition is shown in Fig. 1. Curve A was used to convert angular posi-

Jan 1, 1964

PHILIP D. BLOCK, JR., vice president of Inland Steel Co., visualizes a fine future for the Menominee Range of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. He sees a future unclouded by threat from foreign ore imports or the development of low grade ore processing in Minnesota. The statement was made during the opening of Inland's new Cayia mine near Crystal Falls. Inland, according to the vice president, is planning to use an increased amount of the high phosphorous ores found on the Menominee Range. He said that other steel companies will probably do the same, because the steel industry has learned how to use ores of high phosphorous content. He said: "I do not mean to imply that we can use an unlimited amount of high phosphorous ores or that we can burden our blast, furnaces with 100 pct high phosphorous ores, but we have reached the point where we can absorb a much larger percentage of these ores without any detrimental effects. Foreign ores and lowgrade Minnesota ores cost too much to offer real competition, Block said. Transportation costs from the Menominee range to steel producing centers in Chicago and on Lake Erie are less than for any other range in this country. In the meantime, the American operators of the Bomi Hills iron ore mine in Liberia, have reportedly signed a new agreement with the Government. Several months ago, President Tubman of Liberia expressed a definite dissatisfaction with the original contract. Informants state that the agreement only needs the approval of the Export-Import Bank, which loaned Liberian Mining Co. $4 million to develop the iron ore properties. Majority stockholder of the Liberian Mining is Republic steel, with 61.57 pct of the stock. Under the new contract, the Liberian Government will start to share in the profits when the indebtedness is liquidated and the return of invested capital accomplished, or April 1, 1957, whichever is earlier. Under the old agreement the Liberian Government received a 5 cent per ton royalty and an additional sum based on the price of pig iron. The royalty rate reached more than 17 cents per ton this year. After debt liquidation the Liberian Government will receive 25 pct of net profits for the first five years; 35 pct for the next ten years; and 50 pct thereafter. Until the Government starts to share in profits it will receive a royalty of $1.50 per ton in U. S. currency, in addition to royalties provided for in the old agreement.

Jan 1, 1952

By F. L. Robertson, C. H. Bacon, J. W. Till

A description is given of the development of a process for making low sulphur steel on furnaces fired with 2 1/2 pet sulphur oil. Slag and metal are analyzed at melt. Slag weight is estimated. A simple method for calculating necessary lime additions for making 0.025 and 0.035 pct sulphur steel is given. DURING the last 15 years John Summers & Sons have been confronted increasingly by the problem of producing a low sulphur steel from high sulphur materials. The principles adopted, the processes used, the data collected on a furnace specially set aside to study this problem, and speculation on future developments are dealt with in this paper. This study is limited to two melting shops which make sheet steel only, of the following analysis: C, 0.06 pct; Mn, 0.33; S, 0.04, 0.035, 0.03, and 0.025; and P, 0.02 and 0.015. All the processes described have reference to the manufacturing of this steel and are not necessarily applicable, without modification, to other steels. The raw materials used are given in Table I. Development of Process About 1934, Schenck's work on phosphorus was applied to frame quantitative rules for the removal of phosphorus, with great success. We could however, neither in our own work nor in the voluminous literature, find any assistance to frame quantitative furnace rules to remove sulphur. Perhaps, we should have persevered with Schenck's outstanding chapter on sulphur in The Physical Chemistry of Steelmaking, but we missed the importance of one (Ss) sentence on p. 478. "Evidently this ratio -------- is [S] the important quantity to be considered from the point of view of chemical reaction; it is clear that the sulphur content of the steel alone, as frequently given in the literature cannot suffice for judging the success of the reaction unless special details are given regarding the sulphur charge and the amount of slag."' We were not however very successful in getting values for Schenck's "n" that agreed with (S) arrived at by our direct analysis. [S] In addition to Schenck's work much attention was given to V value. The formula selected for V was: (SCaO) — 1.57 (2 P2O5) (S SiO2) After plotting many charges a curve was obtained, based upon the relationship between the percentage sulphur in the finished steel and V value, Fig. 1. For a long time this was used as standard with about a 60 to 70 pct success on producer-gas fired furnaces, if all uprising scrap was used and no bought scrap used. An inspection of this curve shows clearly that it is not a quantitative manufacturing process, and that it was not sure enough to go to the trouble and expense of doing stage analysis for P,O,,

Jan 1, 1952

Book Notices CATALYSIS IN INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY. By G. G. Henderson. Lond. and N. Y., Longmans, Green and Co., 1919. 202 pp., cloth, 9 X 6 in., $3.25. This, the latest volume of the series of Monographs on Industrial Chemistry which is being published under the editorship of Sir Edward Thorpe, is intended to present broadly, our present knowledge of the phenomenon of which it treats. The hook reviews the existing literature on catalysis, paying particular attention to the many applications now used in industry. COMMERCIAL OILS-VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL. With special reference to Oriental Oils. By I. F. Laucks. 1st edition. N. Y., John Wiley and Sons, Inc.;, Lond. Chapman and Hall, Ltd., 1919. 138 pp., cloth, 8 X 5 in., $1.25. Intended to give to men in the oil trade, who have not had technical training, the technical data and information required in every-day dealings, in concise form. The various commercial oils are listed, together with their sources, uses, and phys-ical and chemical characteristics. The values have been collected from the standard texts, supplemented, particularly in regard to oriental oils, by the results obtained in the author's laboratory. FIFTY YEARS OF IRON AND STEEL. By Joseph G. Butler, Jr. Cleveland, The Penton Press, 1919. 145 pp., por., 10 X 6 in., leather. (Gift of author.) This volume is one of a special edition, of 100 copies, of an address delivered before the American Iron and Steel Institute in 1917, in which the author gives his personal reminiscences of the development in iron and steel making, as observed during an active participation in the industry in eastern Ohio, which began in 1857. To this are added some brief data on the early history of iron and steel, and a chapter on the activities of the American iron manufactures during the great war. The volume is profusely illustrated with portraits of men of note in the industry.

Jan 12, 1919

THE good and lofty men of intelligence are constantly discoverers of many beautiful things, because of their kindness or because they are driven by necessity. Either they shorten the method of making them after they have seen them, or they think how they can be increased in power or how they can be used for various effects in addition to the one intended by the inventor. Certainly all the effects described to you in this Tenth Book derive from gunpowder. When so many proper- ties and so much strength were observed in this, it was thought that by enclosing it in some strong thing that had the power to resist it, gunpowder would produce a marvelous effect. And thus they made a tube of bronze or iron [160v] which they closed with a wooden plug. They applied fire, and when they saw how forcefully this plug issued they thought of making one that would come out and strike in order to destroy things. They made an instrument of bronze or of iron and put some powder and a round stone inside, and called it a spingard. Developing then from this,

Jan 1, 1942

ONE of the problems that confronts the chronicler of the Porphyry story is to determine the date from which Morenci should be regarded as one of the group. The mines have the distinction of being the first operated in Arizona for copper. A small smelter was in operation as early as 1873 and in the eighties two smelters accounted for a substantial production ranging from 3,000,000 to 6,000,000 lb. per year. The first concentrator was built in 1886, but the ores were principally oxidized, and direct smelting ore still supplied most of the production. As early as 1893, the mining of somewhat leaner porphyry ores, containing copper in the form of the sulphide mineral, chalcocite, was commenced; but these still were of comparatively high grade and the concentrators were plants of 100 to 400 tons daily capacity. Moreover, the backbone of operations was still the production of rich oxidized ores for direct smelting. They assayed 10 to 15 per cent copper and the sulphide milling ores assayed 3 to 4 per cent. A significant comment appears in the Copper Handbook for 1908. Speaking of the Arizona Copper Co., Ltd., which was to become the most important component of the present Morenci enterprise, the editor, Horace Stevens, says: "A tremendous amount of ore is in sight, ore reserves . . . being estimated at 10,370,600 tons . . . " It seems fair to infer from this that the property was not yet regarded as an immense low-grade mine, but that the copper content of perhaps 70 lb, to the ton made an ore of "medium " grade even according to the standards of the time. Although the concentrating ore was typical of that in the porphyry group of mines (except for its greater richness), no one seems to have the least inclination to take from Utah the

Jan 1, 1933

By E. Douglas, D. N. Collins, J. R. Stevens

E. Douglas (Dept. of Scientific and lndustrial Re-search, Warren Spring Laboratory, Hertfordshire, England) — The authors are to be congratulated on the considerable improvements they have made in tailoring efficiency and selectivity terms which are generally superior to the alternative forms in current use. However, I feel that their efficiency expression is limited to lower-grade feeds; its accuracy reduces as the feed grade increases. For example, its application to such processes as the beneficiation of glass sands, refractories and clays will invoIve considerable inaccuracies. The reason for this lies in the direct use of recovery, which, with high-grade feeds, biases their empirical expression, R(1 - c/h). With a 90% grade feed, the recovery weighting for the slightest degree of beneficiation, over a zero efficiency sampling operation, will be 90+%+ I disagree with their second basic requirement which states that there can be no fundamental basis for any single quantifying expression. A formula giving a comprehensive representation of concentra- tion efficiency can be derived fundamentally accord-to the procedure outlined in the literature. '' This formula, called the Basic Efficiency formula, is

Jan 1, 1963

By G. H. Pardue, L. H. Gollwitzer, J. H. Moran, R. L. Morris

Experimental and theoretical studies of casing-borne signals have provided data on the attenuation efect, compressive strength and shear modulus for different types of cement. These data resulted in the establishment of a definite relationship between the cement compressive strength and the Cement Bond log reading. The relationship is influenced by the casing dimensions, but is independent of the type of cement and the curing conditions. The theoretical analysis provides a mathematical statement of the phenomenon and shows that the attenuation rate is basically a function of the shear modulus of the cement and the thickness of the casing. The lab tests provided a connection between the shear modulus and the compressive strength, and permitted a comparison of the experimental and theoretical work. The results of the experimental and theoretical study have provided means of quantitative interpretation of the Cement Bond log. This interpretation is made more convenient with the use of a nomograph. INTRODUCTION Past interpretation of Cement Bond logs has been essenlially based upon a qualitative comparison between the log response in the zone of interest and the responses in the "fully cemented" and the "uncemented" intervals. Most of the variables influencing the magnitude of the signals were recognized in an earlier paper'; however, insufficient laboratory data were available at that time for quantitative evaluation of these variables. Early attempts to use the numerical amplitudes of the signals without full knowledge of their significance resulted in erroneous comparisons between various types of cement. An extensive program was undertaken to evaluate, both experimentally and theoretically, the attenuation phenomenon and to study the effects of the more common variables. A major objective of the experimental program was to obtain data on the relationship between cement-bond-tool response and physical property standards used by the industry so that practical interpretation methods could be devised. The studies included a comparison of attenuation rate with these properties as a function of time, temperature and pressure, using common sizes of casing. The main result was that a definite relationship was established between the compressive strength of the cement in inti- mate contact with the casing and the response of the cement bond tool. For a given casing thickness, regardless of the type of cement or the curing conditions used, the attenuation rate is a function of the compressive strength. A theoretical analysis showed that the attenuation rate for casing-borne signals should be a function of (among other things) the shear modulus of the cement and the thickness of the casing. The relationship between the compressive strength and shear modulus for curing times similar to those encountered in the field was determined from laboratory tests. Using this relationship, the computed attenuation rates showed reasonable agreement with the measured attenuation rates. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of the experimental and theoretical investigations and to present the first practical method for a quantitative interpretation of Cement Bond logs based on known variables. This method is applicable where the casing-borne signal is not affected by high-velocity formation arrivals. DESCRIPTION OF LOGGING TOOL The Cement Bond logging tool shown schematically in Fig. 1 has been described previously.' The tool consists of two sections: acoustic and electronic. The acoustic section contains a transmitter and a receiver, usually spaced 3-ft apart. Sonic energy emittted by the transmitter travels through the casing and is detected at the receiver. The electronic section measures the amplitude of the

By Robert B. Sosman

The chance that a Howe Memorial Lecturer will be able to refer back to a personal contact with the distinguished metallurgist for whom this lectureship is named grows steadily I I did not have the pleasure of his personal acquaintance, but I did receive from him in 1916, quite unexpectedly, a letter commenting On a paper that I had recently published27 On "Types of Prismatic Structure in Igneous Rocks." The paper was written for geologists and petrologists, but it had an application, naturally, to the crystallization of iron and steel in a mold. The letter impressed me at the time, and still does, with the breadth of of Howe's interests and his perseverance in keeping up with the progress of any branch of knowledge that had metallurgical connotations. Scope of the Lecture During several years preceding the date mentioned I had worked in collaboration with Arthur L. Day and E. T. Allen8 at the Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, on the temperature scale as defined by the nitrogen thermometer at high temperatures. Later (1928-1947) I had the opportunity of helping to apply this experience to the pyro-metric problems of the steel industry. Because of the range of its temperatures, the multiplicity of the methods used, and the variety of its purposes, pyrometry in the open-hearth process has always offered a fertile field for both research and development. I am therefore devoting an hour to the subject of temperatures in the basic open-hearth furnace, the furnace that makes most of our steel in the united States. I would direct your attention particularly to the choice of the first two words in the title of the Lecture. One sometimes hears or reads of the ((temperature of such-and-such a furnace," as if it were a single, measurable, characteristic quantity. I need hardly emphasize to any one who has ever operated a furnace or a kiln that " temperature of the furnace " is a meaningless phrase. Even if we confine our attention to the space enclosed by the roof, walls, and hearth of an open-hearth furnace, it is doubtful whether any such space has ever been so uniform in temperature that the phrase would have a meaning. In any furnace, there are many different temperatures, capable of being measured at many different places, and actually being measured for several different purposes. These pyrometric purposes, methods, and results, if given in detail, would expand this lecture into a book on the basic open-hearth process. I must therefore confine myself to a statement of the range of temperatures as they have been observed in various parts of the furnace, indicating in a general way why they are measured, and mentioning the methods that are available without attempting to describe these

Jan 1, 1949

By Robert B. Sosman

The chance that a Howe Memorial Lecturer will be able to refer back to a personal contact with the distinguished metallurgist for whom this lectureship is named grows steadily I I did not have the pleasure of his personal acquaintance, but I did receive from him in 1916, quite unexpectedly, a letter commenting On a paper that I had recently published27 On "Types of Prismatic Structure in Igneous Rocks." The paper was written for geologists and petrologists, but it had an application, naturally, to the crystallization of iron and steel in a mold. The letter impressed me at the time, and still does, with the breadth of of Howe's interests and his perseverance in keeping up with the progress of any branch of knowledge that had metallurgical connotations. Scope of the Lecture During several years preceding the date mentioned I had worked in collaboration with Arthur L. Day and E. T. Allen8 at the Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, on the temperature scale as defined by the nitrogen thermometer at high temperatures. Later (1928-1947) I had the opportunity of helping to apply this experience to the pyro-metric problems of the steel industry. Because of the range of its temperatures, the multiplicity of the methods used, and the variety of its purposes, pyrometry in the open-hearth process has always offered a fertile field for both research and development. I am therefore devoting an hour to the subject of temperatures in the basic open-hearth furnace, the furnace that makes most of our steel in the united States. I would direct your attention particularly to the choice of the first two words in the title of the Lecture. One sometimes hears or reads of the ((temperature of such-and-such a furnace," as if it were a single, measurable, characteristic quantity. I need hardly emphasize to any one who has ever operated a furnace or a kiln that " temperature of the furnace " is a meaningless phrase. Even if we confine our attention to the space enclosed by the roof, walls, and hearth of an open-hearth furnace, it is doubtful whether any such space has ever been so uniform in temperature that the phrase would have a meaning. In any furnace, there are many different temperatures, capable of being measured at many different places, and actually being measured for several different purposes. These pyrometric purposes, methods, and results, if given in detail, would expand this lecture into a book on the basic open-hearth process. I must therefore confine myself to a statement of the range of temperatures as they have been observed in various parts of the furnace, indicating in a general way why they are measured, and mentioning the methods that are available without attempting to describe these

Jan 1, 1949

By Alfred R. Powell

Late in 1944 a group of petroleum and coal technologists was organized in Washington under the sponsorship of the Petroleum Administration for War and the U. S. Bureau of Mines. This group, known as the Technical Oil Mission, was placed under the authority of the Technical Industrial Intelligence Committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, which was then promoting the organization of other missions to be sent to Germany to obtain technical information regarding various industries in that country. The objective of the Tehnical oil Mission was to obtain technical data on German production of synthetic oil from coal and all other commercial practices and research projects connected with the oil industry. The primary purpose was to obtain such data as were immediately essential to assist the war against Germany and Japan, with secondary emphasis on technical information that would assist American industry after the end of the war. since oil-production facilities in Germany and the occupied countries controlled by Germany were the top targets for strategic bombing, the Technical Oil Mission was the first group under the Technical Induslrial Intelligence Com,mittee to enter Germany. A few members of the group flew to London in February 1945 and the majority of the remainder followed in March. In London they were joined by an equal number of British investigators and the combined mission was then sent into Germany under the authority of the Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee (CIOS). A summary of the more important information gained by this combined British and American mission is presented below. German Oil Production The oil available to Germany, both natural and synthetic, and including production from occupied countries, reached a peak in late 1943 and early 1944 Production at this time was at the rate of 1,200,000 metric tons Per month, equivalent to 100,000,000 bbl. per year, or about 7 per cent of the wartime production in the United States. Of this production, jo per cent was crude oil from Romania and Hungary, 12 Per cent was crude oil from Germany itself, including Austria, 9 per cent cumprised coal-carbonization products, that is, tar and light oil, and only the remaining 29 per cent was synthetic liquid fuel made from coal or tar. Synthetic liquid fuel made in Germany was equivalent therefore to less than 2 per cent of wartime production of crude oil in the United States. The success of the strategic bombing campaign against German oil-production facilities is demonstrated by the fact that by September 1944 the Ploesti fields of Romania and much of the syrlthetic oil production had been eliminated, so that the amount of oil available to the German war machine was only 25 per Cent of the peak qualltity mentioned above. By early 1945, when the combined British and American oil mission was entering

Jan 1, 1947

By Alfred R. Powell

Late in 1944 a group of petroleum and coal technologists was organized in Washington under the sponsorship of the Petroleum Administration for War and the U. S. Bureau of Mines. This group, known as the Technical Oil Mission, was placed under the authority of the Technical Industrial Intelligence Committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, which was then promoting the organization of other missions to be sent to Germany to obtain technical information regarding various industries in that country. The objective of the Tehnical oil Mission was to obtain technical data on German production of synthetic oil from coal and all other commercial practices and research projects connected with the oil industry. The primary purpose was to obtain such data as were immediately essential to assist the war against Germany and Japan, with secondary emphasis on technical information that would assist American industry after the end of the war. since oil-production facilities in Germany and the occupied countries controlled by Germany were the top targets for strategic bombing, the Technical Oil Mission was the first group under the Technical Induslrial Intelligence Com,mittee to enter Germany. A few members of the group flew to London in February 1945 and the majority of the remainder followed in March. In London they were joined by an equal number of British investigators and the combined mission was then sent into Germany under the authority of the Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee (CIOS). A summary of the more important information gained by this combined British and American mission is presented below. German Oil Production The oil available to Germany, both natural and synthetic, and including production from occupied countries, reached a peak in late 1943 and early 1944 Production at this time was at the rate of 1,200,000 metric tons Per month, equivalent to 100,000,000 bbl. per year, or about 7 per cent of the wartime production in the United States. Of this production, jo per cent was crude oil from Romania and Hungary, 12 Per cent was crude oil from Germany itself, including Austria, 9 per cent cumprised coal-carbonization products, that is, tar and light oil, and only the remaining 29 per cent was synthetic liquid fuel made from coal or tar. Synthetic liquid fuel made in Germany was equivalent therefore to less than 2 per cent of wartime production of crude oil in the United States. The success of the strategic bombing campaign against German oil-production facilities is demonstrated by the fact that by September 1944 the Ploesti fields of Romania and much of the syrlthetic oil production had been eliminated, so that the amount of oil available to the German war machine was only 25 per Cent of the peak qualltity mentioned above. By early 1945, when the combined British and American oil mission was entering

Jan 1, 1947

By Charles Will Wright

FRANCE will be given a large portion of the Marshall Plan funds for relief, reconstruction, and industrial development in France and in her colonial possessions. At present that country is not in position to export any large tonnages of the mineral products needed in the United States. However, if, through Marshall Plan aid and private capital investment, production of these products can be largely increased, agreement should be made by which the United States is to get a substantial portion of such increased output in part payment for the material and technical aid they receive. France issued a decree, published in the "Official Gazette" on Feb. 3, 1948, which permits conversion into dollars of dividends derived from dollar investment in Government-approved projects and will agree to a scale of capital amortization to be determined in each individual case. This decree is to encourage private capital to cooperate with local capital in industrial undertakings. The French Colonial Ministry has prepared an extensive program for aid to the mining industries in overseas possessions to be undertaken by

Jan 1, 1948

By G. T. Brookman, P. B. Katz, D. K. Martin, J. A. Ripp

With the increasing emphasis on using American fossil fuel resources, more facilities are evaluating coal conversion. In addition, those facilities now using coal are considering better coal storage procedures to minimize negative environmental impacts. For example, rainfall and snowmelt on a coal pile produce a drainage stream high in acidity, suspended and dissolved solids, iron, sulfate, and trace metals. Usually, the characteristics of the runoff stream do not allow for direct discharge to streams and lakes. Detention in a holding pond and pH adjustment are traditional methods of treating coal pile runoff before discharge. Historically, this treatment methodology has been performed inefficiently without a good data base to assess how much runoff treatment is needed to meet effluent guidelines. A model was developed to simulate runoff volume and pollutant loadings under different rainfall conditions. This model will be used to size and design treatment works for coal pile drainage. The Ohio State University (OSU) version of the Stanford watershed model was selected as the base model. The OSU model simulates overland runoff in a rural area. It includes factors such as soil moisture, depression storage, infiltration, and flow to a ground water reservoir. TRC also used the OSU co-model for acid production in coal refuse piles as the basis for qualitative modeling work. A number of modifications were made to the OSU models to make them applicable to coal storage piles. The physical/chemical reactions included in the models are described in more detail in the project report. In addition, the models were altered so that a standard NOAA magnetic tape of historical meteorological data can be used as data input instead of requiring the user to create a data file. The resulting TRC coal pile drainage model is actually two models - a quantitative model, termed H2OTRC, and a qualitative model, TRCCOAL.

Jan 1, 1984

By H. A. Domian, H. Biloni, G. F. Bolling

Jan 1, 1965

By B. B. Gottsberger

IT SEEMS strange that so many years after the pas¬sage of the first acts requiring registration or licensing of engineers, so few members of the mining branch of the profession are aware of what has taken place. Laws regulating the practice of engineering have now been passed in 19 states of this country, and in many others, such legislation has been proposed. That such laws are necessary for the protection of life, health and property, as is stated in most of them, is doubted by many. That the standing of the engineering profession will be improved by them is certainlyy open to question. That such laws are a welcome addition to the regulation of business by governmental agency, is not likely to be a general opinion. That once more, and in spite of appeals to engineers to interest themselves in affairs of government, an active minority has succeeded in imposing its will on a passive majority, seems but too true. However, the laws are there and information regarding them should be of use and interest to those most directly concerned.

Jan 1, 1921

Edward Dyer Peters, the only child of Henry Hunter Peters and Susan Barker Thaxter, was born in Dorchester, Mass., June 1, 1849. From his father he was a descendant of the Peters family of Ipswich and Andover, Mass., whose earliest ancestor settled in Essex County in 1659; while upon his mother's side he descended from several old Hingham families, as well as from the Quineys and from Governor Bradford. Between the ages of fourteen and sixteen he was a student at the Episcopal School for boys in Cheshire, Conn. Near the school was an old tin mine, and he used to spend his Saturday afternoons exploring it. When Edward was sixteen, his father sold his property in South-borough, and for the next three years lived in Europe. Sept. 26, 1865, Edward entered the Royal School of Mines at Freiberg, Saxony. In the summer of 1867 he joined his family on Lake Geneva, and spent a part of the season in that vicinity, going to Chamounix and taking other trips. Extract from a letter to his father: Elbingerode, Harz, Aug. 30, 1868: I left Freiberg with my friend Lilienthal, on Wednesday the 19th of August, reached Leipzig in the evening and spent the night in that city: the next morning we took the cars and in the afternoon reached Eisleben, in Prussia, which was to be our first stopping-place; there are immense copper-mines and smelting-works at this place, and the method of working the mines is very peculiar ... The next morning we got up at five and spent the whole day in the smelting-works where I obtained a number of drawings of the furnaces they use here and a good many valuable data. Saturday morning we got up at four o'clock, and descended a mine about three miles from the town; the Director of this mine was one of the most intelligent and agreeable men that I ever met; he accompanied us in the mine and explained everything that was new to us. The system of mining at Eisleben is peculiar to this town, and is not used at any other place in the world; the copper ore comes in narrow, flat veins eighteen inches high, at the utmost, consequently the men work lying flat on their left side and using the pick with both hands: the ore is carried out of the side passages into the main ones, in very low waggons about twelve inches high, and four by two feet; the boys who pull these waggons have a board buckled to their left thigh and their left arm; they pass their bare foot through a strap in the waggon and wriggle along on their side dragging the waggon after them, with their foot, almost as fast as a man can walk above ground. In the afternoon we walked over to Hittstadt, about twelve miles, and remained there Sunday and Monday. Monday night, at ten o'clock we went out to one of the smelting-works, to see the refining of the copper; this is only done at night, so we worked there from ten in the evening till eleven the next morning, and came home all blackened up and with blistered hands, for our skin was not quite so tough as that of the workmen: at noon the same day we took the stage to Ascherls-leben, and then the train to Stassfurt, where there are immense salt-mines, as well as factories for the manufacture of bromium, which latter process is, however, kept a profound secret, so we had very little hope of seeing anything but the salt mines; we were talking with our landlord about our disappointment, that evening, when he told us that the director of the Bromium works was sitting in the next room with no company but his glass of beer, so we went over to him, introduced ourselves as Americans, and actually succeeded in persuading him that it could do his business no earthly hurt if he showed us his works; at last he consented, after making us give our word of honor

Jan 1, 1919

By B. E. Mix

THE present methods of unloading ore and coarse-crushing at the Magna plant of the Utah Copper Co. are the developments of the past five years. Hand dumping and breaking have given way to the rotary car dump and large gyratory; and the bucket elevators and stationary screens have been replaced by conveyors and shaking screens. The coarse-crushing plant may be broadly divided into two units: the primary crushing and the secondary crushing, or primary roll, unit. The former was erected in 1923; with the exception of the excavation, the construction was carried on by forces of the company. Excavation was started in the middle of March, the first concrete was poured July 16, erection of the steel building started Oct. 30, and the unit was com-pleted and operating Dec. 30. The unit has a capacity of over 24,000 tons of ore per day, and cost more than a million dollars. Remodeling of the primary-roll unit extended over a period of years preceding this, some of the work having been done as early as 1918.

Jan 8, 1925

By A. E. H. Bergmann

INTRODUCTION The Sachtleben Chemie GmbH in Duisburg, a subsidiary of the Metallgesellschaft AG, operates a new sulfuric acid plant that employs fluid bed roasting of pyrite concentrates. The plant produces about 300,000 tons per year of pyrite cinders from the fluid bed roasting unit. The cinder product consists of 58 percent iron and is about 80 percent by weight smaller than 50 microns. This cinder product was found to be a competitive source material for the cement industry as the iron-containing additive. However, the extreme fineness of the cinder and its dusting tendency were undesirable and an agglomerating technique became necessary. In order to keep the price of agglomerated pyrite-cinders at a competitive level, the agglomerating method must be chosen such a way the capital and operating costs are low. Initial experiments were carried out on a laboratory scale to make an appropriate choice of the agglomerating method. Major goals of agglomerating the cinders were to improve the transportation, storage, and proportioning and metering properties. Minimum specifications are put on the size, size distribution and shape of the product. Criterion for handling is that a minimum of minus one mm. fines are produced after several handlings, while for storage, it is also desirable for the agglomerated product to survive several months in open air. Thermal agglomeration processes such as sintering one known to produce excellent products, but are by far too expensive for our application. For the same reason, granulation, balling, and pelletizing tests with addition of organic binding agents, such as tylose, starch, sulfite wash, molasses, etc. were not continued. The costs for the binding agent was considerable, which is probably due to the high pore volume of our cinders (35 %). Furthermore, the pellets or granules

Jan 1, 1977