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By V. R. Garfias, R. V. Whetsel, J. W. Ristori

World consumption of petroleum and related fuels for civil purposes in 1939 was close to 2,024,000,000 bbl., or approximately 110,000,000 bbl. more than in 1938, the United States accounting for 96,000,000 bbl. of the increased amount. With the annexation of Czechoslovakia and part of Poland, civil consurnption in Germany during 1939, notwithstanding sevre rationing in the last four months of the year, was 54,000,000 bbl., or only 1,600,000 bbl. less than in 1938, and domestic production of pctroleum and related fuels was some 34,000,000 bbl. short of civil consumption. The mounting petroleum requirements of the military forces of greater Germany are, of course, not included in these figures of civil consumption. To supply this deficiency Germany now must rely almost exclusively on the Rumanian fields, which in 1939 produced about 35,000,000 bbl in ewes, of the Rumanian civil consumption. However, these fields arc supplying and have supplied for years the oil requirements of the neighboring

Jan 1, 1940

By J. W. Ristori, R. V. Whetsel, V. R. Garfias

World consumption of petroleum and related fuels for civil purposes in 1939 was close to 2,024,000,000 bbl., or approximately 110,000,000 bbl. more than in 1938, the United States accounting for 96,000,000 bbl. of the increased amount. With the annexation of Czechoslovakia and part of Poland, civil consurnption in Germany during 1939, notwithstanding sevre rationing in the last four months of the year, was 54,000,000 bbl., or only 1,600,000 bbl. less than in 1938, and domestic production of pctroleum and related fuels was some 34,000,000 bbl. short of civil consumption. The mounting petroleum requirements of the military forces of greater Germany are, of course, not included in these figures of civil consumption. To supply this deficiency Germany now must rely almost exclusively on the Rumanian fields, which in 1939 produced about 35,000,000 bbl in ewes, of the Rumanian civil consumption. However, these fields arc supplying and have supplied for years the oil requirements of the neighboring

Jan 1, 1940

Joseph Hartshorne was born in Philadelphia in 1852. He died Aug. 23, 1918. After graduating from Haverford College, he took a special course in chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and later at the University of Pennsylvania. He started with The Pennsy!vania Steel Co. as an apprentice in 1873, working in the laboratory and mills for two years, and then one year as foreman in the Bessemer Department. Next, he was assistant chemist in the second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. In 1878, he went to Prance to investigate the Pernot open-hearth furnace for the Cambria Iron Co. Upon his return, he assisted in designing and erecting the plant in Johnstown and was foreman of a turn for one year, and superintendent for the next. In 1881, he became superintendent of the Bessemer and rolling-mill departments. In 1884, he went to Pottstown and also made a trip to Europe to investigate the Bessemer basic process. Upon his return he dcsigned and erected the basic Bessemer plant for the Pottstown Iron Co., and was superintendent there until 1893, when the company failed. Since then he has been a consulting metallurgical engineer, and expert in patent cases. The !most important of the latter was that of Krupp versus Midvsle on the armor-plate patent case, in which he was leading cxpert for Midvale. He was a good linguist, having command of French and German, and a fair knowledge of Italian and Spanish. In all, he made eight professional trips to Europe.

Jan 1, 1920

In many lines of engineering, much excellent standardization work had been done before the war but the war emphasized its importance and showed most clearly the need of cooperation to prevent the confusion caused by the promulgation of overlapping standards by independent bodies. The American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and American Society for Testing Materials, recognizing the value of what had been done, invited the Government Departments of War, Navy and Commerce to appoint representatives to act with them to continue this work; the body so formed is the American Engineering Standards Committee. It has required time to definitely formulate its objects and to arrange methods for accomplishing them that would be effective without interfering with the many organizations that have been doing such excellent work in this line. The American Engineering Standards Committee has just completed and adopted a revision of its Constitution, which has been sent to the Governing Boards of all the Departments and Societies represented on the Committee with a request for its ratification. The new Constitution changes the name to American Engineering Standards Association as more fittingly indicating the wide scope of the interests involved. The objects of the association are stated as follows: 1. To unify and simplify the methods. of arriving at engineering standards, to secure cooperation between various organizations and to prevent duplication of standardization work. 2. To promulgate rules for the development and adoption of standards, 3. To receive and pass upon recommendations for standards submitted as provided in the Rules of Procedure, but not to initiate, define, or develop the details of any particular standard. 4. To act as a means of intercommunication between organizations and individuals interested in the problems of standardization. 5. To give an international status to approved American engineering standards. 6. To cooperate with similar organizations in other countries and to promote international standardization.

Jan 7, 1919

By L. H. Simons, H. H. Spain

I NT RODUCTION Theory indicates that linear water-floods should exhibit scaling and stabilization properties in both oil-wet and water-wet porous media'. Experimental verification of these proper-ties in oil-wet media was obtained some time ago', and more recently, Perkins', employing a high permeability unconsoli dated sand and a low oil-to-water viscosity ratio, has obtained flooding data in a water-wet medium which follow the pattern of scaling and stabilization. Also, Root and Calhoun3 have found similar trends in the displacement of gas by liquids from unconsolidated sands. In general, however, the experimen-tal evidence appears still somewhat conflicting since scaling and stabilization of water floods in water-wet media has not been observed in most of the studies to date'.".'. The purpose of this paper is to provide a more comprehensive picture of waterflood behavior in water-wet media and to corroborate the validity of the scaling and stabiliza-tion concepts. The need for differentiating between the intrinsic nature of water-oil displacements inside a porous medium and perturbating secondary end effects is discussed, pertinent experimental procedures are outlined and the results of flooding tests conducted at low and at high oil-to-water viscosity ratios on con- solidated, water-wet Alundum cores are analyzed. END EFFECTS IN WATER-WET MEDIA Outlet End Effects The peculiar feature of the outlet end effect in water-wet cores is that it not only results in an excessive wetting phase saturation at the outflow face,'.' but that it also retards the moment of water breakthrough: i.e., causes an undue delay in the appearance of water in the produced effluent. Conditions existing in a water-wet core when water first arrives at the outflow face are schematically shown in Fig. 1. At this flooding stage the saturation distribution, Fig. la, has not yet been distorted by the outlet end effect. A water-invaded pore at the outlet core face, opening into the oil-filled void space between the end of the core and the end plate of the flooding cell, is illustrated in Fig. lb. The curvature of the water-oil interface is concave toward the outlet, and the pressure on the water side of the interface is lower than on the oil side by an amount equal to a certain capillary pressure (Fig. lc). Before the water (of this particular pore) can be produced from the core, it is apparent that the pressure in the water phase must exceed that in the oil outside the core. Accordingly. when water first reaches the outlet face, it will not leave the core but will accumulate inside, and only oil will be produced. Eventually, as the water injection is continued. sufficient pressure is built up in the water to reverse the curvature of the interfaces in the outlet pores, and only then will water be produced from the core. This stage, illustrated in Fig. 2. corresponds to the conventional "water breakthrough" observed in flooding experiments. For purposes of discussion, it is convenient to distinguish between the flooding stage at which water first arrives at the outlet face of a core (Fig. 1) and the stage at which water is first produced from the core ( Fig. 2). The former will be referred to as "water arrival" and the latter water breakthrough. In oil-wet media

(Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons introduced by members) Member, Graduate Colorado School of Mines. Four years' experience in West and Northwest. Two years with American Smelting and Refining Co. Wishes to join field party on geological work, mining or areal, where opportunity will be given to be of direct assistance to chief of party in solution of field problems. Age, 26. Unmarried. At liberty June 1. No. 342. Member, technical graduate, aged 30, with' 7 years' experience in concentrating and mining, desires a position of authority with reliable company. At present employed. No. 343. Member. Ambitious, energetic, tactful engineer, college graduate, married, aged 30, desires location with a large coal mining organization. Seven years with present employers -n middle west; has had broad experience in the past eight years on examination, development and construction; successful record in handling men. Position must carry responsible work and a future. Will go anywhere for proper opportunity. Exceptional references as to reliability, character and capacity for work. No. 344.

Jan 3, 1917

By William White

History.—The making of iron and steel from the ores of northern Mexico was for years a favorite project of the late Don Patricio Milmo, upon whose estate large deposits of coal and iron were known to exist, and with whom Mr. Eugene Kelly, of New York, was associated. Several expert examinations of the property mere made for them; and when failing health forced Sr. Milmo to retire from active part in the matter, Mr. Kelly carried on the project and associated himself with Messrs. Vicente Ferrara, of Monterrey, Antonio Basagoiti and Leon Signoret, of the City of Mexico, and other leading citizens of Mexico, Monterrey and New York, who, in May, 1900, organized the " Compania Fundidora de Fierro y Acero de Monterrey," with a capital of $10,000,000. The main reason for locating the plant at Monterrey was, that a circle drawn with Monterrey as a center, and the distance from Monterrey to Laredo as a radius, will contain all the known Deposits of iron-ore of Bessemer quality, and the greater part of the available coal, in the Republic. Moreover, Monterrey is connected with all the Mexican trunk railwaylines, and thus with the Gulf of Mexico, and supplies, therefore, the conditions necessary for prosperous manufacturing, namely, cheapness in assembling raw materials and means for wide distribution of product. It also has a number of enterprising citizens, who have been successful in mining, smelting and manufacturing operations, and a sufficiently large population to supply the necessary labor. Iron-Ore.—The company's iron-mines are on the Carrizal mountain, on the Mexican National, and at Monclova, on the Mexican International railroad. At the former locality, two mines, Piedra Iman and the Anillo de Hierro, sufficiently large

Jan 1, 1902

By S. F. Shaw

IT IS generally recognized that the natural gas absorbed in petroleum plays the leading r6le in moving the oil through the sands to the well and supplies the energy that delivers the oil to the surface when the wells are flowing. It is the purpose of this paper to note the amount of oil that could be lifted by this gas if 100 per cent. efficiency were obtained and the efficiencies actually obtained in the use of this gas. An article in MINING AND METALLURGY,' stated that in a Wyoming field, with a pressure of 300 lb. per sq. in., there would be absorbed 65 cu. ft. of gas per barrel, or 1.55 cu. ft. per gal. of oil. The writer does not know if data have been obtained, by experiment, for pressures beyond those indicated in this article, therefore, for the purpose of illustration, he has projected this curve to obtain figures for pressures greater than 300 lb., although probably experiment will show that the extended line is not quite correct.

Jan 1, 1926

By James C. M. Li, J. Weertman

James C. M. Li (United States Steel Covp.)—The author has discovered a single analytical relation between the minimum, or the steady-state, creep rate and the applied stress confirming a statement made earlier by orn" that such relation should exist and should reduce to the power law at low-stress levels and to the exponential law at high-stress levels. However, as pointed out by the author, all the available theories of creep are not adequate to explain such a single relation. Inspired by such a statement, I have made a suggestion concerning a possible explanation13 of the new relation. This is based on the concept that the rate-controlling step is the cooperative motion of a short dislocation segment. The nature of and the reason for the cooperation have been discussed13 as well as the reason why the motion of the dislocation could be controlled by the mobility of the short segments. A natural short segment has been proposed13 to be the node formed at the intersection of two dislocations. The reason why the node may contain only a few atoms has not been discussed and the application of the proposed model to all the metals and alloys reported in this paper has not been attempted. It seems appropriate to include these in this discussion. The model was partly inspired by the substructure recently observed in the electron microscope on creep specimens. One such example is shown in Fig. 48 in Darken's Campbell Memorial Lecture. The substructure is a collection of dislocation intersections and irregular networks. No pileups have ever been observed in such specimens. A closer look at the network indicates that one set of dislocations is more straight than the other set sug- gesting that the other set may be mobile in the plane of the net. Since, for the network to survive the creep deformation, some dislocation reaction has to take place at the intersection of the two sets of dislocations, the mobile dislocation, even if it can slip in the plane of the net, will have difficulty in moving at these intersections. To illustrate, an idealized network is shown in Fig. 9. The thin lines represent the set of dislocations which are mobile and can slip in the plane of the net except at the nodes which are formed at the intersection of the two sets of dislocations. The other set of dislocations, represented by the thick lines, may have a Burgers vector which is not parallel to the plane of the net, and therefore may be immobile. Because of this nonparallel Burgers vector, the Burgers vector of the node, which is avectorial sum of the Burgers vectors of the two sets of dislocations, will also be nonparallel to the plane of the net. Therefore, the node cannot slip in the plane of the net and the set of mobile dislocations will have to drag the node along as indicated in Fig. 9. Now the problem is how many atoms could be involved in the nodes. Exact calculation of the length of the node is a difficult task especially since the length should be a steady-state length and not an equilibrium length. An estimate of the equilibrium length can be made by balancing the line tension of all the dislocations. The results would be a small fraction of the length 1 between nodes as shown in Fig. 10. In some instances such a calculation shows that the node will not be formed. But, since the calculation is only approximate, it does not rule out the possibility of the formation of a short node. In other instances the equilibrium length of the node is an appreciable fraction of I. Such a node would

Jan 1, 1963

THE Bergbüchlein and Probierbüchlein occupy a unique position in the literature of mining and metallurgy, for, they are the first printed books on any aspect of the two related professions. The first printed book on any subject has an allure that may not be entirely warranted by the strict historical significance of its contents. Among the books of the first century of printing there are very few that contain information that was new at the time of publication. Much' of what they recorded had been previously circulated in manuscript form. Printed books are nevertheless of great value because they mark the time when the author's words, free from errors-or at least with the same errors-became available to large numbers, of readers, who thus could easily and cheaply acquire a common background for their future work. Moreover, though there is occasionally some doubt as to the exact year of publication'(as in the case of the present works), it is generally easier to date a printed work than a manuscript, and thus to provide a fixed coördinate in history. The Bergbüchlein, "The Little Book on Ores," is the first printed work in the field of mining. It is an introduction to mining geology, which means that it was not addressed to the practicing expert but was intended to rouse the interest of beginners in the various aspects of a future vocation. It touches on the theories of the generation of ores, introduces and defines some of the most frequently encountered technical terms of the profession, and indicates what knowledge and tools are required for successful prospecting and mining. It also describes the ores of the seven most important metals. For those parts that deal with theory the author accepted uncritically the traditional teachings of the alchemists and the astrologers; his hints on where to find promising ores are based partly on superstition; but, there is enough factual,

Jan 1, 1949

By James Douglas

American metallurgical inventions have not always been absolute metallurgical improvements, if accurate work be the standard of comparison; but when we review the new methods and machinery which have been generally accepted, we find that some have become essential to the metallurgist the world over, while all are so admirably adapted to the peculiar requirements of our local conditions that they have entirely supplanted foreign processes and appliances. The necessity of diminishing to the utmost the employment of labor (owing to its great cost), and the inexorable requirements of our modern joint-stock corporate system, which demands that large quantities be worked up in order to secure large returns, regardless betimes of waste, have been the impelling motives to invention, and indicate the special directions in which originality has been exercised. As might be anticipated, the West has been the most fertile field of inventions by miners and metallurgists, by reason of its great and varied mineral wealth, locked up in ores sometimes lean and often of intricate composition, which must be profitably handled, at a great distance from fuel and from building-materials, by workmen who are paid wages very much higher than those received by their fellow-workmen of like craft in Europe, and in some localities twice as high as those paid for like services even in the eastern States. Moreover, paradoxical as it may seem, the technical inexperience of many of those engaged in mining and metallurgy has helped rather than hindered the progress of invention; fop while there may have been ignorance, there has been radical freedom from

Jan 1, 1894

GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHES DIVISION OF ENGINEERING Government supervision of employment for technical men has been inaugurated by the United States Employment Service, through the establishment of a Division of Engineering, with A. H. Krom, of Chicago, formerly Secretary of the American Association of Engineers, as Director. War demands on the engineering profession have already caused a serious shortage of men with mechanical designing experience and those with practical experience in chemical engineering. At present the professional organizing mediums reach less than 20 per cent. of the estimated 300,000 technical men in the country. This is not a satisfactory arrangement for war times. All the technical men of the country must be reached and, in addition, all men with technical experience must be carefully registered so that they will be immediately available. The advantages of such a governmental registering and systematizing of employment will be apparent at once, to the engineer. Considering that this is principally an engineer's war, the importance of Federal direction of distribution and conservation of the technical service of the country is apparent. The Service will he started through the office of the Director of Engineering, 29 S. LaSalle St., Chicago. All technical men desiring to register for emergency Government work or permanent advancement in positions meeting their qualifications, are urged to volunteer at once for registration, classification and employment.

Jan 8, 1918

THE assay of all metal ores is made by means of fusion and they are brought to their fineness in the same way as if they were a large quantity. However, I have told you of lead, tin, copper, and iron in their own places, that they are smelted in order to obtain a good assay so that one may know from its weight whether the quantity justifies the expense. This is their assay, for it does not matter whether it be done with great exactness. But the eye is turned with much more care to the assaying of silver and gold, since they are things of value, and one tries to have a more exact knowledge of them. Thus, when you have found the mountain and the vein of ore in it, and have also uncovered it or extracted it from the mine, it is necessary to make an assay of it, for though it is often apparent to the experts what kind of metal it contains, nevertheless they do not know for sure what virtues or evilness it may have unless the light of the assay itself shows them. Therefore it is necessary to extract a quantity in some way that is as free from rock and as good as possible. To a part of this, without any addition, a smelting fire must be applied in order to see whether it can be smelted easily. If it does not smelt by itself, you must consider and try to understand what causes this, for many times it comes from the rock which accompanies it and which contains much dryness and earthiness. I do not believe that one can know this with other judgment than by experiment with powerful and strong fires. Therefore, if the efforts of ordinary methods do not succeed, it is necessary to try to soften them by means of the company of fusible things-now with marble, now with ground glass, now with lead, galena,* or litharge from lead, or with iron scale, or else with the slag of other ores. With small operations even borax, saltpeter, or ochre is used and similar things, as I shall tell you in detail in the discussion of the preparation of ores for smelting. In short, try to see whether they can be overcome by adjustment of the fires or by virtue of the means

Jan 1, 1942

By Henry Rawdon

THE structure of wrought iron as usually described by metallographists and workers in metal in general is that of a fairly pure iron. Impurities, if present, are usually considered as being in solid solution in the crystals of the ferrite matrix or as forming part of the ever present "slag streaks." Attention is herein directed to one type of these dissolved impurities; to the detection of such impurities, particularly in low-grade irons, and to their possible influence on the physical properties of the metal. The attention of the Bureau of Standards was first directed to wrought iron of the peculiar and unusual characteristics to be described later, in material which had failed in service and was submitted for test. The examination was extended to other grades of wrought iron, to see whether such features are of common occurrence in this class of material. MICROSTRUCTURE OF WROUGHT IRON Usual Structure The general microstructure of wrought iron is so well known that a detailed description of it here is needless. There is shown in Fig. 2 the structure of a sample of Swedish iron which illustrates well the matrix of ferrite crystals in which are embedded the slag threads so characteristic of the puddling process and the subsequent working of the material. The usual commercial product contains varying amounts of the impurities commonly associated with iron and steel, i.e., manganese, phosphorus, silicon, and sulphur together with small amounts of carbon. Of these, the larger part of the phosphorus and some of the silicon present are held in solid solution in the ferrite while most of the remaining impurities, other than carbon, exist in the inclosures of slag. Aside from the discontinuities introduced by the slag streaks the ferrite matrix has the microstructure and appearance of a pure metal. No definite orientation of the various crystals or grains is apparent; deep etching of the specimens reveals no intracrystalline features (i.e., within the grains) other than those noted in "pure" metals in general (etching pits).

Jan 9, 1917

By John Chipman, Donald W. Murphy

RECENT developments in iron alloys containing nitrogen have indicated that this element may exert a considerable influence on the properties of the metal. This influence is not always in an undesirable direction and the indications are that nitrogen should be regarded as an alloying element, the amount of which should be subject to control, rather than as an inherently deleterious impurity. In controlling this element in liquid iron to the best advantage, it is necessary to have a reliable background of fundamental data pertaining to solubilities, rates of solution and chemical reactions of nitrogen in liquid iron. Obviously, the first step in such an investigation is the determination of the solubility of nitrogen in pure iron, and this has been the object of the experiments described in this paper. The solubility of nitrogen in solid iron has been measured by Zurich,1 Sieverts,2 Martin,3 and Iwasé4 and, the agreement among the first three inspires confidence in their results. No accurate determinations of its solubility in liquid iron have been recorded though several investigators have obtained approximate results. Strauss5 was able to introduce 0.03 to 0.04 per cent nitrogen into steel by the action of either ammonia or nitrogen on the liquid metal. This was accomplished by Eilender and

Jan 1, 1935

By William B. Hughes

The rubber-sleeve core barrel was developed to improve core recovery from unconsolidated sands, where it is most difficult to obtain cores with conventional barrels. The use of a rubber-sleeve core retainer, together with other departures from clsual design, has required a considerable amount of testing to prove its op-erability. Tests run in shallow experimental holes and in drilling wells in the U. S. and Vemzuela have, to a large extent, proved the operation of the barrel. Internal mechanism troubles, such as sandbinding of the sleeve, have been largely overcome. Cores have been recovered from completely unconsolidated sands where conventional coring has almost been abandoned because of poor recovery. In addition to retaining the core until brought to the surface, the barrel gives a "packaged-ar-cut" core, which is coilverzient for handling and transportatiorz. In the initial work, drag blade cutters, roller cutters, and tungsten carbide insert cutters were usrd for cutting unconsolidated sands. Further bit head development is presently being conducted using diamond heads in unconsolidated sands where shaler, hard sands, and limestones are encountered in adjacent formations. Thir work should render the barrel capable of cratting and recovering most types of formations, possibly including broken and frac- tured fornlations. This development is being carried on in cooperation with a diamond bit manufacturer. INTRODUCTIO N For many years the oil industry has needed greater recovery of cores from unconsolidated formations. Conventional equipment has been used to core unconsolidated sands with little success. Specifically, a core barrel was needed which would recover unconsolidated sands in a condition that would give useful reservoir information. DEVELOPMENT OF 'THE RUBBER-SLEEVE CORE BARREL Basic Requirements of Unconsolidated Sand Corino The basic need was defined as a core barrel that would obtain a continuous unconsolidated core with sand grains in place as deposited in the formation. A preliminary survey of coring equipment and search of the literature pointed out the weaknesses of conventional core barrels. Laboratory tests using unconsolidated sand in a metal tube simulated actual sand movement into the core barrel during conventional coring. In conventional barrels the core sometimes crumbles and bridges, or fails under compressive column action, becomes oversize, and wedges against the walls of the inner barrel. The core barrel requirements established by the surveys and preliminary tests are as follows. 1. The core should be held to- gether as it is cut so it cannot crumble and bridge against the walls of the coring tool, care being taken not to permit damage from fluid circulation. 2. The core should be continuously supported as it is cut so it will not have to support itself in compression. 3. The core should be packaged in the barrel to retain an undisturbed condition during the trip out of the well. The packaging should be such that the core can be removed from the barrel and shipped to the core analysis laboratory without physical disturbance or alteration of fluid content by exposure to the atmosphere. Operation of the Rubber-Sleeve Core Barrel The rubber-sleeve core barrel (Fig. 1) meets the basic requirements for the recovery of unconsolidated sands.

By R. M. Board

This paper will focus on measurement and control of four main aspects of crushing, namely horsepower, bowl level, mantle position and feed rate, and will discuss related sensors and control techniques, some of them designed specifically for crusher control, that have proven successful and reliable in many installations.

Jan 1, 1982

By W. G. Frailing, W. P. Sims

The Lakeview Pool of Kern County, California, was discovered in 1910 with the drilling of Lakeview No. 1 which blew out and produced an estimated 8,250,000 bbl of oil in 544 days of uncontrolled flow. The well has since been known as the Lakeview Gusher. Full exploitation of the pool did not take place until about 25 years later. A total of 112 producing wells were completed in the Lakeview sand through April 30, 1949. As of that date, about 30 per cent of the total wells drilled were still producing, with an average pool production rate of approximately 2000 bbl per day. The cumulative oil production was about 41 million bbl of oil, or 55.3 per cent of the tank oil originally in place. The pool is bordered on its down-structure side by a body of inactive edgewater and water production where present has been principally the result of coning. Since the depletion of the greater portion of the gas energy by the Lake-view Gusher, the pool has operated under gravity drive. Relatively high angle dips, good permeabilities and favorable fluid characteristics have made gravity drainage particularly effective. Since January, 1942, the oil recovery -has been relatively constant at about 53,000 bbl per ft drop in fluid level. Correlations between the volume of reservoir space drained and the cumulative oil produced indicate that an ultimate recovery of 63.3 per cent of the tank oil originally in place is attainable. INTRODUCTION The Lakeview Pool is an outstanding example of gravity drainage. It is one of many productive reservoirs of the Midway-Sunset Field, and is located in Kern County, approximately five miles southeast of Taft and two miles north of Maricopa, California. Its position rel- ative to surrounding pools and to the Thirty-Five anticline is shown on Fig. 1. The northern portion of the pool lies in sections 32 and 33, Township 32 South, Range 24 East, Mt. Diablo Base and Meridian, while the southern portion lies in sections 25, 26, 35 and 36, Township 12 North, Range 24 West, San Bernardino Base and Meridian. As no two sections bear the same number, they will hereafter be referred to by section number alone. The purpose of this paper is to review the performance of the Lakeview Pool in an effort to evaluate the effectiveness of gravity drive as a recovery mechanism. REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURE The oustanding structural feature is this area is the Thirty-Five anticline, the axis of which plunges South 75" East through the center of Section 35. As shown on Fig. 2, the following zones are oil and gas bearing in the Thirty-Five anticline area: Pleistocene Basal Tulare Tar Sands Pliocene San Joaquin Mya Sands Top Oil or Scalez Zone Etchegoin Kinsey Sand Wilhelm Zone Gusher Sand Calitroleum Sand Miocene Reef Ridge Lakeview Sand Sub-Lakeview Miocene Sands Monarch Sands or fractured shale equivalent Maricopa Webster Sand or fractured shale equivalent Fractured Shale-Uvigerina Zone C Obispo Sand and fractured shale equivalent Pacific Shale Zone The productive interval of the Lakeview Pool is limited to Upper Miocene and Lower Pliocene deposition. In this general area, the most prevalent type of accumulation results from stratigraphic traps or permeability pinchouts. As is the case of the Lakeview Pool, strati-graphic traps resulting from angular unconformities are present. The structure within the Miocene does not parallel that of the Etchegoin (Pliocene), as the Miocene beds were folded, and in places faulted, and subjected to erosion prior to Pliocene deposition. The Lakeview horizon consists of truncated sands which occur on the northeast flank of the Thirty-Five anticline. The direction of strike is west and northwesterly through sections 25 and 36 and continues northwesterly through sections 26 and 33, to the approximate center of section 32. At this point the strike swings to the northeast and the horizon re-enters section 33. in the northwest corner. The change in strike in section 32 affords synclinal accumulation at that point. The Lake-view sand is truncated updip by the Etchegoin overlap. To the southeast, the sand shales out, while to the northwest, the productive interval appears to be limited by a combination of stratigraphic pinchout and permeability barrier. Structurally, the Lakeview reservoir presents three areas of interest, as shown on Fig. 3. Area I in section 32 is a region in which a productive Sub-Lakeview Miocene sand is present. It occurs from 10 feet to 30 feet below the base of the Lakeview sand and attains a maximum thickness of 25 feet in Well No. 21, section 32. The producing characteristics of the Sub-Lakeview Miocene sand differ radically from those of the Lakeview sand. Water production at high structural locations and abnormally high fluid levels indicate that there was no communication with the Lakeview sand. Wells in Area I penetrated this sand and produced it in conjunction with the Lakeview sand. In Area 11, the Lakeview sand is a

Jan 1, 1950

By Arthur Bell

(San Francisco Meeting, September, 1915) . PRIOR to 1908 the oil production in the State of California, had been almost entirely a heavy fuel, oil, with a high flash point, hut changed within a-short period to a large percentage of refining oil with a low flash, by reason of the coming in of the Santa Maria field, the Midway field, and the increased production of the Fullerton field. This is clearly shown in the following tabulation of California's production: Year Barrels . Below -20° Be, Above 20° Be,, Per Cent_ Per Cent. 1905 48,307,000 90 10 1910 77,698,000 SO 20 1912 90,075,000 6o 31 1914 10:3,600,000 47 53 The bringing in of these high percentage's of light oil with their dangerous low flash and the increasing demand for the refined products necessitated the devising of some cheap and efficient means of quickly separating the lighter elements either in the field or at the main distributing points; also it became necessary to remove the excessive percentage of water which many of the light oils carried in emulsion.

Jan 9, 1915

By John Chipman

RECENT developments in iron alloys containing nitrogen have indi-cated that this element may exert a considerable influence on the proper-ties of the metal. This influence is not always in an undesirable direction and the indications are that nitrogen should be regarded as an alloying element, the amount of which should be subject to control, rather than as an inherently deleterious impurity. In controlling this element in liquid iron to the best advantage, it is necessary to have a reliable background of fundamental data pertaining to solubilities, rates of solution and chemical reactions of nitrogen in liquid iron. Obviously, the first step in such an investigation is the determination of the solubility of nitrogen in pure iron, and this has been the object of the experiments described in this paper. The solubility of nitrogen in solid iron has been measured by Jurich,1 Sieverts,2 Martin,3 and Iwasé4 and the agreement among the first three inspires confidence in their results. No accurate determinations of its solubility in liquid iron have been recorded though several investigators have obtained approximate results. Strauss5 was able to introduce 0.03 to 0.04 per cent nitrogen into steel by the action of either ammonia or nitrogen on the liquid metal. This was accomplished by Eilender and

Jan 1, 1935