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By W. H. Bassett

W H. BASSETT was elected first vice-president at . the executive session of the new Board on Tues- day afternoon. Karl Eilers, H. Foster Bain, Thomas T. Read, and H. A. Maloney were respectively re-elected as treasurer, secretary, assistant secretary and assistant treasurer. The new Executive Committee will consist of W. H. Bassett, Chairman, and Richard Peters, Jr., H. C. Bellinger, E. De Golyer, Edgar Rickard. The Finance Committee will be J. V. W. Reynders, Chair- man, Henry Krumb and H. G. Moulton. George D. Barron was reappointed Chairman of the Admissions Committee, and F. Julius Fohs put in charge of the Papers and Publications Committee.

Jan 1, 1929

Gus C. Henning, New York City: In taking up the discussion of these specifications it is necessary that I give definitions of what I understand under the term " Specifications." There may be three kinds, viz.: (1) Specifications in general; (2) Standard Specifications; (3) Standard International Specifications. 1. A Specification is a document used in commerce which should clearly define the qualities of material to be supplied by the producer, the tests which shall be applied for their determination, and the methods which shall be applied for the purpose of determining that the entire product shall possess such qualities, properties and finish as are desired. The terms used in such document must be applied in accordance with their strict technical definitions as used by those most conversant with them, and the language should be of such accuracy that there can be but a single interpretation of each and every clause. A specification is a part of a contract, and should be legally perfect and accurate. Inaccuracy of definition and dic-

Jan 1, 1903

By Frederic P. Dewey

This old and well-known method of determining silver is, in bullion work, so far superior to the furnace-assay that it is looked upon with reverential awe by many, if not by most, users, and its ease of execution, with proper equipment, commends it highly where much commercial bullion work on silver is required. The method is so thoroughly well known that a description of it here may seem to be unnecessary, but many thousands of determinations are annually made by it in the U. S. Mint Service and its practice is there reduced to an art. This is necessary both for the sake of economy of time, and because high-grade work with it requires constant practice. It is useless for a person who uses it only occasionally to expect to attain high accuracy with it, without spending more time upon a detemination than is warranted in a busy commercial laboratory. It is always employed in the Mint service whenever possible, but its chief field is in the determination of silver in standard silver (ingots and coin), which is 900 fine in silver and 100 fine in copper, and I shall first briefly outline its use on this metal and then take up various points in detail, especially as related to the accuracy of the results obtained. For this determination 1,115 mg. of standard metal are weighed and transferred to a glass-stoppered bottle, the metal is dissolved in nitric acid, and 100 cc. of a standard solution of NaCl run in. The bottle is then vigorously shaken and a measured portion of a decimal salt solution added, and again shaken, if necessary. These operations are repeated until the silver is precipitated. Standard metal being 900 fine, 1,115 mg. should carry 1,003.5 mg. of silver, which is a convenient figure to work with.

Jan 1, 1914

Herbert Moore Harbach was born in Lebanon, Pa., Apr. 4, 1891, graduated from the Lebanon High School in 1911, and entered State College, from which he received his degree of Bachelor of Science in Metallurgical Engineering in 1915. He was employed by the Lackawanna Iron Co., at Buffalo, N. Y., and was later transferred 'to their Lebanon plant to start up the newly erected benzol plant. He was later made foreman of the coke ovens, which position he held after it was bought by the Bethlehem Steel Co., and until he enlisted in the service of his country in September, 1917. He was stationed at Camp Meade, Md., until the spring of 1918, when he was transferred to the C. W. S., at Niagara Falls, as an expert chemist. There he was engaged in perfecting the various kinds of gases,

Jan 2, 1919

By E. L. Tucker

PREVIOUS investigations of E. L. Tucker and R. E. Head' related in particular to the effect of cyanogen compounds on galena, sphalerite, and pyrite, and their behavior in the presence of such com- pounds. The present contribution deals with the float- ability of the copper minerals and of pyrite. All experiments were performed on minus 200-mesh material, the method of preparation being the same as that described in the previous article. Flotation tests were made in a small mechanically agitated machine of 50-g. capacity designed in this laboratory by Gates and Jacobsen." General Naval Stores pine oil No. 5 and potassium xanthate were used in constant amount in all of the experiments; these agents were selected because of their present wide use in the flotation of copper minerals. Lime additions were varied to secure four 'final hydrogen ion concentrations, namely, neutral, 0.0005 per cent CaO, 0.003 per cent CaO, and 0.02 per cent CaO. The variation in lime addition was introduced to include the range of alkalinities employed in actual flotation practice.

Jan 1, 1926

By Arthur B. Yates

DIAMOND drilling has advanced and expanded during the past few years. Along with this increase there has been a marked trend to rely more and more upon drilling for the outlining of ore for reserve purposes. This is especially true underground, where men have not been available for opening up ore by crosscuts, drifts and raises. During the recent heavy call upon known ore reserves, more drilling has been done for exploration and it has become expedient to drill longer lateral holes from underground and deeper holes both from surface and from exploration headings in the mines. Furthermore, these deeper holes have to be drilled closely enough to warrant calculation of "probable" if not "proven" ore, from the results obtained therefrom. Interpretation of diamond-drill results has become more precise and reliable with the growing knowledge and understanding of the geologic structures that control the geometry of ore distribution, and this has broadened the field of usefulness of the drill. All of this has created a necessity and a demand for more accurate control of the hole as to direction, a more precise and reliable method of surveying for position, and a need for better and more complete core recovery, as well as larger cores, to provide an adequate sample. At depth the control becomes more difficult and, at the same time, more important. CONTROL A close study of drilling in various parts of the world for a period of more than 20 years has brought to light one definite rule, practically invariable; namely, that diamond-drill holes tend to deviate into a position normal to any structure existing in the rocks, such as bedding, schistosity, gneissosity, or even parting or jointing-even if the hole is started at almost any angle other than parallel with the structure. It also appears that the better developed the structure is, the more quickly will the hole get into a position perpendicular to it. It has often been said that there is a tendency for holes to "drift" in the direction of rotation. This is obviously untrue, for in a vertical hole the measure of deviation would depend upon the azimuth chosen as zero, and there is an infinite number of choices. It has been proved, however, that in homogeneous rocks there is a tendency for the hole to corkscrew, and that the direction of the spiral is the same as the direction of rotation. This may account for the belief that holes drift in that direction. Some tests have been made using right-hand and left-hand rods, and these show that no matter what the direction of rotation the hole will swing into a position perpendicular to the structure. Methods of Control The foregoing empirical rule may be used as an indirect method of control. If the prevailing structure is known, it may be advantageous to start the hole as nearly normal to it as possible, for the nearer the direction of the hole is to this ideal, the straighter it will remain. This, of course, is not always practical and in some cases is impossible. Usually such a

Jan 1, 1946

By H. M. Chance

Jan 1, 1886

By C. H. Mathewson

MY treatment of the subject of "Metals of the Future" is imaginative rather than statistical or scientific, because reliable information concerning useful concentrations in the form of ore deposits of by far the majority of the elements does not exist and the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of the unfamiliar metals are recorded only in fragmentary and uncertain form or not at all.

Jan 1, 1944

By Oliver Bowles

WAR necessities have spurred inventive genius in many fields. A grinding mill without any moving grinding parts stirs the imagination. Among the new and striking accomplishments in the heterogeneous group of nonmetallic industrial minerals is the use of an electric arc to speed up manyfold the difficult and delicate task of drilling a microscopic hole in a diamond, the hardest of all known substances. Outstanding in the field of optical research is the ability that man has developed to improve upon nature by making in the laboratory optical crystals many times larger than those usually found in rocky crevices. These are merely samples of numerous events and circumstances of noteworthy import, many of which are recorded in this review. Termination of the second World War in 1945 permits an appraisal of the effects of the conflict and the probable effects of the coming restoration of a peacetime economy on the nonmetallic mineral industries. Some industries were stimulated greatly by the war, notably mica, quartz crystal, graphite, spinning asbestos, potash, fluorspar, barite, and refractories. The large-tonnage industries connected with the building trades, however, were forced to curtail their activities, except where their products were needed for wartime construction. Their reconversion to peacetime production will not be difficult.

Jan 1, 1946

By T. A. Rickard

The dictionary defines 'jargon' as "barbarous or debased language". This description does not suffice. Quiller-Couch has said, it is "a kind of writing which, from a superficial likeness, commonly passes for prose in these days, and by lazy folk is commonly written for prose, yet actually is not prose at all ". The two main vices of jargon, he says, are "that it uses circumlocution rather than short straight speech", like the Babu who reported his mother's death by saying: "Regret to inform you, the hand that rocked the cradle has kicked the bucket ". Its other chief' vice is that "it habitually chooses vague woolly abstract nouns rather than concrete ones", like the newspaper statement; "He was conveyed to his place of residence in an intoxicated condition", instead of saying, "He was carried home drunk ". Jargon is "an infirmity of speech", it is not journalese, but akin to it. "Like respect- ability in Chicago, jargo4 stalks unchecked in our midst" and renders much technical writing ridiculous. It deals in periphrasis instead of going straight to the point, it loves the abstract rather than the concrete, it dabbles in words of sound rather than of meaning. Avoid it, despise it., if you purpose earnestly to write well. "III literature as in life he makes himself felt who not only calls 4 spade a spade but has the pluck to double spades and re-double." * Jargon is rampant in technical publications. Catalogues and other advertisements are conspicuous offenders, but with these the critic is not concerned, except in so far as such 'write-

Jan 1, 1931

Jan 1, 1899

By FREDERICK W. BRADLEY

MINING is one of the world's oldest industries and has pioneered the civilization of all new lands. Today, mining is not only one of the essential and basic industries of the world, but it is constantly growing in magnitude and becoming more important. We think that the most of our mining is done in the western portion of this country, but in the old State of Pennsylvania mines and products derived from minerals account for about two-thirds of the entire productive wealth of the State. As our forests are denuded, mining furnishes substitutes for timber in the way of concrete, gypsum board, etc. ; and as civilization increases the wants of mankind, mining is producing metals and minerals of every kind in increasing quantities. For example: during the past ten years the per capita consumption of copper in the United States has increased 49 per cent, to 14.56 Ib.; that of lead has increased 35 per cent, to 12.24 lb.; and that of zinc has increased 70 per cent, to 9.57 Ib. The consumption in European countries is about one-half of this, and there are other countries with large populations where there is virtually no consumption; so when all other countries catch up in consumption with our country, you can see what an enormous demand there is going to be for the metals, even to the extent of having to find substitutes for copper, lead, and zinc.

Jan 1, 1929

By E. R. Parker, R. H. Thielemann

The conventional short-time tensile test provides a reliable means of predicting the sustained load-carrying capacity of steels only when the temperature is such that continuous plastic flow does not occur. At elevated temperatures, stresses considerably less than the short-time rupture value may produce continuous flow, with fracture occurring only after long periods of time. The amount of flow or creep accompanying failure varies for different steels, and depends, to a large extent, on the temperature and the duration of the test. Service records of cracking stills, steam superheaters and high-temperature boilers have shown that brittle fractures sometimes occur with little or no warning. In installations of this type, localized stresses are often encountered, and steels must be capable of withstanding a certain amount of deformation without fracture. The sustained-load rupture test determines the expected life and corresponding ductility of steels at various stresses and temperatures. It also yields additional information regarding the effect of micro-structure and metallurgical stability on the high-temperature properties. Present Status of Sustained-load Rupture Test The sustained-load rupture test conducted at elevated temperatures is not entirely new. Dr. Zay Jeffriesl presented in 1919 the results of a large number of rupture tests made on copper, iron and tungsten. These tests were made with various strain rates and at temperatures ranging from the boiling point of liquid air to 1000° C. At that time he observed the interesting phenomenon characteristic of metals, that a temperature exists below which a metal is ductile and breaks with a transcrystalline fracture (through the grain) and above which the metal is brittle and breaks with an intergranular fracture (through the grain boundaries). He observed that this temperature varied with the testing speed, and that a minimum temperature, slightly above the recrystallization temperature, existed at which the cohesion of the grains themselves was

Jan 1, 1939

By R. H. Thielemann, E. R. Parker

The conventional short-time tensile test provides a reliable means of predicting the sustained load-carrying capacity of steels only when the temperature is such that continuous plastic flow does not occur. At elevated temperatures, stresses considerably less than the short-time rupture value may produce continuous flow, with fracture occurring only after long periods of time. The amount of flow or creep accompanying failure varies for different steels, and depends, to a large extent, on the temperature and the duration of the test. Service records of cracking stills, steam superheaters and high-temperature boilers have shown that brittle fractures sometimes occur with little or no warning. In installations of this type, localized stresses are often encountered, and steels must be capable of withstanding a certain amount of deformation without fracture. The sustained-load rupture test determines the expected life and corresponding ductility of steels at various stresses and temperatures. It also yields additional information regarding the effect of micro-structure and metallurgical stability on the high-temperature properties. Present Status of Sustained-load Rupture Test The sustained-load rupture test conducted at elevated temperatures is not entirely new. Dr. Zay Jeffriesl presented in 1919 the results of a large number of rupture tests made on copper, iron and tungsten. These tests were made with various strain rates and at temperatures ranging from the boiling point of liquid air to 1000° C. At that time he observed the interesting phenomenon characteristic of metals, that a temperature exists below which a metal is ductile and breaks with a transcrystalline fracture (through the grain) and above which the metal is brittle and breaks with an intergranular fracture (through the grain boundaries). He observed that this temperature varied with the testing speed, and that a minimum temperature, slightly above the recrystallization temperature, existed at which the cohesion of the grains themselves was

Jan 1, 1939

By James E. Adler, Timothy C. Richmond

The Stillwater District is located in south central Montana approximately 75 miles southwest of Billings, the state's largest city. It lies along the northeast front of the Beartooth Mountains and is within the boundaries of the Custer and Galatin National Forests. The first white visitors in the district were the early trappers, who were soon followed by the prospectors. These early prospectors were drawn to the area by gold and silver discoveries at Cooke City in 1870 as well as by the large gossan formation in Verdigris Creek near the west bank of the Stillwater River and by several scattered smaller gossan exposures throughout the area. The first patented mining claims were recorded in September, 1886.

Jan 3, 1974

By M. E. Lombardi

IN comparison with the mining industry the petroleum industry is new and inexperienced, and until now it might have been called the fortunate industry. Its great good fortune consisted in two things; a bountiful supply hidden by nature in the rocks of the earth, and a steady and large increase, during the past twenty-five years, in the demand for petroleum products. It is a remarkable fact that consumption of gasoline in the United States has shown an increase every year since automobiles first became important, and even in 1930 there was a four per cent increase, in spite of the universal depression; the estimated increase if the times had been normal, was ten per cent. This industry has, therefore, not passed

Jan 1, 1931

By Frank A. Howard

WHAT are the reasons for the present public interest in the synthetic fuel industry, an interest which has culminated in the recommendation of the Secretary of the Interior that we start at once on a nine billion dollar program of construction? Three separate factors seem to have combined to create this pressure. First are recurrent seasonal and spot shortages of gasoline, fuel oil, and natural gas. Second is the international outlook, which forces us to face the possibility of war, with all that means in the way of increased call on our domestic resources and interference with our foreign commerce. The shortages we have experienced are superficially the result of lack of transportation, but basically they reflect a rapidly rising demand which has outstripped the expansion of productive facilities of all kinds. Not only oil and gas, but steel, coal, automobiles, and meat are temporarily in short supply for much the same reasons. The military problem has both long-range and short-range aspects, but the immediate necessity is to create reserve capacity in the United States to supply perhaps 2,000,000 barrels daily additional liquid fuel in time of war.

Jan 1, 1948

COMPLYING with your frequently expressed wish and, your persistent request, I have decided to prepare a brief little book on metallic ores, based on ,the books of the ancient philosophers and on the experience of practicing miners, that will instruct you how to judge from promising indications which rock forma¬tions, which veins, stringers, or mineral matter are likely to bring. forth metallic ores so that it would be promising and gainful to work them. It explains according to the best of my ability, in separate chapters, as much as you need to :know for your, chosen profession or business, about such things as the favorable characteristics of the terrain, the strike, and dip* and outcrop of veins in general, and also about each metal in particular. Young Knappius: † Then it will be explained to me logically in. this little book and I shall be given a reasonable understanding which mines can be worked gainfully so that my investment will not be wasted but will show a profit. Daniel: Everybody should, of course, use his intelligence and should educate himself well and diligently to become able to understand, [2]‡ as far as that is. possible, from what matter, by what means, and where metals are generated by. Nature; and as a mere side issue he should not spurn the profit that ensues there from. But if his aim is solely and predominantly profit and gain rather

Jan 1, 1949

By A. W. Doepke

CLIMAX is situated in the heart of the high Rockies at Fremont Pass on the Continental Divide. This setting naturally throws some of the romantic aura of the old mining camps around the town. In its early days it was much like them, even to its air of impermanence. Its founders had faith in the future-as did every adventurer who started a hole in the ground and called it a mine. In those days, however, all available money was expended on the mine, and those who labored on the job had to he content with rugged living arrangements. The visitor at Climax today. however, sees a townsite carefully laid out to enhance the natural' beauty of the surroundings. There are 250 houses and 43 apartments which have been carefully designed by an architect, and missing is the long line of houses of the same type. Every house is of a different design, all being modern in every respect, with haths, running water, electricity, and .sewage disposal. They vary in size from three to six rooms and rent for $5 per room per month. A complete, well-designed water-treatment plant supplies water for domestic purposes.

Jan 1, 1946

By A. T. Yu

As the first loads of Noamundi iron ore rumbled into the new 54-in. Gyratory Crusher on March 30, 1968, one of India's largest and most modern iron ore processing complexes began operations. The completion of the $13 million mining and processing complex brought to a successful conclusion the second chapter of a phased expansion program initiated in 1958 by India's gigantic Tata Iron and Steel Co. The completed complex will yield annually 2.5 million tons of washed, sized ore and sinter fines destined for Tata's furnaces at Jamshedpur. Hewitt-Robins Div. of Litton Industries was awarded the turnkey project on the basis of world- wide competitive bids. Eighty miles southwest of the city of Jamshedpur, Noamundi lies on an approximate geographic grid of 22º-5' latitude north and 85º-30' longitude east. The mine is approximately 600 ft above sea level.

Jan 11, 1968