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By Chikao Nishiwaki

INTRODUCTION The Japanese dependency for mineral raw materials from foreign sources increased rapidly within the 20 years since the Korean war. During this 20 year period Japan has attempted to industrialize and develop her economy while depending mostly on heavy import of nearly all kinds of mineral raw materials. She has fabricated them using energy generated mostly by mineral fuel that are also imported. Fabricated goods are either used domestically to accelerate more fabrication industry or exported after adding more refinement or fabrication. In this paper iron ore as a major raw material for the Iron and Steel industry, three major base metals, copper, zinc and lead, and petroleum as a major energy source have been selected as examples to represent the general features of various kinds of mineral raw materials that are imported. Among other important mineral commodities for which Japan dependa upon foreign sources are: Aluminium, nickel and cobalt, potash and phosphorous 100 percent dependent and tin, tungusten, chromium and molybdenum over 95 percent dependent. IRON ORE Statistics for the important iron and steel raw materials, namely iron ore, coal and scrap iron are shown in Tables 1, 2 and Fig. 1. Iron ore is by far the most important and basic among these three commodities. There has been practically no steel or iron imported as a metal into Japan during this period. Iron ore, including aggregate such as pellets, and metallurgical coal are mostly transported in large ore cargo boats to the port where very efficient port facilities unload them directly at the steel mill site. As a result

Jan 1, 1976

By C. R. Austin

Tan investigation described in this paper deals with the development of high-temperature alloys of the Konel series over a considerable period of time at the Research Laboratories of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co. The word "Konel" has been coined to designate a class of alloys which are essentially nickel-cobalt-iron with other elements added, usually in small quantities. Most of these alloys contain titanium, usually about 2.5 per cent. The main consideration related to strength at high temperatures but the thermionic characteristics of the alloys was also of considerable importance. It is, however, with the mechanical properties at elevated temperatures that we are herein concerned. Much attention has also been devoted to their age-hardening characteristics. There is little need to stress the utilitarian aspect of this subject, as it has been discussed frequently. Alloys exhibiting superior properties at normal or elevated temperatures rapidly find many suitable applications. There may be some question, however, as to what constitutes a "superior alloy, " or an alloy that may have good service possibilities at high temperatures. The problem is complex and various means have been employed to predict the useful life that may be expected of a material. In recent years the "creep limit" has been used as the best means of evaluation. Such tests necessarily are prolonged and hence collection of data is very slow. In a general survey of many alloys therefore the creep test is not desirable and recourse must be had to much shorter time tests in order more rapidly to select alloys which appear to show promise. For this reason the present survey has been made using the high-temperature tensile test and a bend test developed by Howard Scott.1 In the tensile test the conditions have been standardized for all tests, so that values obtained are at least comparable, one alloy with another, although the absolute values recorded merely indicate the mechanical properties at the given temperature under a definite rate of loading.

Jan 1, 1931

Raymond Weir Smyth, born Nov. 3, 1888, was the son of Herbert Weir Smyth, professor of Greek Literature at Harvard University. He graduated (A. B.) from Harvard in 1909 and later pursued advanced studies there in chemistry and in metallurgy. He held the position of metallurgist for the American Steel and Wire Co. at Worcester, Mass., and also for the Steel and Tube Co. at Youngstomn, Ohio. For a time he was inspector of munitions for the British Government and stationed at the Railway Steel and Spring Co. at Latrobe, Pa. For a short time, in 1917, he was Inspector of Ordnance for the U. S. Government, and the following year, having entered the U. S. Naval Reserve Force, he was ordered in a similar capacity to the Midvale Steel Co. In September, he removed to the Navy Yard, League Island, Philadelphia, to train for the obligatory minimum of six months' sea duty. There he contracted influenza, which was followed by pneumonia, from which he died, September 27, at the Navy Yard Hospital. Captain Braxton Bigelow* Captain Braxton Bigelow was the son of Major John B. Bigelow, U. S. A., retired, and grandson of the late John Bigelow, author, and Minister to France under President Grant. Captain Bigelow graduated

Jan 1, 1920

By Guy N. Bjorge

HOMESTAKE'S mining methods today are of necessity controlled to a considerable extent by that which has been done in the past. This may be shown by the fact that our two main operating shafts now, the B. & M. and Ellison, were begun in 1878 and 1896 respectively, so that-the loca-tions of shafts, locations of all the drifts on the upper levels, and a great deal of sloping was done before any of us now connected with the mine had anything to do- with it. Anything that I may say is not to be construed as criticism of those who have gone before for it would be a sad commentary indeed on us if we had not learned something from their experience. The levels down to the 1100 in the Homestake mine are spaced at 100-ft. intervals, and below that at 150-ft. intervals. The general plan of develop-

Jan 1, 1934

By AIME AIME

THREE of the addresses presented at this interesting and important session are printed in full else- where in this issue. The fourth, Mr. Hewett's paper, on "Cycles In Metal Production" has been issued as Technical Publication 183, and an abstract of it was published on page 162 of last month's issue. The general discussion that followed these four important papers is given in full below. S. A. TAYLOR: I would like to ask Mr. Veasey whether the control of oil in pools includes royalties, and, if so, in case of a new pool how are you going to control, or rather how are you going to describe the limits of that pool?

Jan 1, 1929

By DONALD H. McLAUGHLlN

Few factors have had more influence in maintaining the strength and stability of the United States than our persistent habit of providing .checks and balances to the dynamic powers of free enterprise on the one hand and to the controls and guidance exercised by the State on the other. .Indeed, it is this same concern for matching forces against each other that has given our republic its ability -to preserve a democratic basis of life for its citizens, and yet maintain a ,government that is able to protect the rights of all and to resist and minimize the danger of excessive concentration of authority. Our current efforts to clarify the nation's mineral policies and to define more clearly the role that the governmental agencies should play in conjunction with the functions of private -enterprise again reveal the desirability and advantages of maintaining our traditional controls. At times, the equilibrium has been temporarily disturbed by too great enthusiasm for one or the other of these basic concepts. Sooner or later, however, the balance has been restored by the healthy opposition that is always created by excesses of one sort. At the current stage in our history, the swing toward undue enlargement of the powers of the State seems to have gone dangerously far and we would be untrue 'to our traditional behavior if the group that must demonstrate the virtues of free enterprise did not rally to its support with the utmost earnestness.

Jan 1, 1949

By J. C. Martin

Stmplified equations are developed for the flow of fluids in gas drive reservoirs in which the effects of gravity can be neglected. The results show that the pressure distribution is governed by a nonlinear heat flow type of equation, and the saturation distributions are related to the pressure by the same equations QS those developed by Muskat for the average pressure and saturations in gas drive reservoirs. Unrler certain conditions the equation for the pressure can be approximated by the linear form of the heat flow equatlon. This equation tk analogous to the equation for the pressure in single-phase compressible flow The analysis reveals that the equation for the pressure in n~ultiphase flows can be obtained directly from the equation for the pressure in slngle-phase flows by simply replacing the single-phase compressibility by the total compressibility and the single-phase mobility by the sum of the mobilities of all the fluids present. Perrine's method of pressure buildup analysis for multiphme flows is based on these same substitutions. Thus, the development presented in this paper constitutes a theoretical justification for Perrine's method of pressure buildup analysis. One of the most difficult problems associated with the production of oil is the determination of the flow of the fluids within the reservoirs. One purpose of this paper is to present the development of simplified equations for the flow in gas drive reservoirs. The other purpose is to present some of the needed theoretical foundation for the methods currently being used in the analysis of multiphase pressure buildup data. The analysis presented in this paper makes use of a partial linearization of the equations governing multiphase flows. It is felt that the process of linearizing or partially linearizing the nonlinear equations of multiphase flows can lead to useful results since this process has proved extremely valuable in the study of other fields of science and engineering where nonlinear equations are encountered. Pressure buildup data of shut-in wells have been used for many years to estimate the static reservoir pressure. These data have also been used in studying the aver- age permeability both away from and close to the well-bores. The majority of the buildup data are obtained from wells producing two or three fluids. As yet the theoretical foundations for the methods of buildup analysis used in connection with rnultiphase buildup data have not been established. A number of methods of analysis of pressure buildup data have been developed." Most of these methods apply only to single-phase flows, and almost all of the theoretical analysis is confined to single-phase flows. Perrine' developed a method of analysis for rnultiphase flows from the method for single-phase flows of Miller, Dyes, and Hutchinson.' He did this by simply replacing the single-phase compressibility by the multiphase compressibility and replacing the single-phase mobility by the sum of the mobilities of the fluids in the rnultiphase flows. Obviously, such a procedure lacks a certain amount of theoretical justification, and such practices can lead to erroneous results. Fortunately, Perrine's results have a theoretical justification, and this justification is presented in the following discussion. It is assumed that gravitational effects and the cornpressibility of the rock can be neglected. Under these assumptions the equations governing the simultaneous flow of gas, oil and water in porous media areo* The preceding equations can be expanded into the following expressions.

By Robert D. Longyear

IN MOST diamond core drilling the primary objective is the recovery of samples to be used for chemical analysis, physical tests, or visual inspection. Unless these samples are reliable and the information systematically recorded, the time and money spent in securing them are largely wasted. A properly taken diamond-drill sample is similar to a properly moiled channel sample but more accurate. No channel sample can be moiled in as even a groove as the smooth cylinder of material normally removed in diamond drilling. More important still, sampling by the diamond drill practically eliminates that personal equation which Jora1emon4 reference numbers apply to publications listed in the bibliography at the end of this article) has aptly termed "the almost magnetic attraction of the most conscientious hand toward rich pieces of ore."

Jan 1, 1937

By AIME AIME

THE Tuesday afternoon session", H. A. Bedworth chairman and T. S. Fuller, vice-chairman, was opened with D. J. McAdam, Jr.'s paper entitled "The Influence of Cyclic Stress on Corrosion." This paper dealt with the influence of cyclic stress on corrosion of alloy steels, corrosion-resisting steels, monel metal and aluminum alloys. The paper was discussed by T. S. Fuller, who pointed out that steels under stress corroded more than unstressed steels when subjected to steam.

Jan 1, 1930

By F. B. Harris

MINE surveying and engineering at the various properties of the United States Smelting Refining and Mining Company has developed and increased in importance steadily as mining methods have changed and expanded, both in the development of ore bodies and in the methods and styles of stoping. Most important to satisfactory engineering practice, and secondary -only to accuracy and precision, is the preservation of all data relative to surveys and calculations so that it is readily available for use at all times and in -such form that it is permanent, easily found, and usable. The first consideration for a proper, accurate, and practical start for surveys and efficient engineering at any property is an accurate triangulation net and system of co-ordinates. This has been our practice and the first step seas to select a base line, readily accessible and easily measured, situated preferably on an even grade where the difference of elevation between the two -end monuments was not too great and -the distance was long enough for practical use. Permanent concrete monuments were built for these base-line points so constructed that they could be easily recognized and were visible. Precise levels were run on this base 'line and the elevation (sea level datum) if possible was established at each end monument. The distance was carefully measured many times, back and forward, by using a tape that had been standardized by the National Bureau of Standards. The tape was supported at ,each 25-ft interval on stakes which had been brought to grade between each measuring point. All conditions were

Jan 1, 1948

By G. P. Halliwell, C. R. Austin

The investigation described in this paper deals with the development of high-temperature alloys of the Konel series over a considerable period of time at t,he Research Laboratories of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co. The word ''Konel" has been coined to designate a class of alloys which are essentially nickel-cobalt-iron with other elements added, usually in small quantities. Most of these alloys contain titanium, usually about 2.5 per cent. The main consideration related to strength at high temperatures but the thermionic characteristics of the alloys was also of considerable importance. It is, however, with the mechanical properties at elevated temperatures that we are herein concerned. Much attention has also been devoted to their age-hardening characteristics. There is little need to stress the utilitarian aspect of this subject, as it has been discussed frequently. Alloys exhibiting superior properties at normal or elevated temperatures rapidly find many suitable applications. There may be some question, however, as to what constitutes a "superior alloy," or an alloy that may have good service possibilities at high temperatures. The problem is complex and various means have been employed to predict the useful life that may be expected of a material. In recent years the "creep limitJ' has been used as the best means of evaluation. Such tests necessarily are prolonged and hence collection of data is very slow. In a general survey of many alloys therefore the creep test is not desirable and recourse must be had to much shorter time tests in order more rapidly to select alloys which appear to show promise. For this reason the present survey has been made using the high-temperature tensile test and a bend test developed by Howard Scott.' In the tensile test the conditions have been standardized for all tests, so that values obtained are at least comparable, one alloy with another, although the absolute values recorded merely indicate the mechanical properties at the given temperature under a definite rate of loading.

Jan 1, 1932

By E. A. Anderson

THIS seems to be the year for superlatives in A.I.M.E. meetings. The programs of the various Divisions and Institute committees offered an abundance of interesting and valuable information in the form of technical papers, symposia. and lectures to large and interested audiences. The Institute of Metals Division may hold up its head with pride for its own program. With six technical sessions, three full-day symposia, and the annual I.M.D. dinner, four meeting days were not enough and many simultaneous sessions were required. The quantity and quality of the paper were equaled by the numbers and interest of those attending.

Jan 1, 1944

By E. Swartzman, G. C. Behnke

THE free-swelling index, a numerical value for the free-swelling properties of coal, is being used to an increasing extent in specifying coal for burning in various types of equipment. The empirical standard ASTM method for determining this index uses, as a source of heat, a gas burner which requires frequent calibration because gas pressures are not constant, relatively small changes in gas pressure resulting in rather wide variations in the temperature attained in a crucible and thus in the resultant size of the coke button. Furthermore, the quartz crucibles specified for the test are not standard equipment, and relatively small variations in dimension and wall thickness from those specified often result in rather wide variations in the resultant size of the button. A method of analysis to be satisfactory not only for a scientific laboratory but also for use in industrial control laboratories under varying conditions should employ equipment which is rugged, easily calibrated, and readily replaceable by standard materials. Gas is not universally available as is electricity, and it is generally easier to calibrate and control a simple electric furnace or heater than a gas burner, the voltage not usually fluctuating to the degree that gas pressure does. Quartz crucibles are fragile, and the size specified in the test is not normally used for any other purpose in the laboratory. Although more expensive, the 15-cc platinum crucible, available in all laboratories where volatile matter in coal is determined by the standard ASTM method, is sturdy and standard and easily replaced. Because of these considerations, a modification of the standard method has been developed which employs a standard laboratory 350-w cone heater and standard 15-cc platinum crucibles. The results of numerous tests conducted with such apparatus show conclusively that the free-swelling index values as judged by the buttons produced with this equipment are exactly the same as those obtained by the standard gas burner method. Thus it is suggested that this electric cone heater method employing standard 15-cc platinum crucibles be considered as an alternative to the ASTM method, Designation: D720-46. The free-swelling index of coal is determined by means of the ASTM method, D720-46. This method, which is an adaptation of the crucible swelling test for coal of the British Standards Institution, consists of heating 1 g of coal in a special covered quartz crucible in a regulated gas flame for a period of not less than 2.5 min in which time the temperature of the inner surface of the bottom of the crucible reaches a temperature of 82025°C. The residual coke button is then compared in size and shape with a series of standard profiles shown in Fig. 1 and designated by number from 1 to 9 in increasing order of size. As the method is empirical, it requires rigid standardization of the apparatus and repeated calibration of the gas burner. The dimensions of the low form quartz crucible recommended must be rigidly adhered to as small variations in diameter or wall thickness result in variations in the rate of heat transmission and thus in the resultant size and shape of the coke button. The gas burner must be calibrated almost every time a new set of determina-

Jan 1, 1952

THE following employment items are made available to AIME members on a nonprofit basis by the Engineering Societies Personnel Service, Inc., operating in cooperation with the Four Founder Societies. Local offices of the Personnel Service are at 8 W. 40th St., New York 18; 100 Farnsworth Ave., Detroit; 57 Post St., Son Francisco; 84 E. Randolph St., Chicago 1. Applicants should address all mail to the proper key numbers in care of the New York office and include 6c in stamps for forwarding and returning application. The applicant agrees, if placed in a position by means of the Service, to pay the placement fee listed by the Service. AIME members may secure a weekly bulletin of positions available for $3.50 a quarter, $12 a year. MEN AVAILABLE Geologist-Petrographer. Experienced subsurface geology and petrographic rock and mineral identification. Desires position as either geologist or petrographer. M-682. Geologist, 36, married, employed. Nine years' experience geology connected with engineering, includes planning and supervising core drilling programs, study of stratigraphy and structure, special problems, report writing. Three years' teaching experience. Desires responsible position offering opportunity for advancement with progressive concern. Will travel part time. Available reasonable notice. M-683. Mining Executive with record of accomplishment organizing and directing efficient low cost mining and ore dressing operations available for position in the United States. Broad experience engineering, mechanized mining, flotation, safety, union labor relations and preparation of reports. Married. Employed; available upon reasonable notice. M-684.

Jan 1, 1952

By Roswell H. Johnson

The principle of sliding or graduation in royalties is accomplished either by the block, period, cumulative, or class method. The block method calls for a very low royalty rate on all oil produced up to a certain amount. This amount would normally be that which is believed to suffice to repay the cost of the well. A higher rate would be charged after the well is making a profit. This method, common in many industries, is peculiarly inadaptable to any industry such as this where the productivity per day of the units gradually and inevitably decreases. This, for reasons given later, is because it forces an early abandonment of the well and so offends against conservation. In the period method, the royalty rate is changed by some definite amount when the well produces less than a specified quantity per day or other given unit of time. While simple to explain, it operates badly because a great deal is made to depend upon a small reduction in production, whereas the reduction as a matter of fact declines rather erratically owing to the exigency of lease management, connecting of tankage, and vagaries of the gaugers. These disadvantages are obviated by the cumulative method. In this method, all the production less than a certain amount per week has one rate of royalty, or none at all, and the oil produced in excess of that amount pays an additional rate of royalty. In the long run the calculation is probably no greater than with the period method, for simple tables will be published and printed in the oil papers that can be cut out, enabling quick readings to be made. Even without the table the calculation is easy with the few royalty rates, two or three, which would be used. In this method, the amount paid in royalty declines gradually, rather than suddenly as in the period method. The following reasons might be advanced for the adoption oi cumulative royalties: 1. To distribute the burden in accordance with the capacity to pay. This principle is a unique one in business, although familiar in taxation. This is because it does not distribute reward in proportion to efficiency.

Jan 1, 1916

[Separates of all the Technical Publications published in 1930 are available at Institute headquarters. All the papers are on file in public, university and technical libraries, and when so indicated in the list, may be found in the Transactions.] Metal Mining Technical Publi- Title Author Meeting Tran~. cation Volume No. and Page* 264-A.29 Quicksilver Industry in 1929. Im- L. H. Duschak San Francisco T30, 283, 319 provements in the Metallurgy of C. G. Maier and Oct., 1929 Quicksilver and Symposium on The others Present Status of the Quicksilver Industry (With Discussion) (37) 271-A.30 Observation on Ground Movement R. E. Palmer New York T30. 168 and Subsidences at Rio. Tinto Feb.. 1930 Mines, Spain (20) 274-A.31 Development and Installation of the C.L.Berrien New York T30, 139, 166 Hawkesworth Detachable Bit (29) Feb., 1930 276-A.32 Protective Measures . Against Gas 0. A. Glaeser New York T30, 129. 167 Hazards at United Verde Mine (11) Feb., 1930 287-A.33 Use and Cost of Compressed Air (12) R. S. Lewis New York Feb., 1930 314-A.34 Miami Copper Company Method of F. W. Maclcnnan New York T30, 39, YO Mining Low-grade Orebody (44) Feb., 1930 319-A.35 How Human Beings Respond to W. J. McConnell New York Changing Atmospheric Conditions Feb., 1930 (9) 324-A.36 Vertical and Incline Shaft Sinking at Arthur B. Foote San Francisco T30, 87 North Star Mine (21) Oct., 1929 32bA.37 Governmental Control of the Pro- W. E. Colby New York duction and Sale of Mineral Re- Feb.. 1930 sources (With Discussion) (16) 333-A.38 Some Recent Developments in Open- E. E. Hunner New York T30, 106, 117 pit Mining on the Mesabi Range Feb.. 1930 (25) 334-A.39 Mining Methods and Costs at Presi- V. D. Howbert El Paso dio Mine of American Metal Co. of R. Bosustow Oct., 1930 Texas (15) 339-A.40 Operation of Pressure Fans in Series W. 8. Weeks New York (8) V. 6. Grishkevich Feb., 1931 364-A.41 Top Slicing with Filling of Slices as H. Willey El Paso Used at the Charcas Unit of Com- Oct., 1930 pania Minera Asarco, S. A. (17) 373-A.42 Drill Sampling and Interpretation of H. T. Matson New York Sampling Results in the Copper G. A. Wallis Feb.. 1931 Fields of Northern Rhodesia (17)

Jan 1, 1930

By B. W. Frazier

IN the numbers of the Engineering and Mining Journal of June 27th and July 11th, 1874, there appeared some very complete statistics of the working of some anthracite blast-furnaces belonging to a large establishment in this country, followed by calculations of the heat requirements of the furnaces, similar to those which have been made for European furnaces by Mr. I. Lowthian Bell, Prof. Gruner, Prof. Akerman and others. To the author of these valuable papers, Mr. John A. Church, of New York, the thanks of American iron metallurgists are due for this attempt (the first, to my knowledge at least), to attack systematically and scientifically the problem of economy of fuel in our anthracite blast-furnaces, by applying the formulas obtained from European practice and from the experiments of European metallurgists, to the determination of the amounts and the modes of distribution of the heat production and absorption in our furnaces. In order to facilitate a comparison of the results thus obtained for the anthracite furnaces in question with those obtained for the best types of European coke furnaces, I have reduced to the same standard of heat units (the product of the ton and the degree Centigrade), and placed side by side, the calculations of the heat requirements of one of the furnaces of the Clarence works, as given by Mr. Bell, of a furnace at Pouzin, on the banks of the Rhone, given by Prof. Gruner, and of the anthracite furnaces for 1869-73, as given -by Mr. Church. Table I shows the different conditions of working of the three furnaces, of which Table II gives the respective heat requirements. I have made this latter table in such a manner as to give for each furnace its heat requirements, both according to the views of Mr. Bell and those of Prof. Gruner. Mr. Bell assumes that all the carbonic acid produced by the decomposition of the carbonate of lime of the charge, is reduced to carbonic oxide by contact with solid carbon ; also, that the carbon of the pig iron is a portion of that deposited in the ore in the upper part of the furnace, by the dissociation of carbonic oxide. Prof. Gruner, on the other hand, assumes that all the carbonic acid of the carbonates of the charge escapes unreduced, and that the carbon deposited in the upper part of the furnace, by the dissocia¬tion of carbonic oxide, is again converted into carbonic oxide or

Jan 1, 1875

By B. E. Field

Cobalt is a silvery white metal with a slight bluish cast. It strongly resembles nickel in its appearance and properties, notably its resistance to corrosion, although its alloys with other metals differ decidedly in their properties from those of nickel. The name "cobalt" was derived from the German Kobold, meaning goblin, and this came to be applied to the cobalt minerals which, although they resembled ores, did not readily yield metal when smelted by the primitive processes available in the Middle Ages. Cobalt minerals were used as pigments by potters and glass workers before the Christian era. Cobalt blue glass was found in the tombs of the Egyptians and in the ruins of Troy, and many colors used by the ancient Greeks and Romans contained cobalt. The ancients were entirely unaware that the colors they used were caused by cobalt and the metal itself was not isolated until about the middle of the eighteenth century, by Brandt, although the preparation of cobalt compounds had been carried on in a small way ever since the opening of the silver-cobalt deposits at Schneeberg, Germany, in 1470.

Jan 1, 1935

By Hugh P. Tiemann

The desirability of employing the centigrade scale for the measurement of temperatures is becoming more and more recognized in this country, particularly in view of the fact that this scale is used almost exclusively in technical papers and publications—exclusively in those published in French or German. There are, however, a large number of factories and laboratories which still employ the Fahrenheit scale. It therefore frequently becomes necessary to convert one into the other and the accompanying chart (Fig. I) has been found very convenient for this purpose. The formulas for conversion follow: (1) °F. = 9o /5+ 32 (2) oC = 5 (oF - 32 ) (1) 100° C X 9 900/5 =180 .'. 180 + 32 = 212° F. 5 (2) 5 (212° F - 32) = 5 X 180 =100o C 9 9

Jan 1, 1916

By D. P. Koistinen, K. E. Beu

THE application of the integrated intensity X-ray diffraction method to the measurement of retained austenite concentrations in hardened steels has been fully described.'-' In developing this particular method, the assumption was made that the samples used would have flat surfaces which were free from voids and in which austenite was homogeneously distributed. The original calculation procedure' was modified to include the constant factor G which relates the intensity of a given diffraction line to the concentration of the component giving rise to that line. In order to include A (0) in the constant factor G, it was further assumed that the geometrical conditions relating the X-ray beam, camera cylinder, and sample surface were precisely met.V has been demonstrated that these geometrical conditions can be met experimentally without difficulty in many cases;' however, for those samples which have irregular surfaces or where it is impossible to locate the sample in the proper position with respect to the X-ray beam and film cylinder, it is desirable to evaluate experimentally what effect these nonideal conditions have on the reliability of the austenite determination. This note decribes the results of such experiments. SAE 1095 bar stock was used throughout and all samples were heat-treated as follows: 1600°F for 1 hr in a neutral atmosphere, brine quench, and 300°F temper for 30 min. To control heat-treatment conditions as closely as possible, all samples were plated with 0.002 in. copper to protect the immediate surface from the heat-treating atmosphere. After heat treating, the samples were deplated electroly-tically so that only the copper was removed. The heat-treated surfaces thus obtained were nearly as bright and polished as the original surfaces before copper plating although no mechanical work was done on the samples after heat treating.

Jan 1, 1954