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Article IX of the Bylaws constitutes the basic instructions to the Nominating Committee The first duty of the Nominating Committee is to select a candidate for Director and President-elect It is desirable that the successive Presidents from year to year be men of differing professional interests so selected that over a period of years each major group in the Institute will be represented in the Presidency a number of times bearing some reasonable relationship to the numerical strength of that group in the Institute In Section 2 of Article IX it is stated that "a sufficient number of Directors be selected on the basis of geographical districts so that each district will have at least one representative" These districts, as now established, are shown in the accompanying map There are ten districts including the New York metropolitan district Each of these districts is entitled to one Director, except the metropolitan district which is entitled to six Each year each district, the term of whose officially recommended Director expires, shall suggest a candidate and if desired an alternate candidate to the Nominating Committee to fill the vacancy If a candidate and an alternate are suggested they should preferably have different Divisional or Branch affiliations The Chairmen of the Sections In the district shall constitute a committee to select the candidate or candidates The Sections shall rotate the chairmanship, as shown in the Appendix to this instruction It is desirable that in filling a quota vacancy in any district, the selection be made from the name or names suggested by the district

Jan 1, 1952

By L. D. Godshall

A great deal has been written of late regarding the loss of silver in assaying; very discordant results have been published by different writers, and much uncertainty exists concerning even approximate losses in a careful determination of silver, as represented by a fire-assay. In the present paper it has been the aim of the writer to determine as accurately as possible the losses sustained by silver, under certain specified conditions, during the process of cupellation. Such losses are well known to be due to absorption by the cupel and volatilization. The conditions, however, which govern these losses are not believed by the writer to be so well understood. The most important of these are : 1. The effect of variable quantities of silver used. 2. The temperature of cupellation. 3. The character and quantity of impurities in the lead button. 4. The weight of the lead button. 5. The nature of the cupel. The following experiments were made for the purpose of demonstrating, as nearly as possible, the total loss of silver in cupellation under the most favorable conditions to be obtained in commercial assaying. Chemically pure silver and pure lead were taken. The latter was obtained from test-lead, first melted into a bar, from which pieces of the desired weight were cut and accurately weighed. The experiments recorded in this paper were planned by the writer, but executed throughout by Mr. J. N. Walker, whose ability as an accurate, careful and painstaking assayer is too well known and recognized throughout the West to require any further endorsement from me.

Jan 1, 1897

By Michael Tenenbaum

RECENT researches on the reduction of iron ores have stimulated interest in the effect of increased pressures within the iron blast furnace. From a physicochemical viewpoint, it seems logical to suppose that the increased pressure would increase the rate of reduction of the iron ore within the furnace. This increased reaction velocity would in turn be reflected in an increase in the output of the blast furnace. Any sub-stantial effect of elevated blast-furnace pressures should accordingly be of both technical and economic interest to the operator. It is doubtful whether it is possible to increase the pressure in the stack of the blast furnace beyond two or three atmospheres without incurring severe mechanical difficulties. The benefits to be procured by elevations in pressure must therefore be restricted to pressures below two, or at the most, three atmospheres. Within this range it would seem both economically and mechanically feasible to modify the present design of the upper portion of the blast furnace to accommodate these more stringent operating conditions. This investigation was undertaken to study the effect of moderate pressures on the rate of reduction of iron ore with hydrogen. The use of carbon monoxide is contemplated for later work. Although any results that are obtained in the laboratory cannot be interpreted directly in terms of large-scale commercial operations, it is possible, through such an investigation, to ascertain the order of magnitude of the effects of higher pressure. A more quantitative conception of the effects that would result from the use of increased pressures in the modern blast furnace is needed.

Jan 1, 1939

By G. B. Kasik, George Sachs, George Espey

IT has been reported frequently that the hardness and strength vary over the cross section of cold-worked, particularly cold-drawn, material. Brass rod and wire usually has been found to possess a maximum strength and hardness near the surface.1,2 According to Sachs,1 the center fiber has about the same strength as a wire stretched by the same amount in a tensile-test machine, the strength increasing toward the surface (Fig. I). These differences are particularly large for wire given a small reduction on drawing through a die with a wide opening. However, with increasing reduction and hardness, a tendency to form a thin soft surface skin becomes apparent. On the contrary, copper wire has usually been found to possess a soft surface skin" and it has been reported by Harris3 that during the cold-drawing of hot-rolled wire the surface layer becomes increasingly softer than the core, while the layer of maximum strength moves toward the core, it being found near the surface at first. The increase of strength and hardness from the core to the skin is readily explained by the observation that, in addition to the stretching, the layers of a rod or wire are sheared more the closer they are to the surface.1,6-8 However, the presence of a soft surface layer can be attributed only to an annealing effect. The source of such a softening might be the extremely high temperature that originates from the friction between [ ]

Jan 1, 1941

By George Espey, George Sachs, G. B. Kasik

IT has been reported frequently that the hardness and strength vary over the cross section of cold-worked, particularly cold-drawn, material. Brass rod and wire usually have been found to possess a maximum strength and hardness near the surface.1,2 According to Sachs,' the center fiber has about the same strength as a wire stretched by the same amount in a tensile-test machine, the strength increasing toward the surface (Fig. I). These differences are particularly large for wire given a small reduction on drawing through a die with a wide opening. However, with increasing reduction and hardness, a tendency to form a thin soft surface skin becomes apparent. On the contrary, copper wire has usually been found to possess a soft surface skin3-5 and it has been reported by Harris3 that during the cold-drawing of hot-rolled wire the surface layer becomes increasingly softer than the core, while the layer of maximum strength moves toward the core, it being found near the surface at first. The increase of strength and hardness from the core to the skin is readily explained by the observation that, in addition to the stretching, the layers of a rod or wire are sheared more the closer they are to the surface.1,6-8 However, the presence of a soft surface layer can be attributed only to an annealing effect. The source of such a softening might be the extremely high temperature that originates from the friction between

Jan 1, 1942

By G. B. Kasik, George Sachs, George Espey

IT has been reported frequently that the hardness and strength vary over the cross section of cold-worked, particularly cold-drawn, material. Brass rod and wire usually have been found to possess a maximum strength and hardness near the surface.1,2 According to Sachs,' the center fiber has about the same strength as a wire stretched by the same amount in a tensile-test machine, the strength increasing toward the surface (Fig. I). These differences are particularly large for wire given a small reduction on drawing through a die with a wide opening. However, with increasing reduction and hardness, a tendency to form a thin soft surface skin becomes apparent. On the contrary, copper wire has usually been found to possess a soft surface skin3-5 and it has been reported by Harris3 that during the cold-drawing of hot-rolled wire the surface layer becomes increasingly softer than the core, while the layer of maximum strength moves toward the core, it being found near the surface at first. The increase of strength and hardness from the core to the skin is readily explained by the observation that, in addition to the stretching, the layers of a rod or wire are sheared more the closer they are to the surface.1,6-8 However, the presence of a soft surface layer can be attributed only to an annealing effect. The source of such a softening might be the extremely high temperature that originates from the friction between

Jan 1, 1942

By Ross E. BROWNE, Ross B. HOFFMANN

IT seems strange that a theory so devoid of value in its application to our practical problems should attract such widespread acclaim. This appears still more remarkable when one considers the foundation on which it is built. The criticism naturally suggested is as follows: First; the special theory of relativity is based on an assumption which is counter to the fundamental conception of relative motion. Second; the theory claims only a slight modification of Newtonian mechanics-a modification so minute that, even if true, it would have no practical value in its application to any visible occurrence here on earth.

Jan 1, 1931

By V. S. Rood, J. A. Norden

The general system of workings at the Utah-Apex is similar to that found in many of the western metalliferous mines. There is a vertical three-compartment shaft extcnding to the surface, from which the various levels have been driven to the orebodies. The 1000-ft. (305-m.) level, about 3/4 mile long, was driven as a haulage and drain adit. Geology The formation is a flat north-dipping series of alternating limestone and quartzite beds. Extensive north-south faulting and fissuring have taken place, resulting in the formation of large replacement orebodies in the crushed zones in the limestone. The orebodies are irregular in shape and size, but follow closely the trend of the mineralizing fissures. The ore consists of galena, pyrite, sphalerite and small values in silver and gold. Large masses of non-commercial pyrite are frequently found in or adjacent to the orebodies, and more or less pyrite is found for some distance in the walls of the orebodies. Lenticular bodies of a black pyritic shale also occur in the zones where extensive faulting has taken place. Mining Methods and Condition of Workings Geological conditions, mentioned before, have made the ground extremely heavy. In mining above the 1000-ft. level, square-set and filling methods were used, but not altogether successfully. The crushing of timbers extended even into the filled portions of the stopes. The filling material itself, consisting of limestone, shale, and pyrite, possessed swelling qualities which added to the difficulty of maintaining

Jan 1, 1920

By Eric Jette

THE results of an investigation of the ternary system iron-chromium-ilicon were reported in 1936 by the present authors.1 Partly for the sake of theoretical interest, and partly because of the possible commercial importance of these alloys, the present investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of some of the commoner elements likely to occur, deliberately or otherwise, in such alloys if made on a commercial scale. The elements thus added were carbon, nickel or manganese. The alloys studied were, therefore, parts of quaternary systems. This investigation was concerned primarily with the effect of these additional elements on .the alpha-iron phase and the boundary between this phase region and the alpha plus sigma two-phase region. The sigma phase is a ternary solid solution based upon the compound FeCr. The work was performed mainly by X-ray methods, but a number of microscopic examinations were also made and are reported. While isolated alloys in the composition ranges studied may have been discussed in metallurgical publications, no systematic investigation of any assistance to us was found. Of the earlier work, the investigations on the iron-chromium-carbon system and on the chromium carbides by Westgren and his coworkers,2,3 enabled us to identify the carbide phase. Several articles appeared after the present experimental work had been completed. Lucas and Wintrup4 determined the solubility of carbon ill molten iron-chromium-silicon alloys. Tofaute and his coworkers5,6 have made detailed studies of the iron-chromium-carbon system, which will he referred to later.

Jan 1, 1937

By R. M. Brick, Arthur Phillips, A. J. Smith

A PREVIOUS publication1§ has described the effect of quenching stresses on the lattice parameter values of high-purity aluminum-copper alloys particularly with reference to the solution and precipitation of CuA12. A similar study has been made of the aluminum-rich aluminum-magnesium alloys. Attention has been directed in the present investigation. to the magnitude of the quenching stresses as affected by the specimen size and shape, the number of solute atoms and the quenching rate. The effect of cooling stresses in causing plastic deformation or cracking has been considered in relation to the physical properties of the alloy. On reheating alloys in the two-phase field, the time required for precipitation to occur has been observed in connection with the degree of supersaturation, the rate of diffusion of the solute atoms as a function of the comparative atomic radii, degree of strain, temperature of reheating and grain size. A few qualitative comparisons on the relative effect of these factors have been drawn between the aluminum-copper alloys and the aluminum-magnesium alloys. STRAIN IN SOLID-SOLUTION ALLOYS A 10 per cent magnesium alloy in the form of chill-cast bars was furnished by the Aluminum Company of America through the courtesy of L. W. Kempf. Additional alloys were prepared using aluminum (99.95 per cent Al) and high-grade magnesium. The alloys listed in Table 1 were melted in an Acheson graphite crucible under a flux of fused MgCl2, CaC12, NaCl. Chill-cast rods were sealed under vacuum

Jan 1, 1935

By F. F. Frick, Frederick Laist

In a leaching process, having obtained the copper in solution, the choice of the precipitation method is influenced by the following factors: 1. Availability of precipitant. 2. Adaptability to the leaching process. 3. Final product desired. 4. Regeneration of leaching solutions. 5. Fouling of solutions. There are three general classes of precipitation methods: 1. The use of iron, scrap or sponge. 2. Electrolytic deposition. 3. The use of some gas or reagent by which the copper is obtained, usually in the form of an intermediate precipitate which requires further treatment. For example, the precipitation of, the copper as Cu2Cl2 from chloride solutions; with SO2 gas. The use of iron is adapted to almost any process. It has the great advantage of extreme simplicity, and the recovery of the copper and any values present in a highly concentrated, easily treatable form. The disadvantages are the cost in isolated places, the uncertainty of the scrap-iron market, and the fouling of the leaching solutions. The latter is a serious factor, when a reagent such as salt is used in them, which makes necessary their re-use. Where applicable, electrolytic deposition is very attractive. The copper is obtained in a form directly marketable, there is a regeneration of acid and no fouling of solutions. Unfortunately, chloride solutions do not lend themselves to electrolysis. An entirely satisfactory anode material has not yet been discovered, although magnetite, apart from being rather brittle, seems to answer the requirements fairly well. The use of a method of the. third class is involved in many special

Jan 1, 1915

By Frederick M. Becket, Russell Franks

In a recent article,l which described the softening effect of columbium in plain high-chromium steels, the authors stated that their investigations had shown columbium to be also a particularly valuable inhibitor of intergranular corrosion in steels of the 18 per cent chromium, 8 per cent nickel type. It is the purpose of the present paper to record some of the results obtained through the introduction of columbium to the austenitic chromium-nickel steels. The damaging effects of this type of corrosion have become so widely known as to restrict considerably the applications of the steels under consideration, and therefore there is little question of the importance of the goal to be attained. Numerous contributions concerning the susceptibility of the austenitic chromium-nickel steels to intergranular corrosion have appeared during the past few years, and among others who have dealt constructively with the subject are such well-known authors as Strauss and Houdremont of Germany, Hatfield of England, and Bain in the United States. Different theories have been propounded as to the cause of intergranular corrosion, and various remedial measures have been proposed, the majority of which involve the use of addition agents. Titanium is the addition agent at present most generally employed, as suggested by Houdremont and modified as described by Bain, Aborn and Rutherford. Little has been published on the effects of holding these steels for long periods at the relatively lower temperatures in the presence of corroding media, and the effects have mot been fully realized by producer and consumer.

Jan 1, 1934

E. R. Buckley, Flat River, Mo. (communication to the Secretary*) :—Some statements in the paper of Mr. Keyes relative to the nature and formation of the Ozark lead- and zinc-deposits seen1 to me erroneous and misleading, and I respectfully present the following criticisms, placing Mr. Keyes's original statements in quotations. Referring to the Ozark dome: (p. 192.) "It is a region that has been repeatedly upraised and planed off, until in the middle portion the oldest known rocks only are exposed." Does he mean that the St. Francois mountains, which have always been considered as lying on the eastern flank of the Ozark dome, are the middle of the dome ? Or does he mean that the Cambrian rocks of the generally-accepted middle are the oldest known rocks ? Certainly not the latter, and if the former, his idea of the middle of the dome is not in accord with that of others who are familiar with the region. (p. 203.) "... the ore-deposits are definitely associated with, or localized by, geologic structures of some kind that produce in effect basins in which the underground waters are impounded, or their flow retarded." This statement does not appear to be altogether consistent with the facts, since the ore bodies of the Joplin district, as the rule, occur in those parts of the Mississippian formation which have a tendency to accel erate the flow of ground-water rather than retard it. I migh name the open, brecciated ground near Joplin, Webb City, and Oronogo as especially noteworthy illustrations. The ore-bodies, everywhere, occur in positions where there must have been a free and copious circulation of dilute lead- and zinc-solutions in the presence of reducing constituents. The inequalities in the distribution of the ore-deposits are

Jan 1, 1910

By Charles Catlett

AN examination of the census reports' for 1880, which contain a large number of complete analyses of typical American iron-ores, indicates that the existence of barium sulphate in intimate association with iron-ore is rather unusual. Of 94 analyses reported there, but four show any barium sulphate, and the maximum content amounts to 3.04 per cent. The note of the occurrence of considerable quantities of barite in connection with certain iron-ores found in the Pinar del Rio Province of Cuba may be of interest. These deposits are found near the little village of Francisco, about 25 miles west of the city of Pinar del Rio on the Western Railroad of Havana. The principal ridges are anticlines, and consist of very thick deposits of sandy shales and slates containing a large number of little veins of white quartz which, by the gradual disintegration of the mass of the material, is left covering the surface. This quartz occasionally shows sulphide, but is generally barren of any such indication. At times lenticular masses of a more or less pure limestone were observed in these slates. The shales, which are of light color, are occasionally talcose. The formation would tentatively be classed as the Lower Cambrian, and the heavy ridges of comparatively horizontal limestone found in the anticlinal valleys as the Upper Cambrian. Along the crest of these slaty ridges deposits of iron-ore are found which are apparently in place, and were probably formed by replacement of masses of limestone similar to those noted elsewhere. The ready disintegration of the slates, and the

Jul 1, 1907

By Walter C. Smith, O. J. Seeds

METALLIC bismuth was known in the Middle Ages and the name is supposed to come from the German Wismut. The origin of the German name is uncertain. References to bismuth are found in the writings of Valentine, Paracelsus, and Agricola between 1450 and 1550. Early specimens of bismuth were very impure and often were confused with antimony, tin, and zinc. About the middle of the eighteenth century, J. H. Pott, C. J. Geoffroy, and Torbern Bergman succeeded in producing fairly pure bismuth and showed it to be an elementary metal similar in many respects to lead. H. S. Washington has estimated that bismuth occurs in the earth's crust about as abundantly as tungsten and silver; i.e., to the extent of 10-6 or 10-7 pct. It is found as native metal, both alone and associated with tin, copper, and other metals, and in a large variety of ores. The important ores are the sulfide (bismuthinite), the oxide (bismite), and the carbonates (bismutite and bismutosphaerite) . Other occurrences of bismuth are in the vanadate (pucherite), the selenide (guanajuatite), the telluride (tetradymite), and in many complex sulfides, arsenides, and antimonides. Bismuth minerals have been found in many parts of the world but very few of the bismuth deposits have been of economic value, the oxide ores from parts of China being the exception. The major portion of the bismuth production of today is the so-called by- product bismuth. Bismuth often occurs in ores mined and treated primarily for other metals, and during the treatment of these ores

Jan 1, 1953

By Hsun Hu

The formation of annealing textures in high-purity silver, from the various rolling textures obtanled in the course of texture transition, was studied. It was found that from a brass-type rolling texture the recrystallization texture is mainly (120) [211] type, which is quite different from the recrystallization texture of brass. From a predominantly copper-type rolling texture, the reclystallization texture is mainly (100) [001]. The recrystallization texture of silver- varies also with the degree of purity. In each case, however, the reorientation can be expressed as [Ill] rotations of 30° to 40°, which is consistent with the oriented growth theory of the formation of annealing textures. ThE recrystallization textures of rolled silver were studied long ago by Glocker and co-workers (1924-27) and were reported to be (113) [iil] upon annealing at low temperatures.1 Since that time, no further study of the recrystallization textures of silver, particularly with the modern techniques of quantitative texture determinations, has been reported in the literature. In a previous study2y3 it was found that the rolling texture of high-purity silver (99.999 +pct pure) is changed gradually from the common silver- or brass-type to the copper-type by raising the temperature of rolling from 0" to 200°C. The formation of annealing textures from the various rolling textures in the same material is, therefore, of considerable interest. The present paper constitutes the results of such a study. MATERIAL AND METHOD Specimens were taken from the same strips of high-purity silver* that were used previously for

Jan 1, 1962

By Norman B. Pilling

Practical limitations to the usefulness of silicon steels are the hardness and brittleness silicon imparts to iron, making iron-silicon alloys of more than 8 per cent. silicon content unusable except where castings can be employed. In the use of commercial silicon steel, in thin rolled sheets, as in transformer construction, when the silicon content exceeds 4.2 per cent. the sheet is too brittle for satisfactory shaping by punching or similar operations. When such a brittle steel is sheared, it frequently breaks along a haphazard path in advance of the cutting tool. In Fig. 1 is shown a slightly enlarged view of the sheared edge of a 14-mil enameled sheet of nominally 4 per cent. silicon steel. In 5 in. along the sheared edge, only 44 per cent. was actually cut; the rest was torn, with the path of fracture varying widely from the path of travel between the shears. This is probably an extreme case of such brittle-ness, but a shearing or punching test is not necessary to reveal brittle-ness of this order; narrow strips will break when bent between the fingers. In Fig. 2, the proportion of actual cut edge is greater, but secondary fractures branch off at about 30" from the line of shearing in advance of the cut. Deprived of the support of adjacent parts of the sheet, the tips of the angles are bent out of the plane of the sheet by the shears, leaving a peculiar flared effect, like the set of the teeth on a saw. An end-on

Jan 1, 1923

By Desio S. Oddone, Mark C. Malamphy, Irnack C. Do Amaral

Most igneous rocks, and particularly those of the basic type, contain relatively high percentages of magnetite and other iron oxides, which give them moderately high magnetic susceptibilities and make them responsible for an important percentage of the magnetic anomalies observed during the course of geophysical surveys by the magnetic method. The irregular form and high susceptibility of the igneous rocks make them readily polarizable and the position and strength of the magnetic poles formed are not always explicable by theoretical calculations of anomalies due to certain assumed forms in the normal magnetic field of the area under study. During the last four years our field work has permitted us to make detailed observations of anomalies due to igneous rocks in all the states of south Brazil. The form and position of the igneous rock at some places were fairly accurately known, which made it possible to calculate theoretical anomalies and compare them with the observed data. Some of the data we obtained have been published and additional cases are now awaiting publication. In this paper, we will present a few specific cases where the geology is moderately well known and which we believe to be of considerable value as representing typical magnetic anomalies in the south magnetic hemisphere, where the inclination of the magnetic field is very low. Although the vertical intensity is negative in the Southern Hemisphere, we have adopted the convention of plotting increase in intensity (negative) as a positive anomaly; i.e., above the x axis. This convention facilitates comparison with anomalies in the north.

Jan 1, 1940

By Irnack C. Do Amaral, Mark C. Malamphy, Desio S. Oddone

Most igneous rocks, and particularly those of the basic type, contain relatively high percentages of magnetite and other iron oxides, which give them moderately high magnetic susceptibilities and make them responsible for an important percentage of the magnetic anomalies observed during the course of geophysical surveys by the magnetic method. The irregular form and high susceptibility of the igneous rocks make them readily polarizable and the position and strength of the magnetic poles formed are not always explicable by theoretical calculations of anomalies due to certain assumed forms in the normal magnetic field of the area under study. During the last four years our field work has permitted us to make detailed observations of anomalies due to igneous rocks in all the states of south Brazil. The form and position of the igneous rock at some places were fairly accurately known, which made it possible to calculate theoretical anomalies and compare them with the observed data. Some of the data we obtained have been published and additional cases are now awaiting publication. In this paper, we will present a few specific cases where the geology is moderately well known and which we believe to be of considerable value as representing typical magnetic anomalies in the south magnetic hemisphere, where the inclination of the magnetic field is very low. Although the vertical intensity is negative in the Southern Hemisphere, we have adopted the convention of plotting increase in intensity (negative) as a positive anomaly; i.e., above the x axis. This convention facilitates comparison with anomalies in the north.

Jan 1, 1940

By Norman B. Pilling

Practical limitations to the usefulness of silicon steels are the hardness and brittleness silicon imparts to iron, making iron-silicon alloys of more than 8 per cent. silicon content unusable except where castings can be employed. In the use of commercial silicon steel, in thin rolled sheets, as in transformer construction, when the silicon content exceeds 4.2 per cent. the sheet is too brittle for satisfactory shaping by punching or similar operations. When such a brittle steel is sheared, it frequently breaks along a haphazard path in advance of the cutting tool. In Fig. 1 is shown a slightly enlarged view of the sheared edge of a 14-mil enameled sheet of nominally 4 per cent. silicon steel. In 5 in. along the sheared edge, only 44 per cent. was actually cut; the rest was torn, with the path of fracture varying widely from the path of travel between the shears. This is probably an extreme case of such brittle-ness, but a shearing or punching test is not necessary to reveal brittle-ness of this order; narrow strips will break when bent between the fingers. In Fig. 2, the proportion of actual cut edge is greater, but secondary fractures branch off at about 30" from the line of shearing in advance of the cut. Deprived of the support of adjacent parts of the sheet, the tips of the angles are bent out of the plane of the sheet by the shears, leaving a peculiar flared effect, like the set of the teeth on a saw. An end-on

Jan 1, 1923