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By A. C. Rand

The invention to be described in this paper is the work of Frederic A. Halsey, Engineer for the Rand Drill Company, of New York, and its use mill abridge the notable wastefulness of power of the striking rock-drill, and, at the same time, increase its capacity for work. That the older type of rock-drill is wasteful in power, is generally admitted; the cause being the use of steam* without expansion, arid the "cushion" of the blow, by the incoming steam upon the lower † end of the piston before the cutting tool strikes the rock.

Jan 1, 1885

By M. W. Cox, V. F. Hollister

EXPLORATION for metallic mineral deposits is carried on by those special adaptations of methods which the explorer believes will yield most economically or satisfactorily the particular answer sought. In this project the usual methods of geologic observation, recording, and interpretation, when combined with magnetic geophysical methods and geochemical soil sampling, led to disclosures of appreciable zinc mineralization where none was visible in surface exposure. Since 1945 considerable work has been done with geochemical prospecting methods, chiefly in determining the presence and distribution of various elements existing in minor amounts in rocks, soil, vegetation or waters of mineralized areas. Such work, in which the U. S. Geological Survey has taken the lead, finds a ready place in the field repertoire of the exploration geologist as a supplement, not a substitute, for other methods. The Chollet project was carried out in 1951 by the American Smelting & Refining Co. near its Van Stone mine in northern Stevens County, Wash., in the area shown in Fig. 1. The Van Stone mine is located in the Onion Creek drainage of the Selkirk Mountains, midway between the towns of Colville and Northport, Wash., and some twenty airline miles west of the Metaline mining district. Its zinc-lead orebodies, currently yielding about 1000 tpd of ore, occur as bedding replacement deposits in the middle Cambrian Metaline formation near an intrusive granodiorite contact. The target of exploration at the Chollet prospect was a similar geologic environment along the intrusive contact about 5 miles west of the mine. Geographic Setting The Chollet ground covers a north-facing slope at 3000 to 4000-ft elevation. Second-growth jack pine and tamarack with some hemlock and yellow pine make a thick forest cover. A heavy under-forest of alder, willow, and lesser shrubs occupies the draws, see Fig. 2. Grassy slopes appear at higher elevations. The lower slopes are underlain by a thick blanket of glacial till and alluvium so that outcrops are scarce; however, perhaps 50 pct rock exposure prevails at higher elevations. This part of northern Washington annually receives about 25 in. of precipitation, which largely falls as snow in the winter months. Summers are dry with occasional rainy periods. General Geology The Van Stone mine and the Chollet prospect lie along the southern margin of a westerly extending lobe of the Kaniksu batholith, one of the series of granodioritic masses that are intrusive into Cretaceous and older rocks in northern Washington and southern British Columbia. The margin is composed of complexly deformed Paleozoic sediments ranging in age from the lower Cambrian Maitlen phyllite on the east, through middle Cambrian Metaline formation (limestone and dolomite), to Ordovician Ledbetter slate on the west. In general the formations strike N10 to 50E and dip steeply northwestward, although dip reversals and minor folding occur. This general rock distribution is shown on Fig. 3. In this area the Metaline formation, which is the host rock for mineralization, appears to be of about 4000-ft thickness that can be conveniently divided into the same three units defined by Park and Cannon' for the Metaline area. The basal part consists of 1000 ft of interbedded white limestone, argillaceous limestone, and gray silty argillite. The middle part, approximately 1500 ft thick, consists of fine-grained black, gray, and white dolomite. This unit also contains minor interbedded limestone. The upper part is a gray massive limestone about 1500 ft thick that grades upward into slaty limestone and slate capped locally by a thin black jas-peroidal dolomite which is either the uppermost member of the Metaline formation or the basal member of the overlying Ledbetter (Ordovician)

Jan 1, 1956

By D. L. King, C. D. Rubert, R. W. Christy, B. A. Schepman

R. W. Christy (Manager of Sales, Sanitary Engineering Equipment, Link-Belt Co.) and C.D. Rubert (Barrett, Haentjens & Co.) — Messrs. King and Schepman have presented an excellent paper which outlines the general practice in the design of thickener mechanisms. Lifting devices, controls, special applications and underflow pumping arrangements have been reviewed in detail. Pumping arrangements were illustrated which eliminate the need for an expensive tunnel beneath the thickener floor. Most of those illustrated have the common feature of a relatively long underflow suction line extending from the hopper floor to the pump located on the bridge at the periphery of the tank. The authors limit these arrangements to comparatively dilute or thin slurrys. It is implied that dense and coarse concentrates, which are difficult to pump, cannot be handled unless a tunnel is constructed. Fig. 1 shows an underflow pump arrangement which negates the need for a tunnel but which permits the operator to convey a heavy dense slurry. The pump is mounted directly on the fixed hoist platform and the impeller is located at the base of the steel center column. Priming water is not needed. The column

Jan 1, 1963

By E. J. Kenaedy, E. H. Robie

THOUGH the fall meeting of the Coal Division was held in the heart of the anthracite section, at Hazleton, Pa., the bituminous industry was well represented also, and the two groups found much common ground for discussion. The' technical part of the program was confined to two sessions in the morning and afternoon of the first day, Friday, Oct. 14, the evening and the following day being reserved for field trips and social functions. The attendance more than met the expectations of those in charge of the arrangements; there seemed no hint of depression here.

Jan 1, 1932

By Harry H. Power

INDUSTRY has the right to expect the petroleum engineering schools to supply more than the minimum technical qualifications necessary to obtain or discharge the responsibilities of a particular job. The basic training, social and economic orientation, should go far beyond these minimum requirements. Petroleum engineering students should also be well grounded in the history of the oil business so that they may understand the industry's progress since the advent of the Drake well. Furthermore, according to P. H. Bohart, the schools "have a definite duty to help the students form a workable philosophy of life, which includes an appreciation of the service of science to mankind, and a belief in the obligation of the individual who enters a profession to exalt himself by continuing his studies and growth so that he may never cease making contributions to the advancement of science and industry."

Jan 1, 1948

Carlisle: An old friend and good friend, Alan Bateman, is the Silliman Professor of Geology Emeritus at Yale and editor of the Journal of Economic Geology. Now, Alan, let's start off by telling us something about how you became interested in copper. Bateman: Well, after I left Yale in 1913, I was appointed one of the field members of the Secondary Enrichment Investigation. We spent three years in the field studying all the copper deposits of North America, trying to find out how secondary copper enrichment took place. As part of this investigation, I went up to Kennecott, Alaska, in 1916. After the trip I was asked by the president of the company to become consulting geologist to them. I accepted his offer, and to this day I'm still consulting geologist to the Kennecott Copper Corp. Up at Kennecott, there were both Henry Krumb and my good friend Henry DeWitt Smith, who was general superintendent. He and I had been together at Yale, and I had ushered at his wedding. Interestingly enough, Henry took his bride to Alaska and I took mine there two months later. My assistant was Don McLaughlin, and I think that was his first experience in a mining camp. We published a paper on Kennecott together and cemented a friendship lasting to this day.

Jan 11, 1964

By J. A. Fellows, Earnshaw Cook, H. S. Avery

THE increased use of heat-resistant alloys (26 per cent Cr, 12 per cent Ni, 16 per cent Cr, 35 per cent Ni, 12 per cent Cr, 60 per cent Ni, etc ) in recent years has been accompanied by continued demands by the consumer for improvement in properties The manufacturers of these materials, of necessity, have resorted to more critical studies of the basic causes of variations in fundamental properties To keep pace with the need for augmented information, previous techniques of investigation have been refined and new test methods and instruments created It is the purpose of this paper to describe the apparatus, experimental technique and precision of measurement that were employed in the exploration of properties of heat-resistant alloy presented in a companion paper† The detailed precautions in experimental procedure essential for attainment of accurate and comparable data at elevated temperatures cannot be too highly emphasized THE CREEP TEST Since the fundamental concepts of creep testing have been recognized for the past 20 years, present interest is restricted to refinements in equipment and experimental procedure The creep-test laboratory constructed for the American Brake Shoe and Foundry Co is designed to permit 1000-hr tests in the temperature range of 1200° to 2200°F with a choice of applied stress extending from 50 to 50,000 lb per sq in in increments of 50 lb per sq in To simplify the calculation of weight combinations, the loading beams (Fig I) are provided with counterweights to eliminate the tare The precision of the knife-edges (10 1 ratio) is such that a 10-gram weight placed on the upper specimen grip will be exactly balanced by a 1-gram weight attached to the loading shackle Check of the loading weights proved the maximum error to be 0 06 per cent Axial alignment is provided by crossed knife-edges in the grip seats The furnaces are similar in design to those of Crane and Company, Battelle Memorial Institute, and the U S Steel Corporation An 80 per cent Pt, 20 per cent Rh No 19 B and S gauge wire is used as the heating element The details of construction are shown in the radiograph reproduced in Fig 2 The windings are held in place on an alundum tube with alundum cement, the distribution of turns is adjusted to give a maximum temperature gradient of ± 1°F over a 4-in gauge length (Fig 3) To avoid sharp temperature differentials at the ends of the test section, the length of the furnace is four times the gauge length Sixteen-inch coupons are used to reduce the temperature of the threaded

Jan 1, 1942

INTRODUCTION The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is affiliated with the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) but operates with a separate staff and funding. It supplements the activities of the Bank by providing, to private business, equity and loans without government guarantees in whatever form and combination most suited to the project. IFC frequently complements the Bank's activities by utilizing, for example, the Bank's public sector infrastructure activities to support IFC's private sector projects. In the case of local financial institutions especially, IFC collaborates with the Bank by providing technical and financial assistance. IFC is the world's largest multilateral organization which finances private sector business in developing countries. IFC's fundamental purpose is to promote the economic development of its developing member countries through the support of the private sector. Of the 124 member countries of IFC, more than 100 are developing countries. Since it began operations in 1956, IFC has been associated with more than 2,000 companies and financial institutions in supporting over 700 business ventures in more than 80 countries. The total capital costs of these projects exceeds $26,000 million. In the 1984 fiscal year, IFC approved 62 projects in 37 countries with a total project cost of $2,473 million. IFC will make investments only if sufficient capital cannot be obtained on reasonable terms from other sources. IFC often serves as the catalyst for a project by encouraging other investors--from inside and outside the host country--to make their own equity investments along with the local sponsor for a particular project. IFC'S SPECIAL ROLE The significance of IFC's role extends beyond just its financing and technical assistance: IFC's capability to raise investor confidence in a project and to help all the participants to arrive at mutually satisfactory investment arrangements is its distinctive character. Direct Investments IFC invests in all types of projects both large and small. Heavy industrial ventures not only supply essential materials and equipment for other domestic enterprises, but also earn foreign exchange through exports. In recent years, increased emphasis has been placed on agriculture and agribusiness products, aquaculture, food and food processing, and other renewable and nonrenewable resources such as metals and energy. [ ] An overall objective of IFC is to assist entrepreneurs and others in the private sector raise the needed capital for business ventures. IFC does not compete with, nor seek to replace private initiative and capital. Rather, IFC helps to raise funds in order to undertake projects that would otherwise be held back by the lack of adequate funding. IFC can do this in several ways: IFC can invest in equity and make loans for its own account. But beyond that, IFC can reach out into the international capital markets in search of additional capital. Because of IFC's 25 years experience and record, outside investors who might otherwise be

Jan 1, 1985

By J. B. Morrow

BITUMINOUS COAL production for 1937 up to Nov. 27, was 400,000,000 ions, an increase of 3.43 per cent over the comparative period in 1936. The in- crease in consumption, however, was not so great as the increase in production. Stocks of coal, mostly in the hands of consumers, on Nov. 1 were 57,000,000 tons, compared to 44,400,000 tons at the same periods in 1936. The prospects were that both production and consumption for December, 1937, would be lower than for the corresponding month of 1936. , Anthracite production for the period ending Nov. 20 was 43,900,000 tons, com- pared to 48,500,000 tons for the corresponding period in 1936, or a decrease of 9.5 per cent. Production of mechanically loaded coal in. 1936 was approximately 57,000,000 tons, an increase of 17.5 per cent over

Jan 1, 1938

By Ralph L. Erickson

The discovery of a Carlin-type gold deposit at Cortez, Nevada, in 1966 can be attributed directly to the use of geochemical exploration techniques. Most mineral deposits owe their discovery to geologic concepts, geologic analysis, and luck, but at Cortez, geochemistry as an exploration tool played the clearly dominant role in discovery. Of course, the economic significance of the discovery had to be determined by exploration and development drilling. The story of the discovery began in 1959 when field work was initiated on a new project, "Geochemical Halos Utah and Nevada," by R.L. Erickson and A. P. Marranzino for the US Geological Survey. The Cortez district was selected for geochemical work because it was an area with good geologic control where we could address the problem of how to prospect in barren outcrops for concealed ore deposits in potentially favorable structures (buried thrust zones) or favorable host rocks in the subsurface. Geologic mapping of the Cortez 15-min quadrangle, just being completed by Gilluly and Masursky (1965), showed that the quadrangle contained excellent exposures of both the upper and lower plates of the Roberts Mountains thrust fault, a major structural feature of north-central Nevada. Roberts (1960) had noted that a number of mining districts were associated with windows in the thrust. In 1959, Erickson and Marranzino did some reconnaissance rock sampling and spring-water sampling in the siliceous clastic rocks of the upper plate of the thrust. Results of this reconnaissance prompted a full-scale sampling program in 1960 in the upper plate rocks on the west flank of the Cortez window. Results of the investigation showed that anomalously high concentrations of metals occur in the upper plate rocks, and further, that the distribution of metals is fault controlled and shows a pronounced zoning pattern (central copper zone; intermediate zinc, copper, and lead zone; and outer arsenic zone). The anomalies were interpreted as primary leakage halos that originated from metal occurrences in the thrust zone or in carbonate rocks below the thrust and moved upward along normal faults that cut both upper and lower plate rocks. Erickson gave a talk about these anomalies in the summer of 1961 to the local AIME Section in Reno, Nevada; two short reports were published that year-" Geochemical Anomalies in the Upper Plate of the Roberts Thrust Near Cortez, Nevada" (Erickson et al., 1961) and "Hydrogeochemical Anomalies in Four Mile Canyon Near Cortez, Nevada" (Erickson and Marranzino, 1961). These releases prompted blanket staking in the area by several small companies. In 1963, geologic and geochemical mapping were started by the USGS in the lower plate carbonate rocks of the Cortez window west of the quartz monzonite stock at Mount Tenabo and north of the old townsite of Cortez. The results of the work showed anomalously high concentrations of arsenic, antimony, and tungsten in jasperoid, fracture filling, and shear zones in Silurian and Devonian carbonate rocks. The anomalous area was about 1.6 km (I mile) long and 300 m (1000 ft) wide. A brief report, "Geochemical Anomalies in the Lower Plate of the Roberts Thrust Near Cortez, Nevada" (Erickson et al., 1964a), was published in 1964. During this same time period, 1959-1964, several exploration or mining companies were active in the general area (chiefly mapping geology and acquiring property). In 1964, American Exploration and Mining Company (Amex) concluded that the entire Cortez district was worthy of an extensive exploration effort involving drilling as well as geologic, geophysical, and geochemical studies. To carry out the program, Amex formed a joint venture group with the Bunker Hill Company, Vernon Taylor, Jr., and Webb Resources. Their early efforts were directed to the upper plate rocks and to the lower levels of the old Cortez silver mine. The group also drilled some shallow rotary assessment holes adjacent to the area of the arsenic, antimony, tungsten anomaly in lower plate carbonate rocks described in Erickson et al. (1964a). Assay results from these holes offered little or no encouragement to the joint venture group. Splits of these drill samples were made available to the USGS. In order to enhance any metal content present in these rocks and to determine the mineral residence of any metals detected, heavy-mineral concentrates of each 3-m (10-ft) sam-

Jan 1, 1985

By Gilbert E. Doan

WHEN metallurgists and other engineers meet their college classmates or former teachers, the conversation will frequently become reminiscent and finally turn to engineering education. These graduates have tested the value of their college training in the hurly-burly of the outside world so respectful attention is due their opinions, which, strangely enough, fall into two opposite categories. A member of one group expresses a deep-seated conviction that engineers should have a fuller foundation of physical chemistry, another asks for a more thorough training in mathematics, others wish a more thorough grounding in refractories, a series of courses in petroleum engineering, or in electric welding. Each alumnus of this group

Jan 1, 1937

By John F. Wiggert

DURING the early years of Homestake operations, shaft signaling from the cage tenders to the hoisting engineers was done by mechanical means. Small steel cables or jointed steel rods were suspended in the shaft compartments and counterbalanced with weights or springs. These cables or rod strings were connected to the mechanically operated gongs at the engineers' stations by means of bell cranks and steel wires. The system was simple and economical and served the purpose well until the mine reached a depth of 1000 ft., then the system became slow and cumbersome and required a considerable amount of muscular effort to operate it with much speed, because of the inertia of the heavy moving parts. The mechanical signaling was superseded by a simple electrical system consisting of a single pair of wires in steel conduit for each shaft compartment. In the shaft at each station a pull switch was connected to the wires. The switches were operated by means of bell cords, which extended from station to station. This electrical system was a great improvement over the mechanical one, but it had one serious drawback, which also applied to the older system; namely, the engineer did not know where a signal originated. Later on this signaling was improved to overcome this drawback, and to give the engineer a positive indication of a signal's origin. In this system a separate return wire from each pull switch is carried to an annunciator at the engineer's station, where it indicates the signal's origin. While the annunciator system used by Homestake is very safe and reliable, it has the inherent drawback of all wire-connected systems in that it is impossible to send a signal from a moving cage. A number of years ago Homestake became interested in the possibility of using some sort of radio transmission for shaft signaling. The company did much experimental work with purely radio signal transmission, but no practical way was discovered to use radio transmission in a mine shaft for signaling to or from a cage. Therefore, all efforts were directed to devising a practical way of using the hoisting rope as part of the circuit. It was realized that the return circuit from the rope would need to be through electrostatic coupling between the cage and the earth or ground sides of the shaft, because the guides would not always be wet enough to make possible good electrical contact between the cage and earth, therefore relatively high-frequency alternating current was chosen as the medium of transmission. Soon a practical system was developed for transmitting an electric current from a moving cage over an electric circuit of which the hoisting rope was a part. A high-frequency electric current is used as a carrier to transmit the signals or mes-

Jan 1, 1941

By George W. Mansfield

My plan in this paper is, first, to prove three general points, and then to take up the specific applications of the electric motor to nining work. The three poinb are: 1. The electric system is the simplest method known for transmitting and distributing any amount of energy from one locality to another, irrespective of the intervening distance. 2. The electric system with its applications is not in its infancy.

Jan 1, 1888

By Fredrick C. Kruger

Introduction This surprisingly little-known group of minerals, the nonmetallics, so-called for their lack of metallic luster, is the largest group of the mineral kingdom, and cinstitutes perhaps 75 percent of all mineral species. For the most part, these minerals are compounds of the common acids, oxides, hydroxides, and two elements, carbon and sulfur. The list of the non- metallic minerals, therefore, is very long. It includes the borates, carbonates, chlorides, fluorides, nitrates, phosphates, silicates, sulfates, and less commonly, arsenates, chromates, molybdates, suliides, tungstates, and vanadates, the latter groups, and many of the oxides, being sought principally for their metal content. Those nonmetallics used commercially are generally called the industrial minerals, although in addition this term also includes a considerable group of rocks. The list of industrial minerals and rocks is continually growing as new uses are found, and it now numbers over 300 commodities. The industrial minerals industry has developed since about 1920. There- fore, the development has been fast, and it has been more or less parallel with the development of the art of minerals beneficiation. General Discussion of the Group This group is so heterogeneous that it has defied logical, or widely accepted, classification, whether by origin, composition, or end use, and perhaps for this reason the industrial minerals generally have received short shrift in both teaching and research. Except for those involved with asbestos, cement, fertilizers, gypsum, salt, sand and gravel, few large companies have deigned to enter the field, and consequently most industrial minerals have been developed for the most part by the small operators or entrepreneurs. Yet surprisingly, except for one war year, the nonmetallics have always surpassed the metals in value and tonnage (Fig. 1). One main characteristic that most of the nonmetallics have in common is direct sensitivity to labor and transportation. In other words they are characterized by large bulk and low-unit value, and hence have what might be termed a "place value".

Jan 1, 1971

By Arthur L. Walker

DURING my trip around the world last year, covering a total of 45,000 miles, I saw many things of especial interest from an engineering viewpoint. Sailing from New York, I went through the Panama Canal, down along the west coast of South America, then over the Peruvian and Bolivian Uplands; thence to the celebrated copper mines of Chile; across the Andes, to Buenos Aires, then to Rio Janeiro; across the Atlantic to Lisbon, Portugal; through Spain to the Rio Tinto mines; across southern Europe to Italy; thence to Alexandria and Cairo; up the Nile to Assouan, to Palestine through the Suez Canal, Red Sea and across to Bombay; up to the country of the Moghul Emperors; then to Calcutta, from which point I shipped to Singapore, as having crossed the Equator twice, I wished to shake hands with it again; thence to Shanghai and Pekin; up to the Great Wall of China, back to Nanking and up the Yangtse to Hankow; then back and eastward across the Pacific Ocean. The climatic changes were sudden and severe; there was winter where, for me, it should have been summer and vice versa. The weather man was very kind, however, and until I was near the Aleutian Islands there were only three rainy days in a total of 220.

Jan 1, 1924

By C. M. Young

Wherever salt is extracted from the ground as an artificial brine produced by pumping down fresh water to dissolve the salt, subsidence of the overburden is a possibility, though apparently few cases of such subsidence have been noted and detailed records are wanting. This description is intended as a record of subsidence that may permit the forcasting of similar occurrences in other cases; the data were supplied largely by R. B. Lee, city engineer of Hutchinson, Kans. About eleven years ago, ground movement occurred at a neighboring salt plant, when the surface assumed the form of a shallow funnel. Movement was probably due to a flow of sand into a well through a poor seal or a broken casing. The salt deposit increases in thickness from the east until at Hutchinson, where the subsidence occurred, it is about 310 ft. thick. The interbedded layers of shale vary in thickness from mere traces to about 7 ft. While knowledge of the shale content of the beds is not exact, the log of a shaft 3 miles east of Hutchinson indicates that shale forms about 25 per cent. of the total thickness. This shaft does not reach the bottom of the salt by about 60 ft., but there is no reason to think that the lower part of the bed is different from the upper. Logs of wells sunk to the bottom are not sufficiently detailed to be of much value. Above the salt is the shale of the well-known Red Beds. The thickness of this is variable, principally because of its eroded surface, but at the mine it is 340 ft. This shale is variable in character and strength, but contains no strong members of limestone or sandstone. If the support is removed, very probably it will subside. The Arkansas River flows across the salt district and Hutchinson is situated on the flood plain. Between the top soil, which is about 8 ft. thick, and the shale is 60 to 100 ft. of water-bearing sand and gravel. The process of removing salt, at least in the case of the earlier wells with which we are concerned, is as follows: An 8-in. hole is put down through the sand and gravel by means of a drive pipe, which is bedded in the shale. Prom the top of the shale, a 6411. hole is drilled through the shale, to, or nearly to, the bottom of the salt. Casing is put in to a depth of about 140 ft. to shut off a water-bearing layer in the shale.

Jan 1, 1927

By Carl Lee

CHICAGO in the last week of June fulfilled all its promises to the visiting engineers except one. This holds true with respect to the activities of the Regional Meeting of the A. I. M. E. in particular and of Engineers' Week in general. No one expected to find much of the beautiful in the outward aspects of the Fair-the Century of Progress Exposition, to be more formal; but they expected novelty, color, and startling lighting effects at night, and they were in no sense disappointed. It has been said that the architecture is a portent of the style of the buildings of the future; most who have seen the Fair hope that this forecast will prove inaccurate. As to the exhibits themselves, they are splendid. They are in keeping with the theme of the Exposition-a Century of Progress in science, in engineering, in the industries based upon them. No attempt will be made here even to suggest the exhibits that are most interesting. There are plenty for every one; and any member of the Institute who has the opportunity should by all means visit Chicago before the end of October.

Jan 1, 1933

By Nicholas S. Young

The one million ounce Newrnont Gold loan has focussed attention on gold's new role as a financing vehicle. This paper explains the background of the new role for gold, and details various gold denominated products now available to the mining industry. The discussion highlights the importance of gold-based products, and how they should be used in developing business strategy for gold mining companies. [ ]

Jan 1, 1990

By Bruce A. Kennedy

Lufthansa flight 497 roared down the runway and climbed rapidly through the early morning mist hanging over Pudahuel airport and the city of Santiago, Chile, into the brilliant sunlight above the clouds. As the plane banked onto course for Lima, Peru, we got what was possibly our last look at the beautiful snowclad mountains that ring Santiago. To the northeast was the massive hump of Aconcagua, the highest mountain in the Southern Hemisphere, wreathed in clouds and virtually looming over Rio Blanco, the new mine put into production by Cerro de Pasco just one short year before. Almost a thousand miles to the north lay the massive open pits of Chuquicamata and Exotica, and a little closer to Santiago the El Salvador mine. Behind to the southeast, clinging to the steep slopes of the Andes, was the large and awe-inspiring El Teniente mine at Braden. These mines, once the bastions of such companies as Anaconda and Kennecott, had a new owner-the Government of Chile. On the plane were a number of people who had spent a large part of their lives in Chile operating these mines and plants, and who now were suddenly faced with the necessity of starting new lives somewhere else. To them, this was their last look at the country which not too long ago was their home, a bittersweet moment of reminiscence and a time for questioning what the future held.

Jan 1, 1971

By AIME AIME

The 102d meeting of the Institute was held at the Institute headquarters in the Engineering Societies Building, New York, N. Y., on Feb. 19, 20 and 21, 1912. A Bureau of Information, in charge. of Mr. George Buckman, was maintained during the meeting. The proceedings opened with an informal social meeting on Monday evening, Feb. 19, in Assembly-Room No. 1, on the

Mar 1, 1912