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By Everett Parker

THIS paper describes the methods used to determine the rates of payment for contract work and the plan of contract supervision in the Elm Orlu mine. A discussion of the theory of wages and the eternal question-what is a just wage-are beyond the scope of this article. In the fall of 1920 the Elm Orlu was the largest mine in Butte using the day's pay system of payment for stoping operations. High labor and supply costs and a falling market for the product of the mine made economic mining difficult. The mining method had been changed from the square set stoping to timbered rilling to eliminate most of the shoveling. There was no opportunity to reduce the cost of supplies other than more rigid economy in their use. It was recognized, however, that the labor efficiency was low and that the reduction in costs depended on increasing the output per man. While in general, the low man efficiency was a resultant of the high wages paid and the shortage of men during the war and subsequent period of inflation, it was felt that the contract and bonus system used in the other mines was the main factor in that the most capable and energetic men had been attracted to those mines where more than average skill and dili-gence were recognized by more than average pay.

Jan 1, 1927

By W. W. Dudley

Inflow of ground water is an important engineering and safety consideration during construction of large openings underground. The initial step in predicting groundwater inflow involves hydraulic tests in exploratory drill holes. Zones within the area of interest are isolated in the drill hole by inflatable packers and are tested by measuring the water level responses to applied hydraulic stresses. These responses may then be translated into significant hydraulic characteristics of the tested rocks such as transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, hydraulic potential, and storage coefficient by using a type-curve solution. Once the geometry and necessary hydraulic characteristics have been determined for the rock in the vicinity of the proposed opening, a model can be developed using certain assumptions that will lend itself to treatment with available mathematical methods. The mathematical method applied to the model considers conditions of partial penetration and nonsteady-state, leakyartesian, constant-drawdown discharge of ground water. A type-curve solution results in a curve that gives the variation of discharge (inflow) with time. This technique of predicting ground-water inflow has been used in planning construction of cylindrical chambers for use in underground nuclear experiments by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. These chambers have been constructed in low-permeability rocks at depths as much as 6000 ft and under hydraulic heads of thousands of feet.

Jan 1, 1973

By AIME AIME

THE Western States Joint Convention opened at Denver on Sept. 20, with about 400 registered the first day. Monday was devoted to the American Mining Congress, and the afternoon session was taken up with a discussion of the public land laws of the United States. Hubert Work, Secretary of Interior, and William Spry, Commissioner of the General Land Office, presented a comprehensive review of the origin and operation of the laws and argued against any general change in the system. Charles E. Winter, Congressman from Wyoming, marshalled the arguments in favor of turning over the public lands to the states within which they lie, and George H. Dern, Governor of Utah, presented a well-reasoned argument in favor of allowing the school sections to pass to the states regardless of their mineral or non-mineral character. The debate made it clear that in the West especially, there is strong feeling against any further development of the policy of reserving and leasing the public lands. Tuesday forenoon was devoted to the Silver Producers Association, F. H. Brownell and Charles A. Thomas being the principal speakers, and in the after- noon the American Association of Petroleum Geologists met with Alex. W. McCoy presiding, and Glenn C. Clark, J. V. Howell, and J. W. Beede presenting papers.

Jan 1, 1926

By G. V. Kurdjumou

STAFF: Editor, Gerhard Derge Acting Editor, Paul G. Shewmon Carnegie Institute of Technology Schenley Park Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Editorial Assistant, M. A. Redmerski Production Editor, Otto T. Johnson THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: Karl L. Fetters, President; J. S. Smart, Jr., Past-President; R. C. Cole, Vice President; R. L. Hennebach, Treasurer; R. W. Shearman, Secretary. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE OF THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: W. 0. Phil-brook, Chairman; H. L. Bishop, R. C. Cole, J. N. Hobstetter, W. A. Krivsky, E. R. Morgan, F. C. Langenberg, R. E. Lund, Paul Queneau, L. L. Seigle, R. L. Smith, and T. V. Wainwright. Review and selection of manuscripts is under the supervision of the following Publications Committes: Extractive Metallurgy Division: R. E. Lund, Choirmon; M. E. Wodsworth, Vice Choirmon; D. H. Boker, Jr., G. M. Bell, R. E. Grace, W. A. Krivsky, R. A. Lewis, Chorles O'Neill, A. W. Schlechten, R. E. Shinko~ke~, and W. W. Stephens. Iron and Steel Division: T, V. Wainright, Choir- mon; ti. L. Bishop, R. E. Boni, T. E. Doncy, D. W. Murphy, Johonnes M. Uys, J. B. Wogstaff, ond R. G. Word. Institute of Metals Division: J. N. Hobstetter, Choirmon; P. A. Beck, J. J. Beckar, G. F. Boiling, J. O. Brittain, J. 0. Clark, R. 5. Davis, A. E. Dwight, R. W. Fountain, L. R. Girifolco, J. C. Gurlond, H. S. Kolish, E. L. Harmon, J. J. Heger, A. A. Hendrickson, L. Himmel, J. P. Hirth, H. H. Johnson, Jr., R. R. Nosh, T. N. Rhodin, R. H. Richrnon, H. C. Rogers, W. Rostoker, O. Sherby, C. W. Spencer, L. Slifkin, J. K. Stanley, R. Steinitz, H. C. Stumpf, ond R. Swolin. PuUlished bimonthly by the American lnstitute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., 345 East 47th Street, New York 17, N. Y. Telephone PLaZa 2-6800. Subscription $30 peryear for non-AIME members in United States and North, South, and Central America; $32, foreign; $30peryear$7.50 for AIME members. Single copies, $6.00, single copies foreign, $6.50. The CentralAmerica;AlME is not responsible for any statement made or opinion expressed in its publications ... Copyright 1962 by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. . . . .Copyright.Registered cable address, AIME New York . . . Indexed in Engineering Index, Industrial Arts Index, and Chemical cableaddres .. . AlME class postage paid at New York, N. Y., and Ann Arbor, Mich. Volume 224, Number 3.

Jan 1, 1962

By Morris Cohen

STAFF: Editor, Gerhard Derge Acting Editor, Paul G. Shewmon Carnegie Institute of Technology Schenley Park Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Editorial Assistant, M. A. Redmerski Production Editor, Otto T. Johnson THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: Karl L. Fetters, President; J.S. Smart, Jr., Past-President; R. C. Cole, Vice President; R. L. Hennebach, Treasurer; R. W. Shearman, Secretary. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE OF THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: W. O. Phil-brook, Chairman; H. L. Bishop, R. C. Cole, J. N. Hobstetter, W. A. Krivsky, E. R. Morgan, F. C. Langenberg, R. E. Lund, Paul Queneau, L. L. Seigle, R. L. Smith, and T. V. Wainwright. Review and selection of manuscripts is under the supervision of the following Publicotions Committes: Extractive Metallurgy Division: R. E. Lund, Chairman; M. E. Wadsworth, Vice Chairman; D. H. Baker, Jr., G. M. Bell, R. E. Grace, W. A. Krivsky, R. A. Lewis, Charles O'Neill, A. W. Schlechten, R. E. Shinkoskey, and W. W. Stephens. Iran and Steel Division: T. V. Wainright, Choirman; H. L. Bishop, R. E. Boni, T. E. Dancy, D. W. Murphy, Johannes M. Uys, J. B. Wogstoff, and R. G. Ward. Institute of Metals Division: J. N. Hobstetter, Chairman; P. A. Beck, J. J. Becker, G. F. Bolling, J. 0. Brittain, J. B. Clark, R. S. Davis, A. E. Dwight, R. W. Fountain, L. R. Girifolco, J. C. Gurland, H. S. Kalish, E. L. Harmon, J. J. Heger, A. A. Hendrickson, L. Himmel, J. P. Hirth, H. H. Johnson, Jr., R. R. Nosh, T. N. Rhodin, R. H. Richman, H. C. Rogers, W. Rostoker, C. Sherby, C. W. Spencer, L. Slifkin, J. K. Stanley, R. Steinitz, H. C. Stumpf, and R. Swalin. Published bimonthly by the Americon Institute of Mining, Metallurgicol, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., 345 East 47th Street, New York 17, N. Y. Telephone PLaza 2-6800. Subscription $30 peryear for non-AIME members in United States and North, South, and Centrol America; $32, foreign; $30per$7.50 for AlME members. Single copies, $6.00, single copies foreign, $6.50. The AlME is not responsible for any stotement made or opinion expressed in its publications ... Copyright 1962 by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. . . . Registered cable address, AlME New York . . . Indexed in Engineering Index, Industrial Arts Index, and Chemical Abstracts . . . Second class postage paid at New York, N. Y., and Ann Arbor, Mich. Volume 224, Number 4.

Jan 1, 1962

By S. R. Zimmerley, John Gross

A survey of the status of ore dressing in 19231 placed particular stress on the need of research in the crushing and grinding of ore, especially on the need for a method of measuring the surface of the products obtained in crushing and grinding and for fundamental data on the law of crushing, in order that intelligent conclusions may be drawn from actual crushing or grinding experiments. There has been no satisfactory means of determining the surface of crushed products. The results have been judged entirely by the amount of the various sizes produced, based on sieve sizing for particles above 74 microns in size and on microscopic measurement or elutriation for particles below 74 microns, a method which could give only a general idea of what had been accomplished. The fact that the long controversy between the followers of Kick and of Rittinger has resulted in no accepted conclusion is evidence of the need for fundamental data on the crushing law. Some Methods of Measuring Surface of Particles A dissolution method was used by Wolff to measure surfaces of glass powder. A mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide was the solvent and the amount of glass dissolved in two hours from the powder was compared with that dissolved from a glass plate.2 Lately Herbert F. Kriege has used the dissolution method in determining surface of calcite and limestone.3 Dr. Geoffrey Martin and his coworkers in England have also used a dissolution method to determine surface on quartz. They compared the amount of quartz dissolved from the sample in one hour by a hydrofluoric acid solution with the amount dissolved from a measured quartz

Jan 1, 1930

By John L. Burnett

Manufacture of lightweight concrete aggregate from common shale is one of the most rapidly growing industries in the field of nonmetallic or industrial minerals. Although expanded shale" has been in use since it was developed by Stephen J. Hayde in 1917, it was not until after World War II that it became a substantial competitor with other aggregates. There are some 70 plants now producing this aggregate in the United States, approximately half of them in states west of the Mississippi River. Expanding plants throughout the U. S. are grouped around major urban centers such as Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, and Denver. Concrete made with expanded shale aggregate combines the desirable features of low weight with relatively high strength, making it especially useful in concrete block, in structural concrete for multi-story buildings and in a variety of specialized concrete products such as prestressed panels and beams, and storage tanks. As the cost of construction continues to rise, lightweight concrete will probably be used in increasing quantities because of its low cost relative to the more traditional construction materials such as wood, brick and steel

Jan 1, 1964

By Henry Kreisinger

IN evaluating coals as steaming fuel on the basis of chemical and physical properties of the coals, the only properties that can be used are those for which the methods of determination are well established and standardized, and those that affect all methods of burning the coals in the same way. The discussion is written from the standpoint of the coal consumer. The production of steam is the largest field for the use of coal. It includes stations for generating electric power, central heating plants, industrial power plants where steam is used for power generation, factory processes and heating. The field also includes steam locomotives. Small house-heating boilers are not included in this field because such small boilers generally burn specially prepared domestic fuel. The plants using the steam coal are equipped to burn the coal when fired by one of the three general methods: namely, hand, stoker, and pulverized coal. The hand firing is now restricted to small plants and to locomotives. Central stations and larger industrial plants use either stoker or pulverized-coal firing. Some locomotives also use stokers. Pulverized-coal firing has been tried in locomotives but so far its adapta-tion to this use has been handicapped by practical difficulties. The coals used for steaming purposes are generally of the bituminous and semibituminous classes, with volatile matter ranging from 15 to 35 per cent. Coals belonging to these classes are produced in many parts of the United States and form by far the largest part of the total coal production of the country. The value of any coal as fuel for steaming purposes depends on the following factors

Jan 1, 1935

By John V. Beall

It is difficult to understand why they did it. It was a demonstration of total commitment which sent chills of mixed admiration and fear up and down your spine. The scene was the bodega in Section A, 2660 Level on the 12 to 8 shift. The jefe was patiently waiting for the tea leaves to settle in a large metal cup. His attention was distracted by the appearance of a miner who had a problem. The long and short of it was that the miner believed the branch raise he was driving was unsafe and he wanted the jefe to come and see it. After lunch the jefe went around. First cautiously shining his light to peer up the raise from outside the chute, he then scrambled inside and swiftly climbed the cribs to the face. No question, it was hairy; about 4 crib sets were needed to catch up to the face. The unsupported raise was slabbing. It didn't take the jefe more than a few seconds to ascertain this situation and to slide back down. As he came out of the chute, a small avalanche arrived on his heels and provided a sort of exclamation point to his order; "cerrado!" In other words, shut 'er down.

Jan 1, 1970

WILLIAM YOUNG WESTERVELT, Chairman, Representing A. T. M. E. and M. and M. Soc. of Am. ALFRED G. WHITE, Secretary, Representing U. S. Bureau of Mines. W. 0. HOTCHKISS, Representing Association of American State Geologists. DAVID WHITE, Representing U. S. Geological Survey. The organization and purpose of the War Minerals Committee was explained in a special war notice in the-August Bulletin. The first work of this Committee is to secure and condense information as to the relative importance of different properties from the standpoint of domestic mineral production. When the possibilities of ore deposits are known, involving, in some cases, further examination through the voluntary services of, Engineers and Geologists, then the necessary policy required to stimulate such development can be determined. Proper recommendation has been and will be made to .the various agencies controlling the situation during the war. This will insure a complete presentation of the needs of the situation. Every legitimate effort will be made to stimulate the production of domestic minerals and to put the industries on a permanent basis. The following information forms indicate the type of information required by the Committee. Engineers and Geologists can assist in one of several ways in furnishing information to the War Minerals Committee:

Jan 10, 1917

IT is difficult to judge how much influence the success attained during its first year, 186465, by the School of Mines at Columbia had on developments in education for the mineral industry elsewhere in the immediately subsequent years. The facts are as follows: 1. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology began giving instruction in February 1865, with a mining course included in its curriculum. 2. Early in 1865 the faculty of the Department of Science, Literature and the Arts of the University of Michigan requested permission from the Regents to establish "a course of study to be called the School of Mines . . . Also that the degree of Mining Engineering be conferred on students who should complete the course of study prescribed in the same." A resolution authorizing this was adopted by the Regents on March 28, 1865. 3. Samuel Hooper endowed a Sturgis-Hooper professorship of geology at Harvard in 1865 with the intention of making it a nucleus of a new School of Practical Mining and Geology. 4. Yale appointed Alfred P. Rockwell professor of mining in 1865. 5. Lafayette College appointed Henry S. Osborn professor of mining and metallurgy in 1865. 6. Washington College (as Washington and Lee was then known), rising out of the ashes of Civil War destruction, made a fresh start in 1865, with General Lee as its president, and offered a mining course in the first catalogue thereafter published. 7. Lehigh University, founded in 1866, had a mining curriculum from its beginning. 8. Rensselaer Polytechnic began offering a curriculum in mining and metallurgical engineering in 1867. It would be natural to suppose that these events were a reaction to the success of the school at Columbia, and possibly they

Jan 1, 1941

By AIME AIME

C. H. BENEDICT, chief metallurgist of the Calumet and Hecla Consolidated Copper Co., has pioneered for nearly half a century. Noted for his ammonia leaching process, lie has Iong been responsible for all Calumet and Hecla mill, concentrator, and reclaination plant flowsheets. His influence has spread far beyond his own organization. lie is dean of Lake Superior metallurgists and has contributed greatly toward raising his specialty-the country over-to an honored profession; not merely an honored profession but a profitable one for industry and the public. The leaching process which he developed in 1912 has, since 1915, produced for Calumet and Hecla 250,000 tons of copper from waste tailings at a cost per pound, in 1929, below five cents. It has yielded profits of $35,000,000. In the war just ended, this process proved the only one adaptable to the recovery of copper from gilding-metal¬clad steel strip, and Calumet and Hecla treated more than 50,000 tons of such scrap for the Government.

Jan 1, 1945

By LUDWIG VOGELSTEIN

WE are indebted to Mr. Barbour for his valuable contribution to the literature on copper statistics; it is to my knowledge the only intelligent attempt to throw light on a much misunderstood subject. If I should appear to criticize some of his findings and arguments, I do not want to leave the impression that I do not appreciate the article; I think Mr. Barbour has been painstaking, and even where one might not agree with his conclusions, he has opened our eyes and stimulated us in our search for the truth.' It might be well to define the term "secondary copper" and to make a few remarks about the origin and the reasons for the variation of the supply. Mr. Barbour has touched on these points, but not sufficiently to make them clear to those not in the business.

Jan 1, 1931

By H. Foster Bain

Probably no more significant change has come into the lives of men in the past two hundred years than their shift from major dependence on plants and animals to major dependence on minerals. From the dawn of history, nay from long before that dawn, food and clothing had been man's main concern. The wandering of the tribes in pastoral ages was in search of grass for their cattle; the patient work of the "man with the hoe" has ever been to supply food for himself and family and if he accomplished so much he had little strength, energy, or ambition for other things. The great civilizations of the past arose in the fertile valleys where food supply was abundant or on shores where by grace of the wind and primitive wooden ships food could, if needed, be imported. Provision for the "seven lean years" by storing the abundance of the seven fat years was long held up as the highest example of statesmanship and the ambitions of the Roman populace did not go beyond bread and circuses, the former the product of a plant and the latter involving essentially contests of men and other animals. Through all those centuries of want, misery, and warfare it was, for example, an axiom that "an army fights oh its belly." Now an army rides to the battle line in trucks; its members stand up and fight with tons and tons of metal and other minerals. Food supply is assumed, and rightly so, for in this modern world of ours shortage of food is chargeable at once to poor organization or deficiency of transport. The areas in which famines occur are those in which the one or the other

Jan 1, 1932

SEC. 1. The membership of the Institute shall comprise six classes, namely: 1. Members; 2. Honorary Members; 3. Senior Members; 4. Associates; 5. Junior Members; 6, Rocky Mountain Members. All shall be equally entitled to the privileges of membership, excepting that no member of any class whose residence shall be outside of the United States of America, except those residing in Mexico and Canada, shall be entitled to vote. SEC. 2. Members: A person to be eligible for election or transfer into the class of Member must be at least 27 years of age and must have had at least six years' employment in the practice of engineering, mining, geology, metallurgy, or chemistry, during at least three years of which he must have held positions of responsibility in one or more of these fields. This shall not apply to Rocky Mountain members. SEC. 3. Honorary Members: Each candidate for Honorary Membership must be recommended by at least ten Members and must be elected by ballot at a meeting of the Board of Directors by the unanimous vote of the Directors present; provided, however, that the number of Honorary Members shall at no time exceed twenty. Such election shall automatically act as a transfer of such member from any other class of membership to which he may belong. SEC. 4. Senior Members: The Directors may in their discretion place on the Honor Roll of Senior Members and transfer from any other class of membership other than Honorary Membership the name of any Member or Associate who has reached the age of seventy years and who has paid dues for thirty years, and for good reasons in • special cases may vary the age or number of years. SEC. 5. Junior Members: A person to be eligible for election to the class of Junior Member must be qualified through education or experience to hold a subordinate position in engineering, mining, metallurgical, geological or chemical work. He shall be not more than twenty-seven years of age at the time of election. The rights of the present Junior Associates shall continue until the same expire by limitation of time. SEC. 6. Associates: A person eligible for election or transfer into the class of Associate shall be one, who, in the opinion of the Committee on Admissions and the Board of Directors, is suitable for such election or transfer by reason of his interest in or connection with mining, geology, metallurgy, or chemistry. SEC. 7. Rocky Mountain Members: Membership in a special class of life memberships without annual or other dues and without right to receive the printed literature distributed to other members or the right and privilege of wearing the official badge of technical members, is given to all members of the Rocky Mountain Club at the time of consolidation. These special Rocky Mountain memberships shall be claimable by any member of the Rocky Mountain Club, not already a member of the Institute,

Jan 1, 1929

By F. S. Peabody

ANYTHING that may be said about "too much coal" must seem rather incongruous just at this time when two-thirds of the mines in the United States have been idle for nearly four months and a temporary coal shortage looms as more and more of a possibility. It is the purpose of this article, however, to deal primarily with the fundamental ills of the bituminous-coal industry, which, when summed up, can be expressed in one word-overdevelopment. During recent years the bituminous-coal industry in the United States has been seldom, almost never, in a state of normal business health with production run-ning evenly, prices steady and the market absorbing the output from week to week. There has been either a condition of feverish activity or apathetic sluggish-ness. We have had, for example, the intense strain on production during the war years with heatless days and lightless nights, followed by the slump late in 1918 which lasted through the greater part of 1919 when coal was a drug on the market. Then came the panicky demand of 1920. Competitive buying forced prices up to the highest levels in history. This demand in turn fell off suddenly in November, 1920, and the market remained apparently paralyzed all through 1921. During the latter year, lack of buying forced intermit-tent suspension of mining in all fields and prices averaged less than actual cost of production.

Jan 8, 1922

By Thomas S. Carnahan

The mining property of the Utah Copper Co. is situated in the West Mountain mining district, Salt Lake County;Utah, in the Oquirrh Range of mountains. Geology In a general way the rock formation of the district consists of a series of beds of quartzite and limestone intruded by a body of monzonite porphyry roughly elliptical in shape, with an east-west axis over a mile in length and a north-south axis of about 3,000 ft. This porphyry intrusion, accompanied by strong mineralizing action and fracturing, resulted in the formation of orebodies in the adjacent sedimentary rocks, and was itself sufficiently mineralized to make it one vast orebody. The Utah Copper Co.'s mining property comprises within its boundaries practically the entire outcrop of the monzonite mass, of a commercial grade. Genesis of Porphyry Ore Following an intricate system of fracturing, mineral solutions circulated freely through the porphyry, depositing small quantities of copper and iron, and resulting in a considerable silicification of the monzonite. The quantity of copper originally deposited was undoubtedly too small to have ever given the porphyry a commercial value, had not secondary enrichment, due to the leaching of the copper from the surface of the mass and re-deposition in the sulphide zone, been active over a long period of years. A large portion of the leached material has probably been removed by erosion, but there still remains a blanket of leached and oxidized porphyry of varying thickness covering the sulphide ore, known as capping. Over certain sections of the orebody, this capping contains commercial quantities of copper carbonates, but most of it contains little or no copper.

Jan 1, 1916

By Robert S. Shoemaker

Receiving the Richards Award is undoubtedly the most memorable event in my entire life. There should, however, be more names engraved on it. These are the names of men who were my teachers (but not all of the academic variety) and my friends, each of whom had a part in my ever continuing education and thus have a part of this award. There was Bill Caldwell who made me into a chemist, and Will Shorey who added a lot of ore dressing. There was Rush Spedden who put me to work in his minerals research lab, Joe Brennan who made me turn my research into plant practice, and Tom Meek who sent me all over the world on metallurgical jobs. Bob Cheatham and Abe Dor taught me to try to give the client what he needs rather than what he wants, while Ed Malouf and Casey Davis always gave their particular brand of advice at exactly the right time. And, lastly, there was Leo Abell and Frank McQuiston, both fine metallurgists and the best friends a man could have. In addition to those I have mentioned, there are literally scores of others I would like to acknowledge with my sincere appreciation.

Jan 6, 1974

By N. J. Grant, C. Stein

A more complete determination of the chromium-rich portion of the Cr-Ni phase diagram was made, based in part on resistivity measurements. The existence of a eutectoid reaction at 1215°C,made,based in addition to the previously reported eutectic reaction at 1343°C, was confirmed. Metallographic studies, lineal analysis, and diffusion-couple evidence were utilized to support Metallographicand extend the findings of the resistivity measurements. Delineation of the a chromium solvus line shows that the maximum solubility of nickel in a chromium decreases rapidly from 25 wt pct Ni at the eutectoid temperature to 16 wt pct. Ni at 950°C. IN recent years alloys of high chromium and nickel content have become of more interest as better performance of metals at higher temperatures is sought. It has become increasingly important, therefore, that the Cr-Ni binary diagram, which is composed of two of the elements commonly found in many high temperature alloys, be known more accurately. In particular, the chromium-rich portion of this diagram has for a long time remained incompletely determined and has been reported in the literature with a great deal of conflicting evidence. In general, electrolytic chromium of nominal purity was used by most of the earlier workers, who, except for Jenkins et al., made no further attempt to purify the metal. In the present redetermination of the chromium-rich portion of the Cr-Ni phase diagram, every effort was made to use the purest component metals available and to retain this purity throughout the preparation of the alloys and their subsequent handling. Early work by Voss, Bain," and Phebus and Blake4 indicated that the Ni-Cr binary diagram was a simple eutectic system with rather extensive terminal solid solutions. Later, Nishigori and Hamasumi," Tasaki, Weaver and Jellinghaus,' Matsunaga, and Jette, Nordstrom, Queneau, and Foote attempted to determine the limits of the phase fields. Except for Jette and coworkers, the other investigators agreed that the temperature of the eutectic reaction occurred between 1320" and 1340°C and at a composition of 50 or 51 pct Cr. There was, however, considerable disagreement as to the melting point of the chromium-rich alloys and the limits of the solid-solution fields. As a result of the studies of Jenkins et al., the liquidus and solidus curves up to 80 and 90 pct Cr, respectively, were outlined. In addition, the solid-solution phase fields at higher temperatures had been investigated and showed only two phases. The boundary of the chromium-rich a phase was not determined precisely according to these authors, but indications were that it tended to confirm the earlier work of Nishigori and Hamasumi. A more recent investigation by Taylor and Floyd,'" using X-ray methods, essentially corroborated the diagrams proposed by Jenkins et al., and by Wise and Eash (see Fig. 1). Again, no indication of a third phase in the chromium-rich portion of the diagram appeared. The earlier observations, however, are not substantiated by the modifications to the Ni-Cr binary diagram proposed by Bloom and Grant." In the investigation carried out by Bloom and Grant, X-ray methods showed that an eutectoid reaction existed at approximately 1180°C, in addition to the eutectic reaction at 1343°C (see Fig. 1). Their determination of the melting point of pure chromium was 1930°C (later revised to 1903"C)." Experimental Procedure and Results The chromium used for this study was electrolytic chromium, made available by the United States

Jan 1, 1956

Dr. Rossiter W. Raymond, Past President, Honorary Member, and Secretary Emeritus, died suddenly of heart failure at his home, 123 Henry St., Brooklyn, N. Y., on the evening of Tuesday, Dec. 31, 1918. -He is survived by his' wife and daughter. He was one of the founders of the Institute and its second President, his genius was the Institute's guiding spirit for 47 years. Dr. Raymond was one of the most versatile men of the day; an able mining engineer; brilliant professional writer; an editor of the first rank and an acknowledged authority on matters of literary style; a creator in the fields of fiction, children's stories, poetry and music; for more than 50 years the superintendent of Plymouth Church Sunday School. He will be revered by thousands as a loyal friend, generous giver, and admired colleague. His passing marks an epoch in mining and metallurgical literature. A memorial service will he held in the Auditorium of the-Institute Headquarters on Monday, Feb. 17, 1919, at 4.30 P.M.

Jan 2, 1919