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By Frederick M. Becket

SHORTLY after the Armistice there appeared a few references to numerous attempts that had been made to produce steel without the aid of manganese, or at least with manganese in abnormally low percentage. Some years later, during two consecutive days of train travel, I had excellent opportunity to read Sir Robert Hadfield's book, entitled "Metallurgy-Its Influence on Modern Progress," and also his paper, "The Metal Manganese and Its Properties : Also the Production of Ferro-Manganese and Its History," presented at the spring meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute, 1927. Both the book and the paper are most interesting historically to makers of alloy steels and

Jan 1, 1931

Illinois State Geological Survey, 305 Ceramics bldg, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill M M Leighton, Chief A catalogue of the publications on the geology and mines of Illinois has recently been issued and will be sent upon request This index is a complete reference on the coal, coal fields and geology of the state and lists (with prices) the great number of Bulletins, Reports of Investigations, Press Bulletins, Monographs and the Educational Series of the state Geological Survey as well as publications of other agencies pertaining to the same subjects Of the several series offered by the state Geological Survey, probably the Bulletins are of most general interest A number of those available deal with the geology and geography or mineral

Jan 1, 1933

During the year 1915 the Committee received 161 manuscripts, which were treated as follows: 3 accepted for. New York Meeting (110th) . 64 accepted for San Francisco Meeting (111th) 49 accepted for New York Meeting (112th) 3 accepted for Arizona Meeting (113th) 29 rejected 4 returned to authors for revision and not yet accepted 9 in committee. 161 Every paper which was presented at the San Francisco Meeting was published in advance in the Bulletin with one exception. The work of the Committee has been systematized and. the Executive Committee of the Committee on Papers and Publications has given prompt attention to all manuscripts, with the result that every paper received by the Committee on Papers and Publications is in the hands of the, printer within 30 days thereafter, unless delays occur owing to questions as to acceptability, in obtaining from the author permission for revision, or other like causes.

Jan 2, 1916

By T. M. Anderson

From the start of production in 1915 until 1948, underground block caving operations accounted for all of the ore production of Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co. Open pit development work began in 1947, and ore production from the open pit commenced in March 1948. Thus began the transition from underground to open pit mining which continued until August 1954. Since then, open pit mining has accounted for all ore production which presently averages 105,000 tons of ore and 75,000 tons of waste rock each week. Open pit mining operations at Inspiration is carried on in two separate pits-the Live Oak Pit and the Thornton Pit. The Live Oak Pit covers an area of approximately 1500x3000 ft and the Thornton Pit, 2500x2000 ft. The geographic centers of the two pits are 4000 ft apart and, at their nearest point, the surface slopes are 500 ft apart.

Jan 1, 1961

By E. P. Mathewson

W. W. (Pop) Adams' contribution is short and to the point. "I went to Pueblo about March, 1881, and started working for the Pueblo Smelting & Refining Co. in the sampling room, going from there to the assay and chemical departments, and ending in charge of the lead refinery on the night shift. I was there about two years, returning to California in 1883. The plant was under the management of Mather and Geist, plus Charley Ballard; Herman Schlapp was the metallurgist. Herman Schlapp's name remains prominently in my recollection of Pueblo for his never-failing kindness and charity to the young men who were trying to learn the Pb. game. John Allen, Walter Koehler, George Westcott, Charley Molson, and Alfred de Ropp were there with me. Schlapp and Koehler I have never seen since I left Pueblo; the others I have met often. , Alfred de Ropp I have often met-here, as he was manager of the Selby Smelting & Lead Co. of San Francisco, for years. 'He tells me that I gave him the rudiments. of American profanity at Pueblo; an apt pupil, for since then, by his own efforts, he has added largely to his vocabulary..

Jan 12, 1923

By John Chipman, Theodore B. Winkler

In order to understand more fully the complexities of the reactions occurring between the liquid steel and the slag in the basic open-hearth steelmaking furnace, investigations in this country and. abroad have turned to laboratory equilibrium studies. This paper is one of a series of reports on investigations being conducted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The experimental work was completed early in 1942. The slag systems found in the basic open hearth are very complex, being made up of at least eight major components and as many others whose effect might be classified as minor. The first two papers of the series, by Fetters and Chipman,l,2 as well as the paper by Taylor and Chip-man,3 dealt with the simplest possible slag system that would resemble those found in the basic ope), hearth—the slag system consisting of CaO-MgO2-SiOz-FeO. (Taylor's rotating induction furnace eliminated the necessity of contamination of the slag by MgO.) Having arrived at some reasonable conclusions regarding the physical chemis- try of the reactions between molten iron and the simple slags at equilibrium, the next step was to investigate more complex slag systems. The major purpose of the present investigation was to determine what factors control the distribution of phosphorus between molten iron and the more complex basic slags at equilibrium, and to what extent these factors are influential. The slags used contained CaO, MgO, SiO2, FeO, Fe2O3, P2O6, MnO, Al2O3 and CaF2, but not all of the slag samples contained all of these components at one time. Review of Literature Although a number of interesting papers have been published on the subject of dephosphorization of an iron bath, there are as yet no results from laboratory studies that give thoroughly reliable information on the dephosphorization reaction. Even for the supposedly simple Fe-O-P system involving iron-phosphorus melts and iron oxide-iron phosphate slags, the experimental results are contradictory and no formulas have been established that adequately fit the equilibrium conditions. The Fe-O-P system has been studied by Schackmann and Krings,4 von Samson-Himmelstjerna,6 Oelsen and Maetz,6 Bischof and Maurer,7 Diepschlag and Schürmann,8 and Herty,9 and the results of their investigations appear in Table I. A number of different equilibrium constants and distribution . Ratios

Jan 1, 1947

By Theodore B. Winkler, John Chipman

In order to understand more fully the complexities of the reactions occurring between the liquid steel and the slag in the basic open-hearth steelmaking furnace, investigations in this country and. abroad have turned to laboratory equilibrium studies. This paper is one of a series of reports on investigations being conducted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The experimental work was completed early in 1942. The slag systems found in the basic open hearth are very complex, being made up of at least eight major components and as many others whose effect might be classified as minor. The first two papers of the series, by Fetters and Chipman,l,2 as well as the paper by Taylor and Chip-man,3 dealt with the simplest possible slag system that would resemble those found in the basic ope), hearth—the slag system consisting of CaO-MgO2-SiOz-FeO. (Taylor's rotating induction furnace eliminated the necessity of contamination of the slag by MgO.) Having arrived at some reasonable conclusions regarding the physical chemis- try of the reactions between molten iron and the simple slags at equilibrium, the next step was to investigate more complex slag systems. The major purpose of the present investigation was to determine what factors control the distribution of phosphorus between molten iron and the more complex basic slags at equilibrium, and to what extent these factors are influential. The slags used contained CaO, MgO, SiO2, FeO, Fe2O3, P2O6, MnO, Al2O3 and CaF2, but not all of the slag samples contained all of these components at one time. Review of Literature Although a number of interesting papers have been published on the subject of dephosphorization of an iron bath, there are as yet no results from laboratory studies that give thoroughly reliable information on the dephosphorization reaction. Even for the supposedly simple Fe-O-P system involving iron-phosphorus melts and iron oxide-iron phosphate slags, the experimental results are contradictory and no formulas have been established that adequately fit the equilibrium conditions. The Fe-O-P system has been studied by Schackmann and Krings,4 von Samson-Himmelstjerna,6 Oelsen and Maetz,6 Bischof and Maurer,7 Diepschlag and Schürmann,8 and Herty,9 and the results of their investigations appear in Table I. A number of different equilibrium constants and distribution . Ratios

Jan 1, 1947

By L. E. Young

The progress of mineral industry education will be limited to the period prior to World War II and will be considered as primarily a division of engineering education. Its relation to progress in the mineral industry and to the activities of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers will be emphasized. The history of mineral industry education has been recorded most completely and authoritatively by Dr. T. T. Read in his recent volume in the Seeley W. Mudd Series of American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers publications, entitled, The Development of Mineral Industry Education in the United States. Therefore, most of the historical details will be omitted from the discussion and an effort will be made to point out significant developments and to analyze trends. Introductory Statement and Significant Points in Progress Among the significant points in the development of mineral industry education in the United States since 1871, the following deserve particular mention: 1. The number of institutions offering undergraduate instruction has increased, particularly during the years 1890 to 1925; the number of students enrolled in undergraduate study has increased greatly, largely on account of the development of courses in petroleum engineering and increasing interest in metallurgy. 2. The selection of students to be admitted to undergraduate courses has been improved through the advisement, counseling, and guidance programs sponsored by the Engineers' Council for Professional Development. 3. Improved instruction methods all the training of the teaching staff have been promoted by the educational institutions themselves, but with the most effective stimulus and guidance of the American Society for Engineering Education and the Engineers' Council for Professional Development. 4. The accrediting of undergraduate curricula through the Engineers' Council for Professional Development, consitlering both qualitative and quantitative criteria, has done much to improve standards of instruction in engineering education for thc mineral industry. 5. Undergraduate curricula and courses are revised currently to meet the needs of the American mineral industry. New curricula are developed currently to permit specialization in technical fields, particularly in the fourth year of undergraduate work. 6. There has been a strengthening of the fundamental courses in mathematics, physics, mechanics, and chemistry, and at the same time these courses are being adapted to the most recent developments in the industry, including metallurgy, geophysics. petroleum engineering, petroleum technology, ceramics and SO forth. 7' There has been continuing improvement in plant and laboratory facilities of the educational institutions.

Jan 1, 1949

By George W. Toth

This paper describes the features of a computer cost model developed to estimate requirements and costs of individual coal mining projects. Detailed cost analysis procedures for both coal mining and preparation are incorporated into the model. This model has been developed over a period of seven years through funding provided by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). The model follows a process engineering approach for the estimation of all project capital and operating costs. A discounted cash flow analysis procedure is also designed into the model to allow for the solution of cost/ton or cost/MMBtu of clean coal production. The model can be applied to most surface or underground mining deposits and can accommodate a wide variety of coal washing situations. This flexibility makes the model a particularly useful tool for preliminary project analysis, property screening, investment analysis, mining technology assessment, coal cleaning level assessment, and general property valuation.

Jan 1, 1983

By G. M. Ritcey

Sulphuric acid leaching has been up to the present, the most popular of the leaching routes. Oxide ores are usually leached with sulphuric acid directly by dump leaching, as practiced at the Bagdad or Bluebird Mines in Arizona, or by vat leaching as done at Inspiration Mining in Arizona. Upgrading of the low-grade oxide ores by dump leaching followed by cementation of the copper from solution by scrap iron has been replaced by the leaching-solvent extraction-electrowinning route which results in a high purity product at the mill site at reduced production costs compared to previous practice. High-grade oxide ores, vat leached with H2SO4, can contain, for example, 25 g Cu/l and 25 g H2S04/,l, or higher concentrations of both, and are presently fed directly to electrorefining plants. Advantages of coupling solvent extraction-electrowinning with the low cost dump leaching instead of using cementation, are as follows (1): a) the production of high purity electrolytic copper rather than cement copper;

Jan 1, 1978

PURPOSE OF UPDATED ESTIMATE FOR MINERAL INVENTORY BLOCKS During the production stage of an open pit porphyry copper mine it was observed that the expected production grade, as determined from the block inventory estimates, often differed greatly from the head grade of ore delivered to the mill. It was determined that, for purposes of production scheduling and monthly forecasting, better in situ grade estimates for mining blocks were necessary. Because all of the bench blastholes were being sampled, and periodic holes were being drilled into the next underlying bench, much more sample data existed than was being used for estimating the grade of nearby mining blocks. It was reasoned that, by periodically updating the mineral inventory block file over the benches scheduled for mining in the next time period using all existing data, better estimates and forecasts for production grade could be made. BLASTHOLE SAMPLE DATA MANAGEMENT The collars of all blastholes in each mined bench were surveyed and assays run on the cuttings representing the full 12-m (40-ft) bench height. The blastholes range from about 5 to 6 m (16 to 19 ft) apart along the front of the bench as well as perpendicular to the front. Overbreakage often left larger spacings between successive blasts. Fig. 17-1 is a plan map of blastholes on a typical mine bench. All blasthole data were keypunched to a format resembling that of the 12-m (40-ft) composite assay data file as follows: [Collar Coordinates Compite Assoy Hole ID Northing East Elewotion Total Copper Oxide Copper] Because of the many blasthole samples available, and in order not to use excessive computer time for running kriged estimates for 30.5 X 30.5 X 12-m (100 X 100 X 40 ft) blocks adjacent to and beneath the mined area, the decision was made to average all the blastholes falling with each 15.2 X 15.2-m (50 X 50-ft) mined block, and use the mean value of the samples as a regionalized variable for purposes of assigning kriged estimates and estimation variance to adjacent unmined blocks. In other words, instead of using individual blasthole samples for making kriged estimates, the holes were grouped by blocks and assay values were averaged and assigned to the centroid of the holes within the block, which was then treated as a single regional variable for purposes of kriging. See Fig. 17-2. VARIOGRAM COMPUTATIONS AND KRlGlNG RESULTS With the many blasthole samples it was possible to compute directional and vertical experimental variograms for both sulfide and nonsulfide copper assays falling within the enriched mineral zone for the full 12-m (40-ft) sample support. Due to the close spaced drilling, excellent definition of the experimental variograms was possible, and the spherical model exhibited good fits. A three-dimensional kriging program was then run over the two or three mine benches involved in the inventory update, and estimated grades reassigned to all mining blocks falling within the range of the new blasthole assay data according to the anisotropisms of the deposit. Better confidence limits could then be assigned to scheduled mining blocks and better short- range forecasts made. An interactive kriging computer program was also applied for the purpose of determining the kriging variance or estimation of error for larger, irregular mining blocks representing the monthly production from a particular bench. The interactive program permitted the operator to enter the limits of the irregular block onto the screen of a cathode ray tube (CRT) as a series of points around the perimeter of individual gridded blocks making up the larger irregular block. The computer then was programmed to calculate the kriging variance of the larger block using all samples fall- ing within range. Thus the limits of estimated grade could be established at any confidence level. Fig. 17-3 illustrates the output from the interactive kriging program showing the sample points entering into the grade and kriging variance computations, and also the kriging coefficient assigned by the computer to each sample.

Jan 1, 1980

By J. Federico Price, Joseph E. Aparicio

This paper describes the production of a specific iron oxide pellet that has given very good and consistent results as feedstock for HYC-Process Direct Reduction Plants. The sponge iron originated from these pellets has been used for the economic production of almost 15 Mt of low carbon steel via electric arc furnace meltshops. An overview of mining, beneficiation, pelletizing, direct reduction and steelmaking for this case is given with emphasis on the charactertitics of the self-fluxing oxide pellets.

Jan 1, 1982

By Charles R. Keyes

PAGE. I Introduction,........674 11. Occurrence............ 676 III. Geology of Death Valley BoRate-Region,....677 1. Surface.Relief ......677 2. Geologic Formations,....680 3. Geotectonics,..684 IV. FURnace Canyon Deposits..686 1. General Features..686 2. Geologic Structure..688 3. Ores.....690 4. Typical Section ...691 V. Lost Valley Deposits...693 VI. Mojave Desert Deposits..693 1. Distribution....693 2. Geologic Structure ........694 3. Ores............ 696 VII. Santa Clara Valley Deposits .699 1. Distribution....699 2. Geologic Structure..700 3. Ores.....700 VIII. Ventura County Deposits..701 IX. Geologic Occurrence of Borax .701 1. Original Sources...701 2. Solfataric Borax...702 3. Lacustrine Borax...703 4. Marsh Borax....703 5. Terranal Borax...704 X. Chemistry of Natural Borates.... 705 1. General Considerations.....705 2. Composition of Saline Waters...706 3. Solubility of Components....707 4. Time-Element in Water.Concentrations . 707 5. Effect of Temperature.....708 6. Effect of Pressure......709 XI. Occurrence of Other Commercial Salines,.... 709 I. Introduction. A complete transforrnation has taken place in the borax industry during the year 1908. A most remarkable factor in

Jan 1, 1910

By Magnus Troilius

The heat-calculations of gas-analyses involve cumbrous multiplications, which are apt to lead into errors. The foliowing tables and formulae have been found useful as facilitating such calculations, and therefore I hope that they will be of interest to some of the members. By "heat-unit" will, in the following, be understood the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water l° Cent. All the tables refer to cubic meters at O0 and 760 mm. pressure. The following gas is chosen as an example: C02, - 4.0 vol. per cent. co, = 20.0 " CHI, - 3.5 " H, - 7.0 " N, - 65.5 " " 100.0

Jan 1, 1884

By Kazutami Imai

Effects of heavy metal ions on the growth and the activities of iron and sulfur oxidation of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans were investigated. Mercuric, silver, and stannous ions inhibited both of the growth and the iron- oxidizing enzyme system of the bacterium. On the other hand, uranyl ion inhibited the growth, but it gave almost no effect on the iron-oxidizing enzyme system. The inhibitory effect of uranyl sulfate on the growth of the bacterium is intensified on lowering the cultivating ' temperature from 28 ºC to 7 ºC. In the concentration of 10-3M, cadmium and copper ions inhibited colloidal sulfur-oxidizing activity of the cells 69 and 52 %, respectively, though they did not inhibit the iron-oxidizing activity at all in the concentration. On the contrary, stannous chloride did not givr any effect on the sulfur-oxidizing activity of the cells, though it inhibited the iron-oxidizing activity 55 % in the concentration of 10-3M. Several differences were observed among the cytochrome systems of cell-free extracts of the cells grown on iron and on sulfur.

Jan 1, 1976

By F. M. Walters

IN order to isolate the effect of an element on some property of an alloy, the effect of the other alloying elements must be elimi- [ ] nated, either by reducing their quantity to the extent that they may be neglected or by determining the specific effect of each. The success of Grossmann1 in calculating [ ] hardenability from chemical composition by means of factors suggested such a

Jan 1, 1942

By Paul Averitt

The U. S. Geological Survey has been actively engaged in work on coal for more than 50 years. During this long period we have released more than 300 publications containing information about coal and coal reserves, including details on the thickness, distribution, and quality of coal, and the structure and stratigraphy of the coal-bearing rocks. We have also cooperated with state surveys on many similar publications. For many areas these reports are the only reliable published data on our resources of coal. During the last several years we have substantially increased our activities above the wartime low. We now have field work in progress, or reports in preparation, on 13 detailed mapping projects distributed as follows: 1. Pennsylvania anthracite field 2. Casselman Basin, Md. 3. Leslie County, Ky. 4. Deep River field, N. C. 5. Coosa field, Ala. 6. Powder River field, Mont. 7. Spotted Horse field, Wyo. 8. Yampa field, Colo. 9. Paonia field, Colo. 10. Trinidad field, Colo. 11. Durango field, Colo. 12. Chaco River area, N. M. 13. Lewis and Thurston County fields, Wash. For two of these areas; the Paonia field, Colo., and the Coosa field, Ala., we have published recently preliminary reports, and final reports are in preparation. In addition, we are nearing completion of a coal reserve study of Montana, and are beginning similar studies in several other states, as part of a program of revising our estimate of national coal resources on the basis of presently available data. Factors Involved in Making Estimates Our responsibilities include detailed field mapping to secure information on areas of outcrop of coal beds, their range in thickness, nature of roof rock, amount of overburden, correlation of the beds, stratigraphy and structure of the coal-bearing rocks, and the preparation of coal reserve figures based on these data. The computation and estimation of resources of coal in the ground, like that of resources of other mineral commodities, involves consideration of many additional purely geological factors that can be appraised best through such regional studies. Regional variations in the thickness and texture of rocks overlying and underlying coal beds, for example, give evidence as to the probable position of the edges of the basin of coal deposition, or may aid in the delineation of sand-filled channels that sometimes cut out coal beds. It is apparent that the detailed field studies, in which data are gathered, are the basis for coal reserve studies, and in our present program these two phases of work are being carried on together. Previous Coal Reserve Estimates For many years we have been aware

Jan 1, 1950

By W. C. Kerr

WHEN Agassiz and his party of geologists commenced their exploration of the interior of Brazil and the Amazon region, one of the first and, to the last, one of the most novel and striking phenomena which met them everywhere was the great depth of decomposed or partially decayed rock in situ, which mantles, and for the most part conceals, the underlying strata. The same facts strike all geological observers from the North who happen to penetrate the middle and southern latitudes of the Atlantic States. In North Carolina, e. g., the entire middle and western regions, outside of the Quaternary clays, sands, and gravels of the East,-that is, all that portion of the State occupied by the Arch can and Mesozoic rocks,-show everywhere this peculiarity, so new to those accustomed to glaciated surfaces. Not only do the hills and slopes, the mountain chains and

Jan 1, 1880

By W. C. Kerr

When Agassiz and his party of geologists commenced their exploration of the interior of Brazil and the Amazon region, one of the first and, to the last, one of the most novel and striking phenomena which met them everywhere was the great depth of decomposed or partially decayed rock in situ, which mantles, and for the most part conceals, the underlying strata. The same facts strike all geological observers from the North who happen to penetrate the middle and southern latitudes of the Atlantic States. In North Carolina, e. g., the entire middle and western regions, outside of the Quaternary clays, sands, and gravels of the East,—that is, all that portion of the State occupied by the Archæan and Mesozoic rocks,—show everywhere this peculiarity, so new to those accustomed to glaciated surfaces. Not only do the hills and slopes, the mountain chains and

Jan 1, 1880

By E. C. Wright

THIS paper describes some properties of steels in the composition range 0.10 to 0.30 per cent carbon and 1 to 7 per cent chromium. It is well known that some steels of this type develop high tensile strengths upon receiving comparatively simple heat treatments, such as ordinary air cooling from appropriate temperatures, with "or without subsequent tempering treatments. These high strengths are frequently associated with unusual toughness as measured by the Izod or Charpy impact test. The chromium content, in addition to imparting the above properties, enhances the resistance to corrosion and improves the strength and oxida-tion resistance at elevated temperatures. Moreover, these steels have good forging and fabricating properties, as evidenced by the fact that several thousand tons of seamless tubing have been made during the past five years from steels containing 0.10 to 0.25 per cent carbon and 5 per cent chromium.

Jan 1, 1933