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By Kenneth Cottingham

The number of completions in 1944 in Ohio was only slightly greater than completions in the preceding year, but the initial daily volumes both of oil wells and gas wells declined considerably. The dry-hole ratio was a little lower than in 1943, even though in the year under review considerable effort was made to find new production. No new areas of consequence were discovered. Thirteen new gas pools, the largest of which was 1000 acres and the average 565 acres, were opened during the year. Eleven of these pools were in the Clinton sand, one was in the Oriskany, and one was in the Berea. Approximately 15 small pools might also be rated as discoveries, but because only one or two wells have thus far been completed in each, they cannot at present be properly evaluated. The latter pools average about 120 acres each. Some extensions were made to existing gas pools. The number of oil wells drilled was only one less than in 1943, yet compared with the year 1941, when twice as many oil wells were drilled, the difference is startling. Effective Aug. I, 1944, a blanket subsidy was granted of 35¢ per barrel on all Cleveland-Chatham, Coming, and Lima grades of oil, and 75¢ per barrel on Pennsylvania grade crude. The subsidy was authorized by the Office of Price Administration, with reimbursement to purchasers of the various grades made through the Defense Supplies Corporation, a branch of Reconstruction Finance Corporation. For several years the small operator, particularly the owner of stripper wells, was in a serious position. The subsidy has been a means of real help and, in addition to aiding the operator, it has prolonged the life of many small wells that otherwise would have been abandoned, with consequent loss of daily production and unre-covered reserves. It is questionable whether the price increase is sufficient to revive production of Corning grade, which has

Jan 1, 1945

By A. R. Sims

Are from the Greater Butte Project is hoisted through the new Kelley shaft. In 1946 when plans were formulated for the Kelley mine, two test cave blocks were mined by using the facilities of the old St. Lawrence mine. These blocks, known as the Adams No. 1 and Adams No. 2, produced more than half a million tons of ore. The experiment proved beyond all doubt that cave mining was possible- and economical-in Butte. Adams No. 1 was patterned after Inspiration cave blocks. Adams No. 2 was a slusher type, with the slusher lane on the first floor above the haulage crosscut and at right angles to it. Thirty-horsepower electric hoists slushed ore from 48-in. scraper buckets directly into cars for haulage to the shaft. These cars were the 57-cu ft Granby type hauled by 6-ton battery locomotives over 40-lb, 18-in. gage track. Prior to this time the largest slushing machines used at Butte were 15-hp electric hoists pulling 36-in. scrapers.

Dec 1, 1956

By Gray L. L., Max Littlefield, Godbold A. C.

The West Edmond pool of Central Oklahoma, a limestone reservoir, has an area in excess of 29,000 acres and as of Sept. 15, 1946, had produced 53 million barrels of oil from 731 wells at an average depth of 6900 ft. Water has encroached into the reservoir along the west side of the pool and although the area of water invasion is large the net volume of water influx is small, because encroachment has been primarily into a fracture system. The most significant part of this study concerns the character of the Hunton reservoir. Geological study of cores of the producing section was made to supplement core-analysis data. It was determined that approximately 90 pct of the pore volume was contained in intergranular or sand-like porosity and 10 pct in fractures (intermediate porosity). The porous limestone is divided into blocks by the fractures, although in the strongly dolomitic parts of the producing section, fractures are less well developed. The low-permeability intergranular porosity, largely subsidiary to the high-permeability fractures, will produce oil into the fractures by evolution of solution gas. The fractures in effect serve as drainage channels for production of oil from the inter-granular porosity. Because of such a large difference in permeabilities of the two com-ponents, a high degree of by-passing will occur, and, accordingly, the economics involved in undertaking full-scale high pressure gas injection operations have been seriously questioned. Introduction The West Edmond Hunton pool, which covers portions of Canadian, Logan, Oklahoma, and Kingfisher Counties in Central Oklahoma, is the largest reservoir producing oil from a limestone in the state. The total area of the pool comprises about 29,240 acres and development is considered to be essentially complete. In all, 731 producing wells have been completed in the Hunton reservoir at an average depth of approximately 6900 ft, and have yielded a cumulative oil production in excess of 53 million barrels as of Sept. 15, 1946. In addition to wells completed in the Hunton limestone, 21 wells have been completed in the Bartlesville sand at a depth of approximately 6500 ft, which have produced a total of 730,000 bbl of oil. One small producer has been completed in the Cleveland sand at a depth of 5700 ft. However, a study of only the Hunton limestone reservoir will be presented in this paper. The most significant phase of this study concerns the special type of geological core examination that was made in an effort to ascertain the type and degree of porosity in the rock in accordance with lithologic types. Results of this geological study showed the west Edmond pool to be of such a complex nature as to appreciably affect the behavior normally associated with homogeneous reservoirs. Recognition of this condition in the

Jan 1, 1948

By Max Littlefield, Godbold A. C., Gray L. L.

The West Edmond pool of Central Oklahoma, a limestone reservoir, has an area in excess of 29,000 acres and as of Sept. 15, 1946, had produced 53 million barrels of oil from 731 wells at an average depth of 6900 ft. Water has encroached into the reservoir along the west side of the pool and although the area of water invasion is large the net volume of water influx is small, because encroachment has been primarily into a fracture system. The most significant part of this study concerns the character of the Hunton reservoir. Geological study of cores of the producing section was made to supplement core-analysis data. It was determined that approximately 90 pct of the pore volume was contained in intergranular or sand-like porosity and 10 pct in fractures (intermediate porosity). The porous limestone is divided into blocks by the fractures, although in the strongly dolomitic parts of the producing section, fractures are less well developed. The low-permeability intergranular porosity, largely subsidiary to the high-permeability fractures, will produce oil into the fractures by evolution of solution gas. The fractures in effect serve as drainage channels for production of oil from the inter-granular porosity. Because of such a large difference in permeabilities of the two com-ponents, a high degree of by-passing will occur, and, accordingly, the economics involved in undertaking full-scale high pressure gas injection operations have been seriously questioned. Introduction The West Edmond Hunton pool, which covers portions of Canadian, Logan, Oklahoma, and Kingfisher Counties in Central Oklahoma, is the largest reservoir producing oil from a limestone in the state. The total area of the pool comprises about 29,240 acres and development is considered to be essentially complete. In all, 731 producing wells have been completed in the Hunton reservoir at an average depth of approximately 6900 ft, and have yielded a cumulative oil production in excess of 53 million barrels as of Sept. 15, 1946. In addition to wells completed in the Hunton limestone, 21 wells have been completed in the Bartlesville sand at a depth of approximately 6500 ft, which have produced a total of 730,000 bbl of oil. One small producer has been completed in the Cleveland sand at a depth of 5700 ft. However, a study of only the Hunton limestone reservoir will be presented in this paper. The most significant phase of this study concerns the special type of geological core examination that was made in an effort to ascertain the type and degree of porosity in the rock in accordance with lithologic types. Results of this geological study showed the west Edmond pool to be of such a complex nature as to appreciably affect the behavior normally associated with homogeneous reservoirs. Recognition of this condition in the

Jan 1, 1948

By Hugh S. Spence

In the winter of 1941-42, muscovite mica was discovered by a young prospector, Justin Purdy, in the township of Mat-tawan, Nipissing District, Ontario, a few miles north of the small settlement of Eau Claire, which lies on the main Transcontinental Highway (No. 17) between Mattawa and North Bay. Muscovite had been known for many years to occur in the general Mattawa region, and various small efforts at production had previously been made by individuals working scattered deposits in the area. These minor activities, however, had never led to production of any consequence or the discovery of any important mica bodies. The Purdy finds were made in a heavily timbered, mountainous area lying about three miles north of the low-lying settled land along the highway, and in a section not hitherto prospected. The mica taken by Purdy and two partners from surface outcrops proved so remarkable in point of size of trimmed sheets that the find attracted considerable attention, and the area surrounding the three claims taken up by the prospectors was quickly blanket-staked by various interests. Though a number of other mica-bearing pegmatite dikes were found later on these stakings, none proved as rich as those on the original Purdy ground; very little commercial mica was obtained from them and attempts to develop them were short-lived. Purdy and his partners sold their initial production to dealers in Ottawa and Hull, where the Canadian mica industry long has centered. Young Purdy, unfortunately was killed in a motor accident in the early summer of 1942. His father continued mining operations for a few months and produced and sold a considerable amount of mica. In October 1942 the Purdy holdings were acquired by lnspiration Mining and Development Co. of Amos, Quebec, which had been active in staking in the area. This company formed a subsidiary, Purdy Mica Mines, Limited, to develop the property. Under the energetic management of Joseph R. Norrie, rapid progress was made, and production soon attained important proportions. Realizing from the outset the unusual character and potential value in the war effort of the Purdy discovery, the Metals Controller, Department of Munitions and Supply, at once arranged with the Department of Mines and Resources for an official geological report on the area, and also drew the attention of the War Production Board in Washington to what seemed likely to prove a highly important source of strategic-quality mica. Officials of WPB were sent up in the Summer of 1942 to inspect the property, and so impressed were they with the possibility that it might become of high

Jan 1, 1948

By Hugh S. Spence

In the winter of 1941-42, muscovite mica was discovered by a young prospector, Justin Purdy, in the township of Mat-tawan, Nipissing District, Ontario, a few miles north of the small settlement of Eau Claire, which lies on the main Transcontinental Highway (No. 17) between Mattawa and North Bay. Muscovite had been known for many years to occur in the general Mattawa region, and various small efforts at production had previously been made by individuals working scattered deposits in the area. These minor activities, however, had never led to production of any consequence or the discovery of any important mica bodies. The Purdy finds were made in a heavily timbered, mountainous area lying about three miles north of the low-lying settled land along the highway, and in a section not hitherto prospected. The mica taken by Purdy and two partners from surface outcrops proved so remarkable in point of size of trimmed sheets that the find attracted considerable attention, and the area surrounding the three claims taken up by the prospectors was quickly blanket-staked by various interests. Though a number of other mica-bearing pegmatite dikes were found later on these stakings, none proved as rich as those on the original Purdy ground; very little commercial mica was obtained from them and attempts to develop them were short-lived. Purdy and his partners sold their initial production to dealers in Ottawa and Hull, where the Canadian mica industry long has centered. Young Purdy, unfortunately was killed in a motor accident in the early summer of 1942. His father continued mining operations for a few months and produced and sold a considerable amount of mica. In October 1942 the Purdy holdings were acquired by lnspiration Mining and Development Co. of Amos, Quebec, which had been active in staking in the area. This company formed a subsidiary, Purdy Mica Mines, Limited, to develop the property. Under the energetic management of Joseph R. Norrie, rapid progress was made, and production soon attained important proportions. Realizing from the outset the unusual character and potential value in the war effort of the Purdy discovery, the Metals Controller, Department of Munitions and Supply, at once arranged with the Department of Mines and Resources for an official geological report on the area, and also drew the attention of the War Production Board in Washington to what seemed likely to prove a highly important source of strategic-quality mica. Officials of WPB were sent up in the Summer of 1942 to inspect the property, and so impressed were they with the possibility that it might become of high

Jan 1, 1948

By Lane D. Schultz, John D. McLennan, Jean-Claude Roegiers

During construction of the intake tunnels for a nuclear power facility in Ohio, evidence of a potential geological discontinuity was discovered. Assuming that the discontinuity might still prevail underneath the site, it was decided to measure the stress profile across the discontinuity. This information would be used to assess future stability on the basis of predicted shear stresses acting along the fracture. Seven intervals were hydraulically fractured to determine the magnitude and orientation of the stress tensor, in order to infer the shear stresses acting along the discontinuity. The formation consists of tightly interbedded shales. This, in combination with the shallow depths, would be expected to lead to horizontal hydraulic fractures -- a situation which generally provides limited information. Careful testing procedures, and meticulous interpretation, allowed the determination of the horizontal stress components as well as the vertical component, via the initiation and/or propagation of multiple fractures. The measured stresses fall within the range of stress magnitudes and orientation determined in other areas of the northeastern and north-central United States and in southern parts of Canada. In addition, a small stress gradient anomaly was recorded at depth. On a different scale, the measured stress regime is also evaluated in light of the regional geological setting.

Jan 1, 1982

By A. G. Guy, T. B. Lindemer

A second intepation of the Fick law has been developed and applied to three-place data generated from the Gosting and Fujita solution of the diffusion equation. This integration provides new mathematical techniques for the analysis of experimental data. Through use of the synthetic data it is shown that for concentration-independent interdifiusion coefficients these techniques permit a more accurate determination of the coefficients than does the usual Boltzmann-Alatano analysis. Another technique, applicable to the most general concentration-dependent diffusion coefficients , can be used to determine whether given sets of coefficients are consistent with the experimental ternary concentration-distance curves. DURING the past 10 years the subject of three-component diffusion has advanced from the stage of a laboratory curiosity to the status of an accepted portion of physical metallurgy.1 In the course of this development the underlying treatment for two-component sys- tems was extended and generalized to accommodate the added component, but fundamentally the analyses currently employed for ternary systems are analogous to those previously developed for binary systems. There are several indications that an improved analysis is needed for the ternary case. First, the two cross coefficients, D312 and D321 are typically an order of magnitude smaller than the direct coefficients and consequently are difficult to determine with adequate precision. Second, instead of a single concentration-penetration curve (as in binary diffusion), there are four such curves in the usual determination of ternary diffusion coefficients. These curves have definite theoretical interrelationships, but actual experimental curves exhibit significant departures from these relationships. Finally, the amount of data needed to adequately describe the diffusion behavior of a ternary system is so large that radically new methods are needed to facilitate the gathering of these data. ICirkaldy2j4 has proposed several possible analyses of ternary diffusion data, including some of the methods in current use. A "second-integration" procedure proposed by him4 differed in important respects from that presented here and was not carried to the point of application. Two other methods have been explored by the authors and will be published separately; these are a numerical analysis technique and a method for the analysis of a single ternary diffusion couple. Still other analyses are being explored by various investigators. At present it seems likely that the final analysis of ternary diffusion that evolves will be a composite

Jan 1, 1968

By Victor Phillips

Cyclone thickeners have emerged from the development stage and now can be accepted as useful tools for the recovery of fine coal from a preparation plant circulating water. As primary thickeners in a closed water circuit operation, their advantages over conventional thickening methods are twofold-the lower initial investment and reduced area requirements.

Jan 8, 1951

By R. A. Greenkorn

This project originated in a practical problem—we needed five tracers that could be used together to locate flow paths in a pilot flood. While tracers for subsurface liquids have been used since the turn of the century,1-15 none of those reported in the literature appeared to be either consistent or quantitative enough for our purposes. Most were used in field systems without controlled experiments to determine the accuracy and precision of analysis, and many were tracers that could not be used collectively. The ideal tracer, of course, would follow the fiuid of interest exactly, traveling at the same velocity as the fluid front. But the ideal is impractical to attain because adsorption-desorption effects cause the tracer to lag behind the front; these effects, plus diffusion-dispersion effects, cause the tracer front to spread more than the fluid front. Thus, our objective was not to locate a tracer that would be ideal for all circumstances but rather, to find one that would approximately follow the fluid, or one that under controlled conditions could be corrected to calculate the movement of the fluid front. We considered tracers satisfactory—(1) if they were easy to analyze; (2) if their breakthrough-elution curves were not too different from those for the chloride ion, a tracer believed to follow the fluid front closely; and (3) if we could calculate from the curves a material balance, at 1.25-PV (pore volume) injected, within 5 per cent of that calculated from chloride curves. Of a possible 35 materials, we selected 13 tracers that could be quickly and easily identified and whose analysis was claimed to be accurate within 5 per cent. Only one of these, tritiated water, was a radioactive tracer. Radioactive tracers are easy to detect even in small quantities, but they require special handling and special equipment. Also, those that can be used together are limited because special equipment is required to separate emissions from the various tracers. Two of the original 13 tracers were eliminated in static tests to determine how accurately and precisely they could be analyzed, and to check on gross adsorption. The remaining 11 were flowed through a 9-ft linear sandstone model, and breakthrough-elution curves were obtained. Finally, three tracers were field-tested as breakthrough tracers. These tests are described in the following sections. The 13 tracers considered in these experiments were EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid), fluo-rescein, picric acid, salicylic acid and ammonium, boron (as borate), bromide, dichromate, iodide, nitrate and thiocyanate ions, plus chloride ion and tritiated water. All but the chloride ion and tritiated water were subjected to static sand tests to eliminate the tracers that could not be analyzed quickly and accurately and to eliminate those that showed excessive adsorption. All but two of the tracers, EDTA and salicylic acid, qualified for flow tests on this basis. The procedures used in the static tests (see Appendix A for analytical details) were as follows. Each tracer (in the amount shown in Table 1) was dissolved in 1,000 ml of water. Then, 800 ml of this solution was added to 500 gm of sand, and the remaining 200 ml was reserved as a control standard. The sand-tracer mixture was agitated once a day over a 10-week period, and during this period we analyzed five duplicate samples from this mixture, along with five duplicate samples from the control solution. From the control-sample analyses, we constructed a control chart on which the sand-tracer analysis results were plotted. The control chart, and its use to determine accuracy and precision of analytical results, as well as the amount of adsorption, is described in Appendix B. The results of the static tests are summarized in Table 1, which lists the concentration c (concentration at time t) divided by c, (initial concentration). If there was no adsorption, c/c, = 1. The acceptable deviation from this value varied from tracer to tracer, depending upon the limits of analytical precision established for the different tracers. The best results were obtained with boron, bromide and dichromate, with all values falling within limits of accuracy and precision. Ammonium, iodide, nitrate and picric acid also were satisfactory, although the ammonium results were erratic. Flourescein and thiocyanate were unsatisfactory ini-

By C. A. Stetefeldt

In a former paper (Runs., xxi., 286) I described the plant of the Marsac Refinery, and the manipulations of the process, but cou1d not, at the time, give reliable statistical results. To supply the latter is the object of the present paper. I shall give actual facts as correctly as possible, without any bias one way or the other. For all statistics I am indebted to Mr. W. G. Lamb, who has charge of the Marsac lixiviation-plant and refinery; to Mr. A. Luebeck, assayer at the Ontario mill; and to the Daly Office, Salt Lake City.* Before starting on the work of the year 1892, a most careful clean-up was made, and any remnants were charged to the refinery. During 1892 the Marsac lixiviation-works produced 48.8 tons of so-called "regular" sulphides, which contained, on an average, 11,449 ounces of silver per ton; 11.77 ounces of gold per ton; and 569.8 pounds of copper per ton. To this must be added, 266 pounds of sulphides and by-products left over from the product of 1891, which contained 1380 ounces of silver, 1.41 ounces of gold, and 63 pounds of copper. Before giving the results of the clean-up, a general discussion of the items of expense, methods of assaying, etc., is desirable.

Jan 1, 1895

By K. A. Olsson

The Glenharold mine is a multiple seam dragline operation where many different stripping methods are employed. This paper describes the production operations of over-burden removal, coal loading, and haulage. Emphasis is placed on the methods used to uncover fie seam using draglines, scrapers, and a small shovel.

Jan 1, 1984

Edmund Gybbon SpilsbURy, mining and metallurgical engineer of international reputation, died suddenly of heart failure on May 28, 1920, in the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, following an operation for cataract, which had been successfully performed a few days before. Mr. Spilsbury was one of the early members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, which he joined in 1873. During all this time he contributed freely of his time and ability. He was manager of the Institute from 1885 to 1887, vice-president, 1893 and 1894, and president in 1896. He was also a member of the Engineers Club, of which he was president in 1916 and 1917, American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Mining and Metallurgical Society of America, American Electrochemical Society and the Rocky Mountain Club of New York. He was a trustee of the United Engineering Society from 1916 to his death; a member of United Engineering Society Library Board from its organization in 1913 until his death, being its chairman from 1918 to January, 1920; a trustee of Engineering Foundation Board from 1916 until his death; and member of the John Fritz Medal Board of Award. He was also a member of the Division of Engineering of the National Research Council. Born in London, England, in 1845, Mr. Spilsbury went to Liege, Belgium, at an early age, where he received his preliminary education. For his technical education he attended the University of Louvain, Belgium, graduating in 1862, and later he took a practical course at Clausthal, Germany. In 1864 he became assistant engineer for the Eschweiler Zinc Co., of Stolberg, one of the largest miners and smelters of lead and zinc in the world at that time, and the next year he took charge of that company's mines and works on the Island of Sardinia. From Sardinia he went to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. In 1867 he entered the service of McClean & Stilman, of London, and had charge of the construction of the iron gates for the Surrey Commercial Docks. In 1868 he was designing engineer with J. Casper Harkort, and had charge of most of the detail work of the Keulenberg Bridge in Holland, the Danube Bridge in Vienna, and the Rhine Bridge at Düsseldorf. In 1870 Mr. Spilsbury came to the United States to investigate the lead and zinc resources for the Austro-Belgian Metallurgical Co. After spending two years in this work, he resigned in order to practice in the United States, and he was the first to introduce the Harz system of ore

Jan 1, 1922

Edmund Gybbon SpilsbURy, mining and metallurgical engineer of international reputation, died suddenly of heart failure on May 28, 1920, in the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, following an operation for cataract, which had been successfully performed a few days before. Mr. Spilsbury was one of the early members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, which he joined in 1873. During all this time he contributed freely of his time and ability. He was manager of the Institute from 1885 to 1887, vice-president, 1893 and 1894, and president in 1896. He was also a member of the Engineers Club, of which he was president in 1916 and 1917, American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Mining and Metallurgical Society of America, American Electrochemical Society and the Rocky Mountain Club of New York. He was a trustee of the United Engineering Society from 1916 to his death; a member of United Engineering Society Library Board from its organization in 1913 until his death, being its chairman from 1918 to January, 1920; a trustee of Engineering Foundation Board from 1916 until his death; and member of the John Fritz Medal Board of Award. He was also a member of the Division of Engineering of the National Research Council. Born in London, England, in 1845, Mr. Spilsbury went to Liege, Belgium, at an early age, where he received his preliminary education. For his technical education he attended the University of Louvain, Belgium, graduating in 1862, and later he took a practical course at Clausthal, Germany. In 1864 he became assistant engineer for the Eschweiler Zinc Co., of Stolberg, one of the largest miners and smelters of lead and zinc in the world at that time, and the next year he took charge of that company's mines and works on the Island of Sardinia. From Sardinia he went to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco. In 1867 he entered the service of McClean & Stilman, of London, and had charge of the construction of the iron gates for the Surrey Commercial Docks. In 1868 he was designing engineer with J. Casper Harkort, and had charge of most of the detail work of the Keulenberg Bridge in Holland, the Danube Bridge in Vienna, and the Rhine Bridge at Düsseldorf. In 1870 Mr. Spilsbury came to the United States to investigate the lead and zinc resources for the Austro-Belgian Metallurgical Co. After spending two years in this work, he resigned in order to practice in the United States, and he was the first to introduce the Harz system of ore

Jan 1, 1922

By H. W. Knott, M. H. Mueller, P. A. Beck, W. P. Chernock

PREFERRED orientation studies by Harris of rolled uranium rods indicated that hot rolling to a small reduction of area caused the (010) planes to become strongly oriented and the (110) planes weakly oriented perpendicular to the rolling direc- tion. The relative intensities of these two fiber texture components were reversed upon rolling to higher reductions of area. Cold rolling caused the (010) planes to become strongly aligned and the (130) planes weakly aligned perpendicularly to the rolling direction. The present investigation was undertaken to explore in more detail the effect on the rolling texture of variables, such as the penultimate condition, the final rolling temperature and reduction of area. In addition, the recrystallization texture of rolled uranium rods was also investigated.

Jan 1, 1959

By Frank C. Green

Drilling for oil and gas in Missouri in 1935 was mostly confined to proven areas, but was marked by the completion of one of the largest oil wells, 53 bbl., and one of the largest gas wells, 2,000,000 cu. ft., drilled in recent years. A new oil pool, discovered in southern Cass County late in 1934, was further developed; a new pool in southern Platte County is possibly indicated by the completion of a single small well, which flowed naturally; and a deeper sand was developed in the Marota gas pool in Jackson County. Completions dropped to a lower level than in any recent year. A total of 73 wells, which included the deepening of 8 old wells, was drilled. In Bates County, there was one gas well with an open flow of 100,000 cu. ft., and one dry hole. Cass County had six oil wells with about 100 bbl. initial production; one gas well with an open flow of 500,000 cu. ft., and three dry holes. In Jackson County there were seven oil wells with 25 bbl. initial production; 24 gas wells with 7,358,968 cu. ft. open flow, and 27 dry holes. Platte County had one oil well, one small gas well and one dry hole. The oil well flowed naturally about 4 or 5 bbl. per day. It is rather difficult to obtain production figures on either oil or gas leases, but in cases where the figures have been given to the writer in confidence, they disclose conditions comparable with many other regions. One oil lease of 32 acres has produced 125,000 bbl. in four years, or nearly 4000 bbl. per acre. Another lease has made 50,000 bbl., or about 3000 bbl. per acre. It is probable that the total daily production at the end of 1935 was close to 200 hill. per day. A gas pool covering less than one square mile has made 110,111,000 cu. ft. in about 18 months. In this period, the open-flow capacity has been reduced from about 10,500,000 cu. ft. per day to about 3,500,000.

Jan 1, 1936

By Frank C. Green

Drilling for oil and gas in Missouri in 1935 was mostly confined to proven areas, but was marked by the completion of one of the largest oil wells, 53 bbl., and one of the largest gas wells, 2,000,000 cu. ft., drilled in recent years. A new oil pool, discovered in southern Cass County late in 1934, was further developed; a new pool in southern Platte County is possibly indicated by the completion of a single small well, which flowed naturally; and a deeper sand was developed in the Marota gas pool in Jackson County. Completions dropped to a lower level than in any recent year. A total of 73 wells, which included the deepening of 8 old wells, was drilled. In Bates County, there was one gas well with an open flow of 100,000 cu. ft., and one dry hole. Cass County had six oil wells with about 100 bbl. initial production; one gas well with an open flow of 500,000 cu. ft., and three dry holes. In Jackson County there were seven oil wells with 25 bbl. initial production; 24 gas wells with 7,358,968 cu. ft. open flow, and 27 dry holes. Platte County had one oil well, one small gas well and one dry hole. The oil well flowed naturally about 4 or 5 bbl. per day. It is rather difficult to obtain production figures on either oil or gas leases, but in cases where the figures have been given to the writer in confidence, they disclose conditions comparable with many other regions. One oil lease of 32 acres has produced 125,000 bbl. in four years, or nearly 4000 bbl. per acre. Another lease has made 50,000 bbl., or about 3000 bbl. per acre. It is probable that the total daily production at the end of 1935 was close to 200 hill. per day. A gas pool covering less than one square mile has made 110,111,000 cu. ft. in about 18 months. In this period, the open-flow capacity has been reduced from about 10,500,000 cu. ft. per day to about 3,500,000.

Jan 1, 1936

By J. Russ, C. L. Clark

For many years attempts have been made to develop a laboratory test that would serve to indicate the proper temperatures to be used in the various hot-working applications to which metals may be subjected as they are being processed from the cast ingot to the desired finished products. That these attempts have not been very successful is indicated by the fact that most of the temperatures in use today in these operations have been developed over a period of years by trial and error. In other words, the selection of the proper temperatures for the hot-working of metals is generally an art rather than a science. Our knowledge with respect to the behavior of metals at elevated temperatures has been greatly extended during the past several years. While most of the work in this field has been done at proposed operating temperatures of equipment, rather than at processing or fabricating temperatures, one outstanding fact has been developed, which is applicable to the entire high-temperature range; that is, that the rate of deformation to which the metal is subjected is of the same order of importance as the temperature. The failure to properly recognize this fact has greatly retarded the development of a suitable laboratory test for determining hot-working temperatures. Influence of Rate of Deformation on High-temperature Properties It is not the intent of this paper to survey all the work that has been done On the effect of deformation rate On the properties of metals. The importance of this factor, however, was shown by Zay Jeffries' as early as 1919, when he called attention to the existence of the so-called equicohesive temperature and to the effect of certain factors on the location of this temperature' Fig. I is a diagrammatic sketch showing the effect of temperature On the relative strength of the crystals and grain boundaries and the type of fracture that will res depnding On the location of the test, or Or temperature with respect to the equicOhesive temperature. Since the type fracture varies, it also follows that at temperatures below the equicohesive temperature the major deformation occurs in the grains: while at temperatures above, the deformation results either from the movement of the grains with respect to each other or recrystallization of the strained material occurs almost instantaneously, producing new crystals at the fracture. As previously indicated, it is an established fact that the position of this equicohesive temperature for any given metal is dependent On the deformation rate' For example, in 0.15 per cent plain carbon steel the location of this temperature under

Jan 1, 1947

By C. L. Clark, J. Russ

For many years attempts have been made to develop a laboratory test that would serve to indicate the proper temperatures to be used in the various hot-working applications to which metals may be subjected as they are being processed from the cast ingot to the desired finished products. That these attempts have not been very successful is indicated by the fact that most of the temperatures in use today in these operations have been developed over a period of years by trial and error. In other words, the selection of the proper temperatures for the hot-working of metals is generally an art rather than a science. Our knowledge with respect to the behavior of metals at elevated temperatures has been greatly extended during the past several years. While most of the work in this field has been done at proposed operating temperatures of equipment, rather than at processing or fabricating temperatures, one outstanding fact has been developed, which is applicable to the entire high-temperature range; that is, that the rate of deformation to which the metal is subjected is of the same order of importance as the temperature. The failure to properly recognize this fact has greatly retarded the development of a suitable laboratory test for determining hot-working temperatures. Influence of Rate of Deformation on High-temperature Properties It is not the intent of this paper to survey all the work that has been done On the effect of deformation rate On the properties of metals. The importance of this factor, however, was shown by Zay Jeffries' as early as 1919, when he called attention to the existence of the so-called equicohesive temperature and to the effect of certain factors on the location of this temperature' Fig. I is a diagrammatic sketch showing the effect of temperature On the relative strength of the crystals and grain boundaries and the type of fracture that will res depnding On the location of the test, or Or temperature with respect to the equicOhesive temperature. Since the type fracture varies, it also follows that at temperatures below the equicohesive temperature the major deformation occurs in the grains: while at temperatures above, the deformation results either from the movement of the grains with respect to each other or recrystallization of the strained material occurs almost instantaneously, producing new crystals at the fracture. As previously indicated, it is an established fact that the position of this equicohesive temperature for any given metal is dependent On the deformation rate' For example, in 0.15 per cent plain carbon steel the location of this temperature under

Jan 1, 1947

By G. J. Borbely, E. A. Devuyst, V. A. Ettel

Introduction Of the techniques reported for cyanide removal from effluents, alkaline chlorination is the most common (Fisher and Wasser, 1969; Reidt, 1969). Shortcomings with this technique are the high reagent costs, chlorine contamination, and potential formation of cyanogen chloride. Chemical oxidation methods are also not suitable to remove cyanide from effluents containing sulphides in suspension, such as flotation tailings. An inexpensive method for removing cyanide, combined cyanide and related species from waste waters has been developed in Inco laboratories. The method is based on the use of sulfur dioxide (or a sulfite), lime, and air as the reagents. The decomposition reactions of cyanide, combined cyanide, and related species are catalyzed by copper in solution. Complete removal of cyanide species, most of which are oxidized to cyanate, is obtained by treating copper containing cyanide effluents with sulfur dioxide-air mistures while maintaining the pH between 6 and 10 with addition of lime. The new approach can also be applied to selective destruction of cyanide and combined cyanide in effluents containing sulphides in suspension, such as pyrrhotite. Again, a sufficient amount of dissolved copper must be present or added. Metals and precious metals present in the effluents are recovered as hydroxides by adjusting the pH of the treated effluents to about 9-10. Using the new method, the anionic species are removed in the following order: Free CN- > Complex CN- > Thiocyanate The above removal sequence is unusual as oxidants such as chlorine and ozone oxidize thiocyanate preferentially over the combined cyanide.

Jan 1, 1985