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The early gazetteers mentioned the mining of coal in this state but gave no output data Several of the bulletins of the Illinois Coal Mine Investigations give the results of some historical studies of parts of the state and some early production figures, but some make no mention of this phase of the industry Reports to the state by the various railroads of tonnages carried give figures for coal carried, but usually do not specify its origin These figures, however, when used for roads which crossed the various coal producing counties, and divided between counties in accordance with the little data available have furnished the base for the most of the estimates of county productions Some county histories furnished a few facts, and some were obtained from various other sources

Jan 1, 1942

By John A. Ames

AMERICAN pioneers first discovered "commercial" salt in western New York State. Geologists gave the classically correct name of Salina to the salt bearing strata of New York. Rock salt occurs in rocks of approximately the same age and stratigraphic position as New York's Salina "group", to the south and southwest, in western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio and northwestern West Virginia. Sodium chloride and associated salts occur in brines throughout much of the same area as the rock salt. Brines also are found in areas well beyond the margins of that under which the rock salt lies, especially to the west in Ohio and to the south in West Virginia. The occurrence of the brines in the same area as the rock salt is almost always coincidental rather than indicative of a physical association.

Jan 5, 1950

By L. J. Lorig, B. H. G. Brady

The Discrete Element Method is a numerical technique suitable for use in modeling the discontinuum behavior of jointed rock. The disadvantage of this method, in its application to analysis of underground excavations, is the necessity to discretize the complete problem domain. Since the far-field rock responds to the excavation as an elastic continuum, it may be appropriately represented by the Boundary Element Method. This exploits the inherent advantage of the Boundary Element Method in representing a quasi-infinite domain in terms of its internal surface geometry and associated boundary conditions. The procedures employed in developing a first-generation coupled Discrete Element-Boundary Element algorithm are described and the solution to a simple problem verifying the performance of the coupled code is presented. A procedure for numerical treatment of installed support systems is also presented.

Jan 1, 1982

By L. R. Flint, W. L. Freyberger, W. J. Howarth

W. L. Freyberger (Director, Institute of Mineral Research, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Mich.)-The authors are to be complimented on their theoretical analysis of a column flotation process, and the comment I wish to make is not related to that analysis, but to the use of the word "countercurrent" to describe that process. Strictly speaking, the process the authors have described is countercurrent only in the sense of particle-bubble contact. That is, as solid particles and air bubbles pass through the column, the leanest flotation feed (the tailing) comes in contact with the greatest concentration of mineral-free bubbles. However, air bubbles alone do not comprise the complete extracting phase in a flotation system. A second component of this extracting phase is the collector, which is really the extractant inducing transfer of mat-

Jan 1, 1972

By S. A. Braley

THE first commercial production of bituminous coal in the United States was in 1820, and formation of acid in the areas from which the coal was removed began at that time. Thus it is 130 years since the development of mine acid began. The coal operator has had to deal with the acid water produced in his mines, and his losses from corrosion of pumps and equipment have been tremendous. Other industries and the public have been forced to spend large amounts for their water requirements because of the acid discharge from the mines. There are many contradictions in the literature on this subject probably because of variations in the analytical procedures followed and differences in the methods of calculation and reporting. The opinions previously expressed may be summarized as follows:

Jan 8, 1951

By R. Hogg, F. F. Aplan, P. B. Bradley

The mineralogy of the solids contained in the black-water effluent from coal preparation plants has been investigated. Samples were obtained from 13 locations, representing major coal seam in the Appalachian, mid-continent, and western regions of the United States. On the average, the samples were found to contain 60% carbonaceous material with the balance as mineral matter. The mineral fractions from all of the samples from the eastern half of the United States were found to be remarkably similar, consisting of over 50% illitic clays; about 10-15% each of kaolinite, calcite, and quartz; and lesser amounts of chlorite and pyrite. The western samples were somewhat different, generally containing significant quantities of montmorillonite clay. Flotation may be wed to recover additional clean coal contained in the black-water discharge.

Jan 1, 1981

By David Thomas

The preliminary meeting to organize the American Institute of Mining Engineers was held last evening. The attendance was unexpectedly large, and the proceedings were harmonious. According to present appearances, the Institute is destined to have a vigorous and influential career. A noteworthy feature is the interest manifested by the owners and operators of mines and by mining foremen, who are not strictly engineers. Provision is made in the rules for such persons, and all others who desire to be connected with the organization, by the establishment of a class of associates, having all the privileges of members, with a very few restrictions. It is ordained that the President, four of the six Vice-Presidents, and six out of the nine managers, shall be professional mining engineers, this term including metallurgical engineers also.

Jan 1, 1971

By F. Lawson, N. A. Sareyed-Dim

A rotating disk of iron precipitant in a high temperature batch reactor has been used to study the kinetics of precipitation of nickel from low concentration aqueous solutions. Under inert atmosphere conditions, for temperatures up to 150°C, the rate of nickel deposition at pH25°C of 5 to 6 is controlled both by the rate at which nickel ions reach the surface and the rate of chemical reaction at the surface. However, the presence of oxygen in the atmosphere above the reacting system increases the nickel deposition rate dramatically. It is suggested that under the experimental conditions used, hydrogen atoms are adsorbed on both the iron and nickel, thus reducing the number of sites available for the cementation reaction. Oxygen acts as a depolarizer for hydrogen.

Jan 1, 1977

By N. J. Keys, B. Barlin

Operating properties of Bancroft Mines Ltd. are in the Western Province of Northern Rhodesia, just south of the Katanga border and at the north- western end of the Rhodesian Copperbelt. The concentrator, above, was commissioned in January 1957 to treat 150,000 tons per month of ore derived from the nearby Kirila Bomwe South orebody, and the Konkola orebody eight miles away. The Konkola orebody is comparatively low grade and mining was discontinued there in early 1958. Development work on the new mine at the Kirila Bomwe North orebody commenced in 1959. Today, the plant treats approximately 150,000 tons of ore per month from the Kirila Bomwe South orebody and development ore from the north orebody. Ultimately, 100,000 tons of ore per month will be produced from the north orebody.

Jan 9, 1963

The Maas patent drill-hole compass, for determining the direction and dip of drill holes, is successfully used to a depth of 3,000 ft. APPARATUS FOR SURVEYING DEEP DRILL HOLES. The compass is placed in a thermos bottle or glass tube with hot liquid gelatine and lowered in a water-tight phosphor-bronze case, with a tube containing hydrofluoric acid. When the gelatine is cold the rods are pulled, the direction of the needle is marked on the tube which contained the acid, and the direction and inclination of the hole determined from this tube in a goniometer. There is nothing to get out of order and the compass can be used by any drill foreman, the mark and etching on the tube making a permanent record of direction and inclination. (See Fig. 1.)

Jan 1, 1916

By C. A. O’Malley, F. W. Kinsey

This paper deals with an experimental study in the use of a preagglomerated burden as a means of increasing the production of sinter. The effect of a wide range of sinter burden was studied, including concentrates produced by a flotation process. Some of the important characteristics of a sinter bed are discussed along with the strength and reducibility of the sintered product. In recent years the use of sinter in blast furnaces has become increasingly important across the country—largely because of the demand for more hot iron from existing plant capacity and the increasing amount of fines in the burden materials available to the blast-furnace operator. In many instances, unfortunately, the demand for sinter has been so great that little time has been available to give the proper

Jan 1, 1960

By AIME AIME

EVER since Henry Bessemer, nearly 100 years ago, developed the steelmaking process that bears his name, occasional variation has been noted in the quality of steel made in the acid converter, owing largely to the difficulty of stopping the ? refining-which takes only ten to twelve minutes -at precisely the right moment. Principally as the result of this, the amount of Bessemer steel made in the United States gradually declined over the years until it is now about 7 per cent of the total.

Jan 1, 1943

Tourism is the second largest industry in the Tasmanian copper mining center of Queenstown, Australia, but it is not the historic mine the tourists come to see. The attraction is rather the devastation the mine has brought to the surrounding countryside which has made Queenstown literally the most colorful mining town in Australian history.

Jan 6, 1972

At its meeting on February 21, 1933, the Board of Directors passed the following resolution defining and expressing the policy of the Institute with respect to official participation or action in controversial matters: WHEREAS, the Board of Directors at its last meeting passed the following resolution: "The Board of Directors, having been appealed to by several Local Sections for advice concerning the attitude and policy of the Institute relating to the endorsement of candidates for public office, the following statement of policy is formulated;

Jan 1, 1932

The Johns Hopkins Press, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md The Johns Hopkins Press has issued a number of books as The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Geology Five of the studies are paleontological in character; five are on geology: No. 1, The geology of the Corocoro copper district of Bolivia, by J. T Singewald, Jr and E W. Berry, $1 50, 2, The geology and paleontology of the Huancavehca mercury district, by E W Berry and J T Singewald, Jr $1 50, 6, Contributions to the geology and paleontology of South America, by E W. Berry and F M Swartz, 3175, 7, The geology of the Island of Trinidad, B W I, by G A Waring, with notes on the paleontology by G. D Harris, $1 75, 8, Fifty years' progress in geology, 1876-1926 Papers presented at the Geological Conference during the 50th Anniversary of the Johns Hopkins University, $1 50 An additional publication on geology is. Notes on the minerals occurring in the neighborhood of Baltimore, by G H Williams, 25 cents. In the list of Doctors' Dissertations available from the University are found all theses on geology and mineralogy, about 90 in number, from 1886 on Authors of many of these have since made great names for themselves in the fields of geology and mineralogy. Most of the theses have been published as papers by other agencies and, as such, will be found under other headings in this directory

Jan 1, 1933

By Gail F. Moulton

In spite of an increase of 7 cents per barrel in the posted price of oil for the Panhandle field effective June 16, 1943, there was less drilling during 1943 than ir, any of the several previous years. The drilling statistics are compiled as Table 2 and show the material increase in the percentage of the total number of field wells completed as dry holes. This increase suggests that the productive area of the field is largely drilled up on the well-spacing pattern now followed and that new discoveries will be required to permit any important new activity in the area. The fact that only four wildcats were drilled in the area during the year indicates that some new prospecting technique or some ncw point of view is required to stimulate exploration. No new producing areas were discovered during 1943 and no additions to oil reserves were made through extensions or discovery 'of new pays. Accordingly, the proven reserves in the area declined by the amount of the production, or nearly 31 million barrels. These results of drilling are similar to those obtained during 1942, whcn no new oil areas were discovered as a result of wild-catting, a total of five wildcat wells in 1942 resulting in four failures and one gas-fieid discovery of undetermined merit. sion. The number of oil-producing wells reported by the Commission increased during the year by 163 to a total of 5576 as of December.

Jan 1, 1944

By T. Sterry Hunt

I HAVE already referred to this interesting locality in the opening address, but at the request of some of the members of the Institute, brought before them specimens of the ore and the accompanying rock. The ore, which is cassiterite, is also met with elsewhere in Maine, at Paris and Hebron, but it there occurs associated with orthoclase, quartz, tourmaline, and beryl, in concretionary granite veins, which cut the micaceous gneisses of the White Mountain series. At Winslow the veins traverse an impure gray micaceous limestone, which is found in many parts of this region, and is subordinate to the same gneissic series. The veins, which are seldom more than an inch or two in thickness, are abundant through a considerable breadth of the rock, and are interlaminated with it, occupying places between the sedimentary layers, which are distinctly marked by different shades of color. Occasionally, however, they cut across the stratification for a little distance, showing that the disrupting action was not always confined to tearing the layers apart. The vein-stone consists of purple fluor-spar, and silvery white mica with quartz. In this gangue the cassiterite, nearly black in color, is disseminated in small crystalline masses, sometimes one-half an inch in diameter, and is associated with a little mispickel. I have only seen the veins as exposed at a single point, but was informed that similar veins holding the ore are met with at a distance of several thousand feet

By Gail F. Moulton

In spite of an increase of 7 cents per barrel in the posted price of oil for the Panhandle field effective June 16, 1943, there was less drilling during 1943 than ir, any of the several previous years. The drilling statistics are compiled as Table 2 and show the material increase in the percentage of the total number of field wells completed as dry holes. This increase suggests that the productive area of the field is largely drilled up on the well-spacing pattern now followed and that new discoveries will be required to permit any important new activity in the area. The fact that only four wildcats were drilled in the area during the year indicates that some new prospecting technique or some ncw point of view is required to stimulate exploration. No new producing areas were discovered during 1943 and no additions to oil reserves were made through extensions or discovery 'of new pays. Accordingly, the proven reserves in the area declined by the amount of the production, or nearly 31 million barrels. These results of drilling are similar to those obtained during 1942, whcn no new oil areas were discovered as a result of wild-catting, a total of five wildcat wells in 1942 resulting in four failures and one gas-fieid discovery of undetermined merit. sion. The number of oil-producing wells reported by the Commission increased during the year by 163 to a total of 5576 as of December.

Jan 1, 1944

By W. W. Coblentz

THE constants in question pertain to the total radiation and the spectral radiation of a uniformly heated enclosure, or so-called black body. These constants have been determined for the range within which temperatures can be measured with thermocouples. Conversely, using these constants and suitable instruments, such as an optical pyrometer, for example, it is possible to determine temperatures far above the range attainable with the most refractory thermocouples. The formula of Stefan Boltzmann for expressing the total radiation of a black body is R = kT4 in which k is the coefficient or "constant" under discussion. In view of the fact that total radiation pyrometers are usually calibrated on an arbitrary scale, there is no great demand for an exact value of the coefficient of total radiation in absolute value. However, it is intimately connected with the constant of spectral radiation; hence, an accurate determination of the constant k gives a check on the constant of spectral radiation. The distribution of radiation in the spectrum of a black body is represented by Planck's equation, E? = C1?-5 (e c/?T - 1)-'. The spectral radiation constant c, in this formula, is useful in optical pyrometry and in establishing a high temperature scale. The numerical value of the constant c has been determined in the range of temperatures measurable with thermocouples and, also, by extending the temperature scale to higher temperatures by means of total radiation measurements.

Jan 8, 1919

By T. Sterry Hunt

I HAVE already referred to this interesting locality in the opening address, but at the request of some of the members of the Institute, brought before them specimens of the ore and the accompanying rock. The ore, which is cassiterite, is also met with elsewhere in Maine, at Paris and Hebron, but it there occurs associated with orthoclase, quartz, tourmaline, and beryl, in concretionary granite veins, which cut the micaceous gneisses of the White Mountain series. At Winslow the veins traverse an impure gray micaceous limestone, which is found in many parts of this region, and is subordinate to the same gneissic series. The veins, which are seldom more than an inch or two in thickness, are abundant through a considerable breadth of the rock, and are interlaminated with it, occupying places between the sedimentary layers, which are distinctly marked by different shades of color. Occasionally, however, they cut across the stratification for a little distance, showing that the disrupting action was not always confined to tearing the layers apart. The vein-stone consists of purple fluor-spar, and silvery white mica with quartz. In this gangue the cassiterite, nearly black in color, is disseminated in small crystalline masses, sometimes one-half an inch in diameter, and is associated with a little mispickel. I have only seen the veins as exposed at a single point, but was informed that similar veins holding the ore are met with at a distance of several thousand feet.

Jan 1, 1873