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Masjid-i-Su1aiman.—There have been no new developments in the Masjid-i-Sulaiman field during the year. Drilling, deepcning and acidizing operations for maintenance of production havc continued normally. Reservoir conditions have been unchanged, the rate of fall of dome prcssure remaining very low—at about 0.4 lb. per sq. in. per million tons net production. Drilling on the Lali structure northwest of Masjid-i-Sulaiman has continued but oil has not been encountered in commercial quantities. Haft Kel.—The progressive drilling program extending the production capacity of the Haft Kel field was completed carly in the year and the field is now on a routine maintenance basis. Drilling has continued on the white-oil springs structurc northwest of Haft Kel. Naft-i-Shah.—No developments of interest have occurred in Naft-i-Shah field. Offtake is for local markets only. A further large produeer was completed during the year. Gach Saran.—By the end of 1939, work on plant and pipe lines to put, the field on a production basis was approaching completion. Two substantial producers were also drilled in the initial production area. Pazanun and Agha Jari.—No further drilling was carried out on the Pazanun structure during the year, gas only having been obtained to depths exceeding 8000 ft. On the adjacent Agha Jari structure, however, a second satisfactory oil producer was completed.

Jan 1, 1940

The following tables showing the output of coal during the year 1913 have been secured y R. H. Morris, of Pocahontas, Alberta, Canada, for the use of the Committee through the kindness of John T. Stirling, Chief Mine-Inspector of Alberta. The principal mining districts are, Crow's Nest Pass, Calgary, Lethbridge, and Edmonton, the outputs from which were as follows: Tons Crow's Nest Pass 1,849,435 Calgary...: 627,461 Lethbridge ; 966,020 Edmonton 863,430 Total 4,306,346 Of this quantity there was exported to the United States, principally from the Crow's Nest Pass district, 138,201 tons of 2,000 lb., that being the ton used throughout the Province. This production consisted of lignite, bituminous coal, anthracite, coking coal and coal used in making. briquettes, as follows: Tons "Lignite coal" (lignitic?) 1,763,225 Bituminous coal 2,374,401 Anthracite coal 168,720 Coking coal 104,012 Coke produced 65,167 Briquettes produced 130,861 The only district in which coke was made is the Crow's Nest Pass district, and the entire product was consumed in Canada. The total number of persons employed is as follows: Above ground 2,231 Underground 5,837 Total 8,068 The per capita production was as follows: Tons of coal mined per employee 533 Tons of coal mined per underground employee 737

Jan 7, 1914

The Institute published a collective index of- Volumes I to XXXV inclusive, which has been very extensively purchased and used by the members of the Institute. It enables one to look, up any subject in the first thirty-five volumes and is useful to those who have the Transactions, as well as to those who have not, because it tells what subjects have been treated and enables one to look these matters up in his own library and then afterward either to procure the individual papers from the Institute at the price of $1 each, or to procure Volumes, or to consult the Trans-actions at a nearby library, if such a one is available. It now seems desirable to publish another collective index, and the Editorial Department, upon the authority of the Board of Directors, has prepared an index of Volumes XXXVI to LV inclusive. This will be sold in the Institute's standard half morocco binding at a price of $5 and in paper covers at a price of $4. It wilt be ready in a few weeks. Those who already have the first index and purchase the second one, and those who purchase both, will have a complete index of the Transactions from Volumes I to LV inclusive. The Institute will be glad to receive advance orders for this index to insure prompt delivery upon publication.

Jan 8, 1917

An Interstate Mining Commission organized in Raleigh, N. C., on April 27 still has no offices, no budget and only four members, but it could spell the beginning of the end for the state-to-state environmental control variations that have lately been con- founding the mining industry. Established by Kentucky, North Carolina, Oklahoma and Pennsylvania, the new organization is committed to protecting land, water and other resources through improved strip and other mining practices. In pursuit of this end, it has broad authority to study all mining activities affecting the environment and to recommend improvements in mining practices and in laws regulating the mining industry. The Startup The Commission was created under an interstate Mining Compact enacted in the 1960's by the legislatures of the four member states. According to the rules of this Compact, the Commissioners in the new organization are, ex officio, the governors of the member states-namely, Chairman Louie B. Nunn (Ky.), Vice Chairman Robert W. Scott (N.C.), David Hall (Okla.) and Milton J. Shapp (Pa.). Each Commissioner, however, must appoint an advisory body to counsel him in matters relating to Commission business and delegate one member of this body to act as his alternate. Each advisory body must include representatives of mining, conservation and other public and private interests.

Jan 1, 1971

By V. R. Garfias, R. V. Whetzel

It is estimated that world consumption of petroleum, its products and related fuels during 1935 will reach an all-time peak of 1,592,000,000 bbl. —about 5.4 per cent higher than in 1934. Demand increased within the United States approximately 6.1 per cent during 1935 and in foreign countries about 4.1 per cent. The figures in Table 1 indicate that during the past five years world's production of crude petroleum and related fuels exceeded demand every year and that the aggregate difference is approximately 239,000,000 bbl. The supply in the United States exceeded consumption by some 134,000,000 bbl. over the same five-year period, while outside the United States the excess over demand is shown to be 105,000,000 bbl. Table 2 combines the excess production in the United States with its favorable balance of exports over imports, showing that the United States has reduced its storage over the five years by about 132,720,000 bbl., and indicates that, including its excess of imports from the United States, the rest of the world may have an unfavorable balance of some 371,000,000 bbl. over the five-year period. Such difference in foreign countries is largely due to increase in stocks, and partly at least remains in our imperfect knowledge of consumption statistics as an unfavorable balance. Table 3

Jan 1, 1936

By V. R. Garfias, R. V. Whetzel

It is estimated that world consumption of petroleum, its products and related fuels during 1935 will reach an all-time peak of 1,592,000,000 bbl. —about 5.4 per cent higher than in 1934. Demand increased within the United States approximately 6.1 per cent during 1935 and in foreign countries about 4.1 per cent. The figures in Table 1 indicate that during the past five years world's production of crude petroleum and related fuels exceeded demand every year and that the aggregate difference is approximately 239,000,000 bbl. The supply in the United States exceeded consumption by some 134,000,000 bbl. over the same five-year period, while outside the United States the excess over demand is shown to be 105,000,000 bbl. Table 2 combines the excess production in the United States with its favorable balance of exports over imports, showing that the United States has reduced its storage over the five years by about 132,720,000 bbl., and indicates that, including its excess of imports from the United States, the rest of the world may have an unfavorable balance of some 371,000,000 bbl. over the five-year period. Such difference in foreign countries is largely due to increase in stocks, and partly at least remains in our imperfect knowledge of consumption statistics as an unfavorable balance. Table 3

Jan 1, 1936

A joint statistical report released by the U.S. Department of Commerce and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission indicates that business investment in new plants and equipment is expected to total $81.8 billion during 1971. This figure is based on the findings of a survey conducted in late April and May and reflects about a 1 ½ % decrease in investments from the $83.1 billion projected in February. Mining, on the other hand, is still in a bullish mood and is expected to spend $1.99 billion in 1971 compared to $1.89 billion in 1970 and $1.86 billion in 1969. Based on figures quoted above, mining investment in 1971 should show a 5.2% increase over 1970. Carl E. Bagge, president of the National Coal Association, was the dedicatory speaker at the new Milton R. Young Station of the Minnkota Power Cooperative in North Dakota. This new power plant incorporates many innovations which have overcome the problems of using the low-cost lignite abundant in the area. According to Bagge, this development and President Nixon's recent request for an extra $10 million for coal gasification plants is helping the region lead the way in providing for the power needs of the future. He also maintains that gasification of coal can reconcile coal consumption with the demand for cleaner air, and also assure the nation of adequate pipeline gas.

Jan 1, 1971

By Lawrence H. Van Vlack

DISCUSSION, H. L. Burghoff presiding C. S. Smith (University of Chicago, Chicago)—The author is to be congratulated on his valuable contribution to the extremely meager absolute data on interface energies in metallic systems. It is interesting to note that the ratio between a and r iron boundary energies is approximately the same in the quaternary alloy with silicon, carbon, and sulphur as in the binary Cu-Fe alloy. A value for the copper grain boundary energy can be obtained from the author's data, Tables IV and VI, by utilizing the energy ratios of the following pairs of interfaces: copper-sulphide/copper, copper y iron, y iron/y iron, y iron/ copper, and copper/copper. This gives a value of 595 erg per sq cm for the free energy of the copper grain boundary. Despite this circuitous route and the assumption that the y iron boundary is identical in alloys with and without sulphur and does not change between 1105" and 100O°C, this figure is in remarkably close agreement with other values of the copper boundary energy, obtained by equilibration against lead and against the free copper surface. It therefore appears either that impurities do not greatly affect the grain boundary energies or that boundaries in even nominally pure metals are already sufficiently contaminated so that further change has little effect.

Jan 1, 1952

By Dr. T

THE application of electricity in the extraction of metals has hithcrto been chiefly confined to the electrolysis of dissolved or fused compounds of these by varios methods. The power of electric currents to generate intense heat in their passage through a resisting medium has, however, long been known, and the late W. Siemens thereby succeeded in fusing considerable quantities of steel. But it was reserved to Messrs. Eugene 11. and Alfred H. CoWles, of Cleveland, Ohio, to take a new step in the metallurgic art by maKing the heat thus produced a means of reducing in the presence of carbon the oxides not only of the alkaline metals, but of calcium, magnesium, manganese, aluminium, silicon, and boron, with an ease that permits the production of these elements and their alloys with copper and other metals 011 a commercial scale. In the apparatus devised and now employed by the Messrs. Cowles, a column of fragments of well-calcined charcoal, so prepared and arranged as to present the requisite electrical resistance, is imbedded horizontally in finely pulverized charcoal, and covered by a layer of the same material coarsely broken, the whole being arranged in a box of fire-brick, covered with perforated tiles and opened at the ends to admit two carbon electrodes an inch and a half in diameter.

Jan 1, 1886

By Anders Carlson

NOTABLE advances have been made in the evaluation of oil-reservoir rocks from information furnished by core analysis. Among the physical data employed, per-meability is of primary importance. It may be assumed that the permeability of a core sample, considered as a property inherent to the nature of the porous medium only, is not markedly altered by the coring opera-tion, therefore some degree of accuracy is justified in the laboratory determination of permeability constants by means of homo-geneous flow media. To provide that such relatively simple determinations be sus-ceptible to duplication and consistent inter-pretation should prove advantageous in the prediction of subsurface flow conditions involving nonhomogeneous fluids. The air permeameter seems to fill most satisfactorily the need for rapid and fairly accurate determinations. Instruments that are similar in design and operation have come into general use. However, this has not resulted in an encouraging uniformity in the results obtained. Recognizing the value of reducing measured values to a common quantitative standard, the authors have sought to determine possible reasons for undue discrepancies and means for their elimination. This paper will be specifically concerned with three factors, which appear to be of some importance in the establishment of consistent permeability values: (I) design and operation of the permeameter, (2) preparation and mounting of the sample, (3) type of flow created in the sample.

Jan 1, 1940

By M. R. Meyer, W. T. Walter

A great deal is known, in a qualitative sense, about the performance of CMI EB-36 centrifuges. The manufacturer can give reliable guidance for the proper operation of its centrifuges and can give general estimates of expected product moisture and recovery. Quantitative estimates of the effects of changes in the various operating parameters are more difficult to find. The engineer faced with designing a preparation plant may be without the specific data needed to make decisions. For example, to obtain optimum product moisture when drying 9.5 mm X 595 µm (0.4 in. x 28 mesh) coal the centrifuge manufacturer recommends having no more than 5% -595 µm (-28 mesh) material in the centrifuge feed. They know that more -595 µm (-28 mesh)material in the feed will cause higher product moistures, but they usually cannot quantify the increased moisture or describe the shape of the product moisture versus -595 µm (-28 mesh) in the feed curve. This study was conceived to provide quantitative information on the EB-36 centrifuges, focusing on product moisture, recovery, and size degradation. All of the centrifuges tested were Model EB-36 dryers from Centrifugal and Mechanical Industries Inc. (CMI), with feeds in the nominal 9.5 mm x 595 pm (0.4 in. x 28 mesh) range. These are typical centrifugal dryers in this application, and many were available for testing.

Jan 1, 1984

By W. R. Phibbs

The blast furnace of the Columbia Steel Corpn., at Ironton, Utah, was put in blast April 30, 1024, and its operation has presented some interesting problems. The coke for the furnace is furnished by 33 Koppers Becker type ovens of 15 tons capacity each. The coal is shipped from the company's mine at Columbia, Utah, which is approximately 123 miles from Ironton, and is probably the highest volatile coal that is being coked for blast furnace use in this country. The analysis of the coal is: PeR Cent. Moisture................................................. 3.90 Volatile.................................................. 39.00 Fixed carbon............................................ 51.10 Ash............................................... 6.00 Sulfur................................................. 1.07 The analysis of the coke is: PeR Cent. Volatile.................................................. 0.55 Fixed carbon............................................. 89.70 Ash...................................................... 9.75 Sulfur................................................... 1.05 The coke is light and of a fingery construction, but is very fast burning. A screen test of the coke as loaded into the skip tubs at the furnace shows the following: Per Cent. On 2 in.................................................. 17.90 On 11/2 in................................................ 41.78 On 1 in.................................................. 27.80 Through 1 in............................................. 12.52 The by-product yields are as follows: Gas................................. 11,000 cu. ft. per ton of coal Sulfate............................... 30 Ib. per ton of coal Tar.................................. 12.65 gal. per ton of coal Motor fuel........................... 3.00 gal. per ton of coal Average B. t. u. in gas................. 567

By K. Thirumalai, D. P. Schlick

Longwall Technology has a potential of resulting in safety and productivity improvements of U.S. underground coal mining similar to those experienced by the introduction of continuous miner systems. The study presents a comprehensive national evaluation of longwall technology to assess the potential of longwalls to improve health and safety and coal productivity. The study was conducted by the authors during the spring of 1980 as part of MSHA New Technology Coordination activities and with a view to examine the factors that may limit the acceptance of longwall technology in the U.S. coal mining operations. The study points out areas where adjustments need to be made in MSHA regulations and enforcement to help Longwalls. A two-entry longwall system appears to offer a practical method of improving underground coal productivity and safety. Applying regulations that are primarily designed for room and pillar methods to longwall mining, in some instances, reduces the effectiveness and productivity benefits feasible by new technology application. Controlling dust is the single predominant problem in the design and operation of longwalls in the United States. The results of this study points out a need for a coordinated program between government and industries on dust control technologies for examining acceptable technological options to control dust in longwalls without restraining the production capability of the system.

Jan 1, 1981

By Milton C. Head, Aulton E. Roland, William E. Hawes

INTRODUCTION Uranium mining in the Grants Mineral Belt has undergone changes from methods pioneered during the 1950's and has now become fairly standardized throughout the district. The orebodies vary in size and shape and have been most successfully mined by using modified room and pillar methods with pillar recovery. This paper will expand on methods and equipment that are being used and modifications of these that will increase productivity and efficiency. GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND The petrology of the Grants Mineral Belt consists of alternating layers of sandstone and shales (mudstone), with occasional thin layers of coal. The sandstones are aquifers which are generally artesian to some extent. The shales are bentonitic and decompose into extremely sloppy mud when exposed to water. Figure 1 shows a typical geologic section. Most of the uranium produced in the Grants Mineral Belt comes from the Westwater Canyon member of the Morrison Formation and occurs as scattered ore bodies throughout the formation. This formation consists of layers of bentonitic shale and sandstone of varying degrees' of cementing and grain size. It is also a very significant artesian aquifer. The unconfined compressive strength of the various formations is not high, as shown in Table I. It is important to note that these represent average values and a great range may exist within a single formation, especially In the Westwater which is the ore formation. [ ]

Jan 1, 1982

By Philip D. Pearson

Competition is the problem and modernization is the solution in today's underground iron operations on the Lake Superior Range. Profound changes in the iron ore picture during recent years have prompted correspondingly great changes in the economic position of the Lake Superior underground mines. To meet the ever growing competition from other lower cost iron sources, underground operators are becoming increasingly aware that the newest advancements in mining technology must be incorporated in their operations. UNDERGROUND POSITION TODAY The extraction of iron ore by underground methods has been going on for many decades in the Lake Superior region, starting in 1872 on the Menominee Range. The number of mines has changed gradually over the years as new ones were opened and old ones were exhausted, but in recent years, the most drastic change occurred from 1960 to 1961. In 1960, there were 31 underground mines operating in Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin, but at one period in 1961 only 20 were operating (Table I). In western Ontario so far there has been only some temporary curtailment of operations. Of the 11 U.S. mines which ceased operations in 1961, some may he closed only temporarily, but some will remain closed for our lifetime, at 'east, unless there is a tremendous reversal of the present trend in the iron ore market

Jan 3, 1962

By J. C. Draper

Duquesne Light Co.'s Portal No. 3 mine, in the Warwick group of mines in Southwestern Pennsylvania, was started in June 1965 with battery- powered tractor-trailer face haulage. The area as- signed to Portal No. 3 encompasses over 8000 acres of coal and will be developed by driving a set of main entries through the center of the tract in roughly a westerly direction, and sub mains on a 45º deflection angle in roughly a northerly direction (Figs 1 & 2). In the original planning these sub mains were to be at a 90º angle with the mains, but difficult roof conditions necessitated a change in plans. The entries and crosscuts are driven 18 ft wide in the normal Sewickley seam which varies between 46 and 56 in. high. The mine bottom is a strong shale and in average, cool or dry outside conditions stands up well for rubber-tired haulage equipment, but when the outside conditions are hot and humid, the bottom becomes soft and muddy. This condition lessens as the mine faces are advanced further from the portals because the condensation will then take place principally on the surfaces of intake entries outby the working areas. To aid the situation, an air cooling system was installed and is used as conditions dictate.

Jan 7, 1968

By Richard L. Stowe

Four NX-diameter holes were diamond-drilled in competent granite. Samples of the recovered core were used in laboratory tests. A borehole, plate-bearing device known as a Goodman jack was used to perform load deformation tests on the rock in the core hole. The majority of samples used in the laboratory tests were taken from depths in the hole at or within 5 ft of those at which the plate bearing tests were made. Borehole camera records, compressional and shear wave velocities, and densities were measured. Dynamic elastic constants were computed for the in-situ material, while comparative data (except camera records) were obtained in the laboratory. These data were examined to evaluate the significance of the in-situ modulus of deformation (Ed), the value computed from Goodman jack tests. Average test results show an excellent correlation between in-situ and laboratory data. The ratio of laboratory to field deformation modulus ranges from 9.82 to 7.21 for 3,000 and 9,000-psi stress levels, respectively. The dynamic modulus ratio, ED field/Ep lab, is 1.02; the compressional wave velocity ratio, V8 field/V8 lab, is 0.94; the shear wave velocity ratio, V, field/V, lab, is 1.12; and the density ratio, field [y/y] lab, is 0.95.

Jan 1, 1973

By N. E. Norman

During the past few years the underground mining industry and the big hole drilling industry have been involved in a flirtatious courtship, but until recently this courtship did not appear to be taken too seriously by either party. However, many of the promises made by the big hole industry are beginning to come true. Improvements have been made steadily in techniques of mechanical boring of large diameter shafts, raises and tunnels, thus making the big hole industry a more stable partner in the eyes of the mining industry. The mining industry too has made many changes in planning that make mining more attractive to the big hole industry. If there is to be a marriage between big hole drilling and mining, we should certainly take a look at the background of the big hole drilling industry, and examine the three main features of big hole drilling to determine how each applies to mining. Shaft Drilling Since 1950, numerous large diameter shafts have been drilled using rotary drilling techniques. Most of the larger diameter shafts have been drilled for the AEC for underground nuclear testing purposes. However, since 1960 several shafts have also been drilled for various mining companies, particularly in the United States. In 1967, rotary drilling shafts were either completed or in progress at the mining companies listed in Table I.

Jan 6, 1968

By H. K. Livingston

THE first person to investigate intensively the vast field of surface phenomena and capillary effects was the eminent English scientist, Lord Rayleigh (1842-1919), who laid down most of the fundamentals of this subject. This work was greatly amplified by Irving Langmuir,1 who, in connection with research for the General Electric Co., spent 25 years on the study of the surface chemistry of films, finally receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1932 in recognition of his work. At present, William Harkins,2 of the University of Chicago, is the world's foremost authority on surface-tension measurement and his independent work, when combined with that of Langmuir, resulted in the orientation con-cept of solubility and surface activity, which is now an important funda-mental in chemistry. The theory laid down by these men was first applied to practical considerations regarding petroleum reservoirs by F. E. Bartell,3 of the University of Michigan, in connection with an American Petroleum Institute research grant. The latest and most advanced application of Bartell's work is contained in an article published in 1935 by Allen Garrison,4 of Rice Institute, in which he relates Bartell's measurements to the ratio of oil to water produced by wells and shows the types of petroleum reservoirs where the effects studied by Bartell are significant. This article is intended as a minor extension of such work.

Jan 1, 1938

By Victor G. Hills

This paper comprises suggestions on certain points rather than a complete survey of the whole subject. In other words, it is a contribution to the kenera1 discussion invited by John Hays Hammond in his paper, presented as a Presidential address at the Chattanooga meeting of the Institute, in October, 1908.1 Mr. Hammond says, in conclusion: "... I am not offering a code, or even an official and representative declaration of principles.. My remarks are intended, and will, I hope, be accepted, simply as a contribution to that discussion of their theme in which every engineer of experience may participate." Such a discussion has been conducted in technical journals, as well as in contributions to the Transuctions of the Institute; and, in the remarks here offered, I shall have occasion to refer the read& to what I have thus published elsewhere, for more extended statements of my views. What Mr. Hammond says about loyalty to employers, the double capacity of the engineer as an employer, the expert witness, commissions on machinery, the statement that most swindling is done by laymen and not by engineers, duty to the investing public, and the engagement of local engineers as colleagues, it is a pleasure to indorse. Under the head of the expert witness, Mr. Hammond refers to the address of Dr. R. W. Raymond on Professional Ethice. This paper con-

Jan 1, 1911