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* A demonstration pipeline for transporting coal will be constructed by Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Co, at the Georgetown strip-mining operation near Cadiz, Ohio, The 12-in., 17,000-ft line, special crushing and preparation equipment, and pumps especially designed for the operation will cost about $550,000. A slurry of fine coal and water will be fed into the line and moved through it under pressure. * Sulphur resources in the U.S. are being rapidly exhausted with no new major deposits being found, This common mineral may become one of the most strategic items during the next five years. Recovery of sulphur from pyrites is being considered in case of an emergency. Already the British have adopted stringent measures to conserve sulphur supplies.

Jan 3, 1951

cation received from Brigadicr General Thos. G. Hanson said: "It is my painful duty to communicate to you the fact of the loss of your son, Martin F. Bowles. About 11 o'clock on the night of September 3, Lieutenant Bowles, with Lieutenant Joseph B. Keckler, 355th Infantry, in command of a reconnoitering patrol of our troops, encountered the enemy. In the ensuing engagement your son received a rifle bullet through his heart. His death was instantaneous and painless. His remains were intcrred with full military honors on the 4th of September." He was promoted to First Lieutenant, but his commission did not reach him before his death. He was president of the Missouri Mining Association, Missouri School of Mines, for the year 1916-17.

Jan 1, 1920

By H. Conrad, K. Janowski, E. Stofel

In a previous paper,1 the occurrence of (0001) and (0111) twins was reported for compression tests of 60-deg-oriented sapphire rods in the temperature range from 1100° to 1300° C. Subsequent to this initial work, additional tests have been conducted, and twinning has been found to occur at temperatures as high as 1500° C. Also, the temperature and strain-rate conditions for the two types of twins and for slip have been established in more detail. The present note covers this more recent work. The compression-test data are summarized in Table I. The techniques for identifying the twins are optical examination up to X1000 and X-ray analysis.' It is evident that (0711) twins are pre-

Jan 1, 1965

Descriptions of the following awards and lists of recipients through 1957 may be found in 1957 AIME Directory Recipients since that time are as follows JAMES DOUGLAS GOLD MEDAL 1958-J Roy Gordon "For distinguished contributions to process metallurgy in the field of smelting and refining of nickel, and metallurgical improvements in nickel recovery " 1959-Clyde Williams "For outstanding contributions in nonferrous metallurgy partic¬ularly through stimulating research and interest in the basic metallurgy and the use of both the common and the less common metals " WILLIAM LAWRENCE SAUNDERS GOLD MEDAL 1958-Willlam Jesse Coulter "For his distinguished achievement in contributing in general to the success of Climax Molybdenum Company, and, in particular, for developing mining practices of the Climax Mine "

Jan 1, 1959

In opening the meeting I wish to express my greatest pleasure at being able to greet this joint session of the Mining and Electrical Engineers. As engineering develops, we find that the border lines between the different branches of engineering become more and more indistinct; the several fields overlap so much that they are three or four layers deep in places. It is only an accident that we couldn't have had the Mechanical Engineers also as a formal part of this gathering, because they are quite as much interested in this subject as the Electrical or Mining Engineers. A little history may enlighten some of those who have not been close to this work. A year ago last summer, there was brought to the attention

Jan 4, 1919

By Martin F. Milligan

THIS short discussion of the effects of deoxidation on the mechanical properties of cast steels is intended to serve as general introduction to the subject of this afternoon's session. The subject is covered in detail in Mr. Carter's excellent paper. My material has been collected from the works of various investigators, several of whom are present today. For a definition of deoxidation, as applied to steel-furnace melting practice, we can best go to Briggs' book, "The Metallurgy of Steel Castings." Briggs says that deoxidation "includes all the phenomena in the final preparation of steel that would permit it to solidify free from gas cavities and from dissolved oxygen of all kinds." Various practices are used by welters to produce these end results.

Jan 1, 1947

By Robert W. Hunt

No matter how perfectly sectioned or skilfully manufactured the rails used may have been, or with what care the road-bed may he maintained, legitimate results from these important factors cannot be secured unless proper attention is bestowed upon the joint-fastenings. In this country, splice-bars of various patterns furnish the practically universal joint. Other forms have been used, and are now being experimentally tested, but the typical American rail-joint consists of angle-plates or splice-bars. At the same time, it is true that scarcely a railroad engineer is satisfied with his joint. He may consider it the best of which he has knowledge, but at the same time he is well aware of many of its weak points.

Jan 1, 1890

By Arthur F. Taggart

ENGINEERING is the art of control of men, matter, and energy in timely concert to provide economically the material needs of man. Control requires knowledge of the thing to be controlled and of proven methods of controlling. Knowledge of man comprises understanding of what he is and of his reactions as an individual and in the mass to his surroundings and to other men. Knowledge of matter comprises understanding of its fundamental nature, its methods of combining into multitudes of animate and inanimate forms, the properties of these forms and their various utilities, their sources and availability. Knowledge of energy constitutes knowing what is meant by the term, its various forms and sources, the laws of convertibility, and the methods of transformation and transmission.

Jan 4, 1950

In situ mining techniques have become prominent in recent years due to declining ore grades, rising costs, and increasing concern for miners' health and safety. Current practices depend heavily on the effective and uniform fragmentation of the ore zone of interest, which not only provides for proper media flow but also exposes additional surface areas to react with the processing system. Specifically, current applications have focused on blasting to a mined-out opening or, in the case of shallow de- posits, blasting to the surface void. In the former case, several obstacles are encountered, including proper initiation, uniform fragmentation, and a lack of swell space for the blast, which tend to produce less desirable results in the zone of' interest.

Jan 3, 1979

By C. A. Wert, K. C. Hsieh

Measurement has been made of the organic sulfur concentration in coal macerals using microanalytical techniques in the transmission electron microscope. This technique utilizes measurements of x-rays emitted by the sulfur atoms embedded in the hydrocarbon constituents and the bremsstrahlung x-rays generated in the matrix. It is a simple technique for thin specimens and yields reliable results. Although it can be used to measure the average organic sulfur content of coal, it is most useful in determining organic sulfur in extremely small volumes of material. Variations in organic sulfur content can be measured at a scale unimagined earlier. This TEM technique also has application for determination of organic chlorine, phosphorous, potassium and other elements often found distributed through the hydrocarbon constituent of fuels.

Jan 1, 1985

By Sam F. Harrison

The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors again sends out this recommendation: If you have an air compressor that is mounted directly on the air tank, get it off. Characteristically, small- to intermediate-sized air receivers are thin-walled vessels, and as such are prone to failure when subjected to external loading. Many of these vessels, if not a great majority, are bought by a distributor of air compressor systems, who provides the compressor, motor, switchgear and other accoutrements-all of which are very frequently mounted on a base which is then welded to the shell of the receiver. These welds at the points of attachment transmit external loading to the tank in the form of weight and vibration, frequently resulting in stress-induced cracks.

Jan 3, 1978

By John P. Weir

Coal's participation in the domestic energy market depends to a very large extent upon the cost of coal delivered to consumers. Today the principal use of coal in the U.S. is in steam-electric generating stations. Generally, it is the delivered cost per million Btu's that is given the greatest weight in choosing either oil, natural gas or coal as the fuel used in these power plants. There are three major cost components of generating electric energy in steam-electric plants. These expenses expressed in terms of "dollars per kilowatt year" are: (1) operation and maintenance of necessary facilities, (2) fixed charges of necessary capital investment, and (3) fuel. For a modern large plant, the first two items would be approximately as follows:

Jan 9, 1962

cation received from Brigadicr General Thos. G. Hanson said: "It is my painful duty to communicate to you the fact of the loss of your son, Martin F Bowles. About 11 o'clock on the night of September 3, Lieutenant Bowles, with Lieutenant Joseph B. Keckler, 355th Infantry, in command of a reconnoitering patrol of our troops, encountered the enemy. In the ensuing engagement your son received a rifle bullet through his heart. His death was instantaneous and painless. His remains were intcrred with full military honors on the 4th of September." He was promoted to First Lieutenant, but his commission did not reach him before his death. He was president of the Missouri Mining Association, Missouri School of Mines, for the year 1916-17.

Jan 1, 1920

By Adrian Brown

Over the last decade, a number of large slopes have been excavated in rock which contains families of joints or faults which dip steeply into the cut slope. Despite the absence of "adverse" structures, these slopes have exhibited alarming movement rates at very modest heights (as little as 100 meters) and slope angles (as little as 20º). Classical stability analysis suggests that such slopes should be unconditionally stable. This paper describes the toppling mechanism which has been found to be the cause of the observed movements and develops a general method for analysis of it. Simple cases are analyzed in order to provide charts which allow quick evaluation of the likelihood of this phenomenon occurring. The safety implications of such movements in slopes are also examined.

Jan 1, 1982

By Walter L. Crow

MUCH has been published on highly technical phases of grinding. Very little has been written on how a mill man can improve his operations by determining the optimum size assortment of grinding balls that should be added as a makeup charge. This ball rationing is not to be confused with the ball ration used as an initial charge when the mill is started up. Ball rationing is considered for one or more of the following purposes: 1) to increase throughput of the mill, 2) to reduce the power required per ton of ore ground to the desired size, 3) to reduce steel consumption per ton of ore ground, 4) to improve product size, and 5) to lower retention time of ore in the mill.

Jan 7, 1957

By F. Hulsmeir

The increase in drilling activities in Venezuela noted during the latter half of 1932 continued, and 132 wells were completed in 1933 as compared to only 60 completed during 1932. Notwithstanding these new wells, 114 of which were producers, and also the appreciable increase in artificial lifting installations during the year, Venezuelan production was maintained at only a slightly higher level than in 1932, amounting to 120,356,000 bbl. in 1933 as compared to 118,167,000 bbl. in 1932. However, at the end of the year the daily average production of 358,-860 bbl. was 16 per cent higher than that at the end of 1932. Exports from Venezuela recorded an increase of approximately 4 per cent, totaling

Jan 1, 1934

The recent dedication of Magma Copper Co.'s San Manuel, Ariz., electrolytic copper refinery and rod casting plant marks the culmination of a three year, $250 million expansion-modernization program. The new facilities will eventually permit an annual production of 200,000 tons of marketable copper for direct sale to fabricators. The Newmont Mining Corp. subsidiary will produce and market continuous cast 5/16 in. copper redraw rod, full plate cathode copper and sheared cathode plate under its own brand name. Among the four largest in the nation, the new refinery and plant, was built at a cost of $34 million and will be fully automated. In addition, all materials used in the plant will be recycled and no waste, discard or emissions will occur.

Jan 3, 1972

By John F. Barkley, J. W. Woomer, H. F. Yancey, H. B. Charmbury

The coal picture in 1955 was much brighter than in 1954, when the tonnage produced dropped to the 1939 level. Bituminous coal and lignite production are expected to approach 465 million tons, against 392 million tons in 1954, an increase of about 19 pct. On the other hand, the production of anthracite declined about 7 pct to some 25 million tons. There was marked improvement in coal consumption in all industrial lines except railroads. At the end of November 1955 the largest consumer, electric power utilities, had used about 126 million tons, an increase of some 22 million tons over the previous year. Coke-oven consumption increased about 19 million tons and coal coked in beehive ovens increased about 1.5 million tons, due to heavy coke

Feb 1, 1956

By S. M. Bishoff

The disturbance of surface land to support the underground mining of coal requires several hundred acres to produce easily in excess of $1 billion in sales at a moderately sized mine over 20-30 years. Due to the recent influx of environmental legislation, these surface operations must now undergo complete reclamation upon permanent cessation of production. This reclamation procedure has become so complex that the cost of reclamation must be a major consideration in the design of a new mine. This presentation will discuss these costs as they may be methodically evaluated and surcharged as a percentage of the product price. When placed in the proper, logical perspective, it is anticipated that the obstacles involved in this process may be minimized.

Jan 1, 1985

Two 6.17-m-diam (20.25-ft) shafts, said to be the largest ever opened with mechanical raise boring techniques, were completed in May and June 1978, at Monterey Coal Co.'s No. 1 mine near Carlinville, Ill. According to the shaft contractor for the project, Frontier-Kemper Constructors, the openings are 60% greater in cross section than the largest previous raise-bored shaft, which had a diameter of 4.85 m (16 ft). Both vertical shafts are 93 m (305 ft) in total depth, with the upper 28-30 m (90-100 ft) sunk and lined by conventional methods through unconsolidated overburden and the remainder mechanically bored through sedimentary rock. The two shafts will be used for service access as well as to augment ventilation.

Jan 12, 1978