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By John E. Sweet

There have already been so many subjects of a purely mechanical nature presented to the Institute of Mining Engineers, that it is unnecessary for me to apologize for adding another to the list. When a new invention, or what is supposed to be a new invention, claiming simply an improvement on the well-known devices, is to be described, it is usual to point out the defects of the old and give a history of the object or the art up to date. But, as no doubt a large proportion of the members of this Institute know as much, or more, about the history and use of the steam-engine indicator than I do myself, I will not further preface the subject, than to remind you that what called for the Richards's improvement on the Watt's indicator was high speed; that the leading improvement was the reduction of momentum in the reciprocating parts; and that this was accomplished by making the parts lighter, and reducing the travel of the heaviest, of them, and consequently the speed and momentum. The use of the indicator has been extended, for the speed of steamengines and other prime movers has been increased, until one engineer at least, John Cooper, of Philadelphia, says, "I want an indicator that will work up to a thousand revolutions." .Mr. Thompson, of the Buckeye Steam-Engine Company, of Salem, Ohio, has improved on the Richards's indicator by another reduction in the momentum, which is done by putting the parallel motion nearer the fulcrum of the pencil arm, reducing both weight and travel. The characteristic feature of the indicator I am going to illustrate is a still further reduction in the same direction, which is accomplished by dispensing with the parallel motion altogether. As is often the. case, in putting a simple idea into shape, some difficulties

Jan 1, 1879

By John Park

THE mining .district is located in the northeasterly part of Nevada, between the Jarbidge River on the west and the East Fork of the Jarbidge on the east. The northern boundary of the district is but a few miles south of the Idaho state line-the gold-bearing area extending from this point south, for 5 or 6 miles. The Jarbidge Mountains, in which the ore deposits occur, range from 5000 to 11,000 ft. in elevation, the most important mines being situated about 7000 ft. or higher. The town of Jarbidge lies along the Jarbidge River and is reached by stage from Rogerson, Ida., the nearest railroad point. During the summer months, the camp may be entered from the south by way of Deeth, Nev., but no regular transportation facilities are available over this route. HISTORY The mineral deposits were not discovered until 1909, when D. A. Bourne, panning along the river bank, found gold in the gravel at the mouth of a small stream flowing into the Jarbidge. He prospected in the vicinity of this stream, later known as Bourne Gulch, and shortly after located the North Star claims. During the following spring and summer (1910), the camp of Jarbidge grew from nothing to a town of 2000 people and the hills surrounding it were practically all taken up by mining claims. Most of the work done during. the first year or two consisted of trenching and open-cut prospecting. Tunneling was started on a number of claims and many veins were uncovered. Mills were built and operated on a few properties, notably the Pavlak and the North Star. These ran only a few months, however, when they were closed down because of extraction and financial difficulties.

Jan 1, 1925

My predecessor in the office of President of the Institute started a custom of visiting the various local sections, thus obtaining their points . of view and their ideas as to how the Institute can best serve the interests of its members. Exceedingly valuable- exchange of ideas was thus brought about. I am following this custom as far as the limited amount of free time at my disposal will allow me, and I trust that my successor in office will appreciate the benefit to be derived from following the custom thus initiated and will continue the swing around the circle of the local sections. The activities of the Institute are increased by the prestige gained from large numbers and I trust that every member of this local section will consider himself a member of the committee on increase of membership and will see if he is not able during the coming year to gain at least one new member for the Institute. This is a perfectly possible proposition for, although the membership of the Institute is at present approximately seven thousand, I feel sure there are at least seven thousand more men in the United States who are interested in mining, metallurgy or geology from the metal-mining point of view who would make admirable members or associate members of the Institute. The first consideration of the Institute as a body, and of each member as an individual, is to win the war and defeat the Huns. In order to accomplish this, the Institute, as a body, has cooperated with the other national engineering societies and the great bureaus of the Department of the Interior, the United States Geological Survey and the Bureau of Mines in forming committees to study and advise the Government on pressing problems of vital importance.

Jan 5, 1918

By D. T. Jones

In view of the importance of the application of scientific principles to the production of oil from the reservoir, the Production Staff of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (late Anglo-Persian Oil Co.) has been engaged for some years on an intensive program of research on the physical properties of crude oil. Problems involving the retention of crude oil in capillaries and fine fissures demanded for their solution a knowledge of the surface tension and specific gravity of the crude under reservoir conditions, and it is the purpose of this paper to describe briefly the methods adopted for the determination of these properties, and to present the more important results. A detailed article was published in volume 1 of the World Congress Proceedings (1933). Surface-tension observations on crude oil regassed at high pressures with natural gases have been made in the past by Beecher and Park-hurstl and Swartz2, but up to the time of the investigations in Iran no one seems to have carried out experiments with gas-saturated crude direct from the reservoir and kept at its original pressure. Results obtained in this manner are obviously of greater practical value for solving problems connected with the reservoir. Method of Measurement No apparatus for the measurements, under the pressure conditions involved, was available, and a suitable instrument had to be designed and constructed in the Fields workshops. Careful consideration of the matter led to the adoption of a method for measuring the surface tension which did not involve a knowledge of the specific gravity of the oils under the working conditions: the main reason for this being that up to that time no accurate determination of the specific gravity had been made under these conditions. The method adopted involves the measurement of the actual tension in an oil film, and is effected by means of

Jan 1, 1936

By D. T. Jones

In view of the importance of the application of scientific principles to the production of oil from the reservoir, the Production Staff of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (late Anglo-Persian Oil Co.) has been engaged for some years on an intensive program of research on the physical properties of crude oil. Problems involving the retention of crude oil in capillaries and fine fissures demanded for their solution a knowledge of the surface tension and specific gravity of the crude under reservoir conditions, and it is the purpose of this paper to describe briefly the methods adopted for the determination of these properties, and to present the more important results. A detailed article was published in volume 1 of the World Congress Proceedings (1933). Surface-tension observations on crude oil regassed at high pressures with natural gases have been made in the past by Beecher and Park-hurstl and Swartz2, but up to the time of the investigations in Iran no one seems to have carried out experiments with gas-saturated crude direct from the reservoir and kept at its original pressure. Results obtained in this manner are obviously of greater practical value for solving problems connected with the reservoir. Method of Measurement No apparatus for the measurements, under the pressure conditions involved, was available, and a suitable instrument had to be designed and constructed in the Fields workshops. Careful consideration of the matter led to the adoption of a method for measuring the surface tension which did not involve a knowledge of the specific gravity of the oils under the working conditions: the main reason for this being that up to that time no accurate determination of the specific gravity had been made under these conditions. The method adopted involves the measurement of the actual tension in an oil film, and is effected by means of

Jan 1, 1936

By John Garcia

THE presence of carbon de terre along the banks of the Illinois river was noted by the members of the Joliet and Marquette expeditions in 1673, and that may be referred to as the birthday of coal in the Middle West. The march of progress in the majority of indus-tries radiating from Chicago-one of the phenomena of history-is due in no small measure to this same carbon de terre and to the development and exploita-tion of the vast coal resources, which nature in a generous mood spread so lavishly over almost the en-tire state. The geological records indicate that coal-bearing rocks underlie three-quarters of Illinois, in-cluding 85 of the 102 counties and the entire area is estimated at from 36,000 to 42,000 square miles. Not all of the coal in this great area may be mined under the conditions existing today; producers are now taking the "cream" since industry demands the best quality and the lowest cost, thereby forcing competition among operators, which, in turn, com-pels the development of mines in those areas where the coal may be most readily .won, leaving the coal that is more difficult and expensive to mine to pos-terity. This is not such a bad arrangement, since the engineers of succeeding generations will enjoy the advantage of the experience of their ancestors, where-by they should profit and know how to mine a 2-ft. seam with as much economy and dispatch as we today work coal of thrice that thickness. During the period between 1830 and 1850, Illinois coal-mining progressed from the art of scratching along the outcrop to the development of small mines, mostly slopes, drifts and shallow shafts, but the real progress in the industry was coincident with the con-struction of railroads.

Jan 2, 1927

By John L. Boardman, C. W. Goodale

The motives behind the organization of the Bureau of Safety were twofold. First, there was the policy of the company toward its employees, which was one of fairness and consideration for their welfare and which entails the prevention of injuries; second, in order to prevent injuries, a study of their causes was essential, and this study could be made only by a thorough systematic classification of accidents, which required a special department to form and carry out the plans. The Bureau of Safety was organized to begin operation Jan. 1, 1914, hut practically all of the first year was spent in collecting data, making plans, etc. This department is semi-independent of others and reports directly to the president and general manager. It consists of the president of the company and the managers of the following departments: Mines, Washoe Reduction Works, Great Falls Reduction Works, Coal department, lumber department, B. A. & P. railway; and the chairman of the Bureau of Safety. Working under this group is the General Safety Committee consisting of the manager of mines, as chairman, the general superintendent, two assistant general superintendents, and the heads of the following departments: mechanical, geological, purchasing, sampling works, and framing plant; and also the safety engineer. Operating under the General Safety Committee are the group safety committees, consisting of the Anaconda group of mines, Boston & Montana group of mines, zinc group of mines, Washoe reduction works at Anaconda, B. & M. reduction works at Great Falls, coal department, lumber department and the R. A. & P. railway. Each of these group safety committces was in charge of the superintendent or manager of the group represented and the committee consisted of the foremen of the mine's or works that the committee served, as well as the safety engineer. These foremen and superintendents had met regularly for the purpose

Jan 1, 1923

By John L. Boardman, C. W. Goodale

The motives behind the organization of the Bureau of Safety were twofold. First, there was the policy of the company toward its employees, which was one of fairness and consideration for their welfare and which entails the prevention of injuries; second, in order to prevent injuries, a study of their causes was essential, and this study could be made only by a thorough systematic classification of accidents, which required a special department to form and carry out the plans. The Bureau of Safety was organized to begin operation Jan. 1, 1914, hut practically all of the first year was spent in collecting data, making plans, etc. This department is semi-independent of others and reports directly to the president and general manager. It consists of the president of the company and the managers of the following departments: Mines, Washoe Reduction Works, Great Falls Reduction Works, Coal department, lumber department, B. A. & P. railway; and the chairman of the Bureau of Safety. Working under this group is the General Safety Committee consisting of the manager of mines, as chairman, the general superintendent, two assistant general superintendents, and the heads of the following departments: mechanical, geological, purchasing, sampling works, and framing plant; and also the safety engineer. Operating under the General Safety Committee are the group safety committees, consisting of the Anaconda group of mines, Boston & Montana group of mines, zinc group of mines, Washoe reduction works at Anaconda, B. & M. reduction works at Great Falls, coal department, lumber department and the R. A. & P. railway. Each of these group safety committces was in charge of the superintendent or manager of the group represented and the committee consisted of the foremen of the mine's or works that the committee served, as well as the safety engineer. These foremen and superintendents had met regularly for the purpose

Jan 1, 1923

By W. K. Lewis

During the last decade the petroleum refinery engineer has made great progress in achieving a better understanding of the physical behavior of hydrocarbon mixtures, with particular reference to their pressure-temperature-volume relationships, the mechanism of the evaporation of liquids, the condensation of vapors, including the changes in composition, and the heat effects accompanying them. With the new insight into the mechanism of movement of oil and gas through the formations in which they occur, achieved by the production engineer, it is clear that the latter will need to utilize in the solution of his own problems much of the information outlined above. It is the purpose of this paper to outline the portions of that information that seem most certain to prove of importance in production work. Properties of Pure Hydrocarbons While it is true that petroleum always consists of highly complex mixtures of hydrocarbons, none the less understanding of the behavior of the mixture must be based upon a knowledge of the properties of the pure components. However, in view of the tremendous number of hydrocarbons existing in petroleum, the determination and formulation of the properties of all of them would seem a discouraging task. The difficulty of the situation is increased by the undoubted facts that the overwhelming majority of chemical individuals in petroleum have never been isolated as pure compounds, none of their physical properties have been determined and even their chemical constitution is unknown. The situation would be hopeless were it not for the fact that certain extraordinary correlations of important properties of various hydrocarbons have been discovered which make it possible to predict those properties for a given chemical individual on the basis of a very limited characterization of it. Thus one can predict the vapor-pressure curve of an unknown hydrocarbon over a considerable range from the knowledge of a

Jan 1, 1934

By Oliver Hopkins

As prefatory to the body of this paper, a few general statements will be made (1) in regard to the history and importance of the asbestos industry, (2) as to the principal sources of the raw material, and (3) as to the types and modes of occurrence of asbestos. While the modern asbestos industry is comparatively new and its growth during the last decade or two has been marvelous, asbestos has been known and used in a small way for probably 2,000 years-at least since the time of the Roman Empire. Pliny refers to it as "the funeral dress of kings" and Plutarch records its use as lamp wicks. In the middle of the 18th century the deposits of the Ural mountains were opened up and the first factory for the manufacture of asbestos goods was established. But, owing to the limited demand for the goods, the industry disappeared and interest lapsed until about 50 years ago. Since 1860, the asbestos industry has made wonderful strides, and each year sees new uses to which the material can be put, and hence an increased demand and an increased output. Of the three great producers of asbestos, Canada, Russia, and the United States, Canada stands pre-eminent, producing from one-half to three-fourths of the world's supply; Russia comes second, producing ,in 1911 about two and one-half times ,is much as the United States. In 1912 the Canadian production,1 including both asbestos and asbestic, was 131,260 short tons, valued at $2,979,384; while during the same year the production of the United States2 was 4,403 tons, valued at $57,959. Canada holds the first place in the production of raw asbestos, while the United States holds the first place in its manufacture.

Jan 9, 1914

By Leonard Obert

The structural stability of any mine or under- ground opening in rock is dependent on the stress field, that is, the state of stress in rock before mining, the stress distribution in the rock created by the opening, and the in situ strength of the rock. In the past mine design problems have been considered by assuming that the stress field is due only to the weight of the overlying rock, the stress around the opening can be calculated from elastic theory using laboratory-determined elastic constants, and the in situ strength of the rock can be determined from laboratory tests on small specimens. Solutions to hypothetical problems using this procedure are given in a report by Obert, Duvall, and Merrill.' Because of the uncertainties of these assumptions, this method can give only a rough approximation to the solution of actual structural problems. Obviously, this approach to determining the stability of underground openings would be greatly improved if the rock stress could be measured in situ, and it is undoubtedly for this reason that in recent years many investigators have spent considerable effort on the development of procedures for measuring rock stress. In this report a method is described for determining in situ the absolute stress in rock. The method requires the measurement of the deformation of a borehole before and after the rock is stress-relieved. The magnitude and direction of the applied stresses are calculated from the borehole deformation and modulus of elasticity of the rock. Also, the results of absolute stress determination made in the walls and pillars of underground openings in five rock types are presented. From these results a number of conclusions are drawn regarding the accuracy and limitations of this method and the problem of stress measurements in general.

Jan 8, 1962

By George S. Rice

A problem of possible subsidence of the surface from mining operations, which might have had disastrous results, arose in 1913 at the Brier Hill mine, of the Penn Iron Mining Co., near Norway, Mich., now managed by Pickands, Mather & Co. for the Bethlehem Steel Co. A double track and sidings of the Chicago & North Western Railroad passed over part of the mine, and if subsidence had reached the surface it might have affected the stability of the tracks. The chief purpose of this paper is to record the facts disclosed by investigations of underground movement from 1913 to 1919, when the tracks were moved, and subsequently at intervals, as engineering data of value from mining carried on below the tracks in the steeply pitching lenses. A secondary purpose of this paper is to describe a novel method for determining the rate of speed of upward breaking above the mine excavations. This method was found effective and might be used elsewhere under similar conditions. The mine workings under consideration were developed from the Brier Hill shaft, which was circular, concrete-lined, 14 ft. in diameter and about 900 ft. deep. They extended about 800 ft. westward from the shaft, and nearly parallel to a corresponding length of the railroad tracks. The highest part of these workings was at a depth of 400 ft. below the tracks (Figs. 1 to 12). The mining company had the right to remove the ore, the railroad assuming that the surface would be supported. Finally, without legal controversy, an amicable adjustment was reached as to what should be done to lessen or obviate the hazard of subsidence. Method oF Mining Before the problem became acute, the mining company, to decrease the possibility of subsidence, had been mining the part of the orebody that lay under the tracks by a room-and-pillar system, back-filling with

Jan 1, 1934

Marius R. Campbell, Washington, D. C. (Communication to the Secretary): Having spent considerable time in a systematic study of this field,'both as regards the details of its structure and stratigraphy and the broader question of its relation to the Appalachian basin, I wish to add a word concerning the correlations made by Mr. Hodge in his paper. From A commercial standpoint, the question of correlation, even along the strike, is of little or no importance, for the variability is such that each opening should be tested individually, regardless of the horizon at which it appears; but these correlations assume an entirely different aspect when their scientific bearing is considered; they then become of vital importance, and, before being accepted, should be subjected to the most rigid scrutiny and severe tests. Mr. Hedge states positively that the Imboden seam of coal is equivalent to the Elkhorn coal of Pike and Letcher counties, Kentucky. In the writer's opinion, such equivalency is, at the utmost, only a possibility. This correlation has been generally adopted by the geologists of the Kentucky Geological Survey, but the writer has been unable to find on what grounds they base the statement. The evidence of identity seems to be in the character of the coal, as both seams furnish fine coking coal; also, in the similarity of the interval between them aid the " Bee Rock," or top of the great conglomerate. It is probably an easy matter to determine the thickness of this interval on Elkhorn creek, and we will assume that the measure of 300 to 350 feet is correct. In the Big Stone Gap field, the question of measuring the interval between the Imboden and the " Bee Rock " is exceedingly difficult. The line of outcrop of this mass of strata is along the northern base of Stone mountain, and, in the uprising of the great arch, the strata on its flanks have been thrown into many minor folds, and, in places, have been broken by local faults. This complicated structure, together with the absence of ally well-marked stratum, renders it exceedingly difficult to obtain a correct measure of the intervening sandstones and shales. The interval of 300 to 350 feet, assigned by Mr. Hodge, is mani-

Jan 1, 1893

ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NEW YORK SECTION - The annual meeting of the New York Section was held at the Machinery Club, May 7. While the dinner, at which fifty attended, was in progress, the names of the nominees for next year's officers were posted. The result of the election was as follows: Chairman, E. P. Mathewson; vice-chairmen, William Y. Westervelt, R. M. Atwater, Jr.; treasurer, Wilber Judson; executive committeemen, Lucius W. Mayer, Edwin S. Berry. The subject for the evening was "Organization and Campaign in France of the 27th Engineers." Colonel O. B. Perry described the many difficulties surmounted, for it was necessary to work with untrained men ALLEN H. ROGERS WALTER S. DICKSON CHAIRMAN OF NEW YORK SECTION SECRETARY OF NEW YORK SECTION and shortage in supplies. He described the unusually fine character and physique of his officers, which made it possible to make the untrained men most efficient. He described in some detail the work of building bridges over the Meuse River and the bringing up of supplies to the first army base, in particular at the Argonne-Meuse sector; General Pershing gave a personal commendation of the work undertaken by this regiment. The Colonel described the methods of operating the transportation of ammunition and supplies to the "army dumps," by which at the time of signing the armistice there had been brought up 600,000 tons of equipment for use in the projected campaigns. An interesting item was that 3,600,000 sand bags had been provided, in case the Germans should be able to turn the line of the American troops. Captain Edwin S. Berry described the methods of sending materials to the front lines and gave figures to indicate the huge quantities required, adding that the order of preference was troops, ammunition, food, and engineers' supplies. The speakers then answered several questions given by the members present. WALTER S. DICKSON, Secretary.

Jan 6, 1919

By B. L. Sackett

IN a general way, the situation in copper smelting is quite similar to that of lead smelting. In other words, the introduction and successful flotation of copper ores has tended to decrease greatly the tonnage to be handled by the smelter and therefore has resulted in curtailed smelter operation. However, copper production has increased rather than decreased. The general effect of flotation has been to decrease the number of furnaces operating, but it has also increased to a considerable extent the difficulties in handling the material, just as was outlined in the case of lead smelting. In copper smelting, the flotation concentrates must be roasted and prepared for the reverberatory furnace. HANDLING FLOTATION CONCENTRATES The handling of copper flotation concentrate, which is more or less wet and mucky, is more difficult than was the handling of the old gravity concentrate. Also, the roasting of the concentrate and the handling of the calcine produced is more difficult. That is mainly because the material is extremely fine and the tendency to higher dust losses is greatly increased. The draft in the roasting furnaces must be kept as low as, possible, and the feeding of the calcine into the reverberatory furnace must be done carefully, so that dust losses may be kept at a minimum. TRANSITION STAGES OF CONCENTRATION AND SMELTING The general process through which the copper smelter has gone as a result of flotation has been somewhat as follows: In the relatively old days, when copper ores of low grade were first treated, a large number of furnaces were required, and naturally comparatively poor recoveries were made. Also, the profits on low-grade ores were small and the handling of those ores was possible only because of the large tonnages. Then came gravity concentration, which was a great improvement but which only incompletely removed the gangue material, the insoluble and the iron, from the copper ore, and made comparatively poor copper recoveries. This still left a considerable amount of insoluble and iron, as well as the copper itself, to be treated at the smelter.

Jan 1, 1928

By R. R. Brandenthaler

Petroleum producers in the Mid-Continent field, up to the present time, have been more concerned with the mechanical operation and efficiency of the gas-lift than with its possible effects on the physical properties of the oil. As a result few specific data are available on the subject and contradictory opinions exist. Some operators are positive that the gravity of the oil is decreased, while others present data which definitely show that the gravity of the oil is increased. In other localities, some operators have given careful attention to the effect of the gas-lift on the gravity of the oil. When the emulsions formed have given much trouble, the problem has usually been dodged by placing the well on the pump. Certain Fundamentals Certain fundamental results may be expected under ordinary conditions and with all types of crude oil, when gas is the prime mover of oil in producing formations. For example, the gravity of oil will decrease as the rock pressure in the producing formation declines, the change being greater in the higher gravity oils. Furthermore, the character of emulsion formed is primarily dependent on the kind of oil, thus more refractory emulsions are formed from asphaltic-base oils, less refractory from mixcd-base oils, and the least refractory from paraffin-base oils. However, refractory emulsions are sometimes formed from paraffin or mixed-base oils that are difficult to treat by ordinary methods, especially by electrolytic processes. With oils having the same base, those of lighter gravity are less subject to the formation of emulsions, especially of refractory emulsions. There are two types of emulsions formed; namely, water-in-oil emulsions and oil-in-water emulsions. The former are the more common; in fact, very few examples of oil-in-water emulsions have been noted in the oil fields. The amount of water produced with the oil influences the percentage of emulsion formed. Agitation and velocity of flow play an important part in the forming of emulsions.

Jan 1, 1928

By John Birkinbine

An item of considerable importance to the producers of pig-iron is the disposition of the slag or cinder from the blast-furnace; and various plans have been adopted at different works to care for the rapid accumulation of this generally waste material. The charge per ton of iron made which must be allowed for the care of cinder is sufficient in times of business depression to give plants having facilities for disposing of their slags an advantage over others less favorably arranged, and to allow iron to be produced profitably in the one case and prevent a profit in the other. The varied methods employed and the means of conveyance utilized need not be detailed. It is sufficient to say that the large outputs of American blast-furnaces, and consequent rapidly augmenting dump-piles, have brought into general favor the use of cars carrying the slag in a liquid condition. The advantages of this method are the prompt removal of the slag, the reduced space occupied by the dump-piles, and the facility of converting the slag into such forms for use as may be desired. The progress in iron-manufactlire is also marked by a more general adoption of methods by which molten metal is carried in vessels away from the point of its production; and, anticipating the prospective advance in pig-iron manufacture, it does not seem unreasonable to prophesy the early abolition of casting-houses at blastfurnaces, particularly where several are grouped together; or the casting of steel ingots away from the converters or furnaces. In some large blast-furnace plants, the iron is carried molten from the blast-furnaces to the converters or other furnaces. Even where it is cast into pigs, casting-sheds removed from the immediate vicinity of the furnace-stack would, perhaps, be superior to casting in beds in front of the furnaces. The idea of casting-sheds appears to present the following advantages : 1st. The equipment of boilers, hot-ovens, and blowing-machinery could be closely grouped around the blast-furnace stacks, permitting

Jan 1, 1887

By James Neale

FROM the beginning of its activities, the members of the National Production Committee have felt that the following points were essential to the success of its work: The operators must. feel that their operations were not 100 per cent. efficient; that they should be courteous and fair in their treatment of their employees; and that they should set an example of hard work and patriotic interest in increased production. Every move made must appeal to the sense of fairness of all parties concerned. The men must feel that in working more faithfully, and consequently producing more coal, they are rendering a distinct service to their Government in the time of its great need. As the workers feel that greater efficiency on their part results only in greater profits to the operators, the advantage to the operator should be lost sight of, as far as possible, and the advantage to the Government in fighting the war emphasized. Both operators and workers should know that the Government considered increased production an obligation, and opportunity for service, resting on both parties and not on the operators or the workers alone, and that both parties could very much better the efficiency of the pre-war period. Had the committee intimated that it thought the coal shortage was clue entirely to the idleness and inefficiency of the workers, its campaign would have failed, for the men would have resented the charge because only too frequently their efforts to produce more coal were thwarted by bad management; besides the operators would have lacked stimulus to better effort. On the other hand, had the impression been given that the committee thought that the coal shortage was clue entirely to bad management, the operators would have resented the charge because only too frequently their efforts to produce more coal were thwarted by the idleness and inefficiency of the workers; and the workers, having been thus indirectly pronounced 100 per cent. efficient and patriotic, would have lacked stimulus to better effort.

Jan 2, 1919

By K. M. Weigert

The position of the three-phase field between the alpha and the beta phases was established. The exact location differs from previous assumptions. The extremely high strength and hardness values were found near the phase boundaries of the ternary compositions. IN 1929, UenoL investigated vertical sections of the Ag-Cu-Zn diagram at constant silver and zinc values. From the evaluation of cooling curves and microscopic studies, he concluded that there was no evidence of a three-phase field in the solid state between the a and ,8 fields. The failure to find evidence for this field was due to the fact that it exists only in a very narrow range of compositions and requires special methods of heat treatment to establish phase equilibrium. In a later publication on the same subject Keinert2 rearranged Ueno's diagrams to conform with the basic phase rules. The existence of a three-phase field was postulated in the solid state between the a phases and the homogeneous ,9 phase between the Cu-Zn and the Ag-Zn binary border systems. The approximate location was based on a few microscopic observations of the structure and it was pointed out that the exact position could be determined only by a larger number of experiments. In the twenty years following these investigations alloys of Ag-Cu-Zn have become of general interest due to various technical applications, principally for brazing. In the course of an overall investigation of the physical properties of ternary Ag-Cu-Zn alloys the author found extremely high values of hardness and strength in alloys of compositions between the a and the yS fields. The exact location of the intermediate phase fields was established by the evaluation of more than a hundred cooling curves and microscopic mountings. Experimental Procedures Preparation of Test Samples: At the beginning of the investigation samples were chillcast into Vi in. diameter iron molds to determine hardness, strength, and the mechanism of primary crystallization. These

Jan 1, 1955

Officers of the Institute have been entertained by, members at nine meetings in different parts of the country during the months of March and April. Institute policies have been discussed by the officers and by members present at the different meetings, with the result of bringing about a better understanding of Institute policy among the members; it has also been made clear how various suggestions are viewed by members who are not all in close touch with Institute activities and with the policy of the Board of Directors. President Jennings devoted his remarks chiefly to an account of Institute activities in connection with Government service for the war, and presented an able address on the relations of labor and capital; with special relation to possible changes that may be necessary during the reconstruction period following the war. This carries forward the suggestion made by him in taking up the reins of government at the Annual Dinner on February 20, 1918, and makes available a paper which has aroused great interest at the different meetings; this address will be found on a following page. In referring to Institute activities in connection with the war, the President mentioned especially the Naval Consulting Board, the War Committee of Technical Societies, the War Minerals Committee, and the census of engineers prepared not only by the Institute in connection with the Bureau of Mines, but also by the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. He announced also the appointment of two committees, one on ferrous and one on non-ferrous metals, advisory to the Tariff Commission, and the appointment of a member of the Committee on the Excess Profit Tax, having especially to do with the question of excess profit taxes on gold mines. He also announced the appointment of a new committee known as the Committee on Industrial Organization, which will devote its energies largely to the question of relations of capital and labor and of "human engineering."

Jan 5, 1918