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By C. J. Fleisch, C. P. Clingerman

THE recent installation of a combination dust catcher, gas washer and precipitator at Carrie blast furnaces of the Homestead Steel Works has given very satisfactory results. The following description of the gas-cleaning installation is based on actual operating experience. When Carrie blast furnace No. 3 was rebuilt the decision was made to fine-clean all the gas produced by the furnace, because the management wanted fine-cleaned gas for fuel in the stoves and boilers. In order to keep the installation cost as low as possible, the gas-cleaning system was streamlined. All by-pass lines and goggle valves for bypass lines were eliminated from the system. A radical departure from the use of 8-in. tubes in the Cottrell-type precipitators was made by using 12-in. diameter tubes in a single compartment, the single compartment being divided into two units by a single partition wall in the top header. THE FURNACE PROPER A few of the characteristic points and dimensions of the furnace proper are: [Hearth diameter 26 ft. o in. Bosh diameter 29 ft. 1 3/4 in. Stock-line diameter 20 ft. o in. Large-bell diameter 114 ft. 8 in. Small-bell diameter 6 ft. 6 in. Height of furnace from center of iron notch to bottom of large bell, closed 94 ft. 4 in. Height of furnace from center of iron notch to main platform 105 ft. o in.] The furnace top is equipped with a McKee revolving distributor, the operation of which is electrically interlocked with the skips, bell hoists, and coke-weighing and charging apparatus through a Freyn automatic charging control. The gas leaves the furnace first through four offtakes, 5 ft. g in. in diameter, then through uptakes that are approximately 85 ft. high, which feed into a single down-comer that is 9 ft. in diameter. DUST CATCHER The primary dust catcher installed (Fig. I) may be described as a single-cone type. The inlet pipe at the top of the dust catcher is g ft. in diameter; it is flared to a conical shape as it extends down inside the dust-catcher shell, which is 35 ft. in diameter, 37 ft. high on the straight side, and has a conical top and bottom. The slope of the bottom is 50° with the horizontal. The cone-shaped pipe inside the dust-catcher shell is 42 ft. high and is 19 ft. 7 in. in diameter at its bottom lip where it releases the gas in-

Jan 1, 1943

By Sidney G. Parker, Jack E. Pinnell

Cubic ZnSe crystals have been grown with HCl, HBr, and I, as chemical transport reagents. The growth of large, well faceted crystals is in the order HCl < HBr < I, with some produced by I, transport being 1 cm on an edge. ZnSe:I crystals showed no strain in cross polarized light and were homogeneous as determined by electron microprobe. These ZnSe:I crystals had a mobility at 25°C of about 300 sq cm per v-sec and contained 103 dislocations per sq cm; further, these crystals were pure cubic and showed both photolumi-nescence and photo conductance. Doping was attempted during crystal growth. ZnS and Zn (S,Se) crystals were also grown by I, transport. ZnSe crystals have been grown by most of the common techniques.1"6 Of these, chemical vapor transport as developed by Kaldis2 showed promise of producing high perfection, cubic ZnSe. With chemical transport, crystals can be grown far below the transition temperature for conversion of cubic to hexagonal structure. A small temperature gradient between source and growth region tends to allow near equilibrium growth, which should lead to good crystalline perfection. Because it is necessary to form volatile compounds, halogens or their compounds are extensively used as transport agents. HCl, HBr, and I, were compared as transport agents for growth of ZnSe crystals. Doping during crystal growth was attempted. ZnS and ZnSxSe1-x crystals were also grown by chemical transport. Electrical and optical properties of the crystals were examined. EXPERIMENTAL Fig. 1 is a sketch of the growth apparatus, which was a modification of Kaldis&apos;. A quartz rod which butted against the seed crystal served as a heat sink to promote growth only on the seed. Initially, crystal growth was attempted with ZnSe prepared by wet chemical methods. Because such a material contained oxides and selenates, HC1 reacted with these oxygen compounds to form H2O and no ZnSe transport occurred. Further, this ZnSe contained about 10 ppm Cu plus other impurities. High purity ZnSe, containing small amounts or no oxygen compounds, was prepared by reaction of H2Se with zinc vapors at 600° to 800°C in an atmosphere of palladium diffused H2.7 The ZnSe thus produced was usually copper free and contained only 1 ppm by weight of magnesium as determined by emission spectrographic analysis. G.E.&apos;s electronic grade ZnS, which had about 10 ppm metallic impurities, was used without further treatment. ZnS-ZnSe charges were prepared by mixing the two compounds together, then sintering 24 hr at 1100°C in an H2S ambient. The gases, HBr and HC1, were commercial grade, of 99.9 pct purity, while the I2 was 99.999 pct pure. The single crystal seeds with (111) faces for growth were mechanically held in place by sealing the outer quartz tube to the growth tube. After the charge was introduced, the system was outgassed at l0-5 torr while heated to 500°C. The desired quantities of transport reagents were then sealed off in the system, which had been cooled to 25°C. The growth tubes were inserted into a furnace with the desired temperature and thermal gradient. The system was allowed to cool for 1 to 12 hr from growth temperatures of about 850" to 25°C. The tubes remained stationary during crystal growth. HCl CHEMICAL TRANSPORT GROWTH Preliminary runs with HC1 had a temperature gradient of 100° to 200°C and no seed or heat sink. Only small crystals were obtained in these experiments as

Jan 1, 1970

By J. L. Tokich, A. R. Troiano

INTRODUCTION SINCE 1921, when Hull&apos; discovered that cobalt can exist in the face-centered cubic and hexagonal close-packed modifications, the transitions that occur in cobalt have been extensively studied. It is generally agreed that on heating the hexagonal lattice changes to the cubic structure at temperatures ranging from 400 to 500°C although considerable doubt exists as to the exact temperature. Data concerning the temperature of the transformation on cooling are much less concordant and their interpretation has not been satisfactory. The study is further complicated by the fact that many investigators have reported the existence of a high temperature allotropic change in the range 850 to 1020°C, at which the cubic lattice reverts to the hexagonal modification. The transition on cooling, which has been reported as occurring at various temperatures from approximately 400 to 100°C, is of particular interest. Troiano and Greninger2 have recently suggested and considered the possibility of allotropic transformations occurring in pure metals by a shear-type, diffusionless (martensite) transformation. The case of cobalt was specifically discussed and certain observations of previous investigators evaluated in terms of this type of transformation. Table 1 briefly outlines the methods and results of previous investigators of the transformation temperatures of cobalt. MATERIALS AND METHODS The major portion of this investigation was performed with cobalt sheet containing a total of 0.2 pct impurities with carbon present to the extent of 0.1 pct. After melting in an induction furnace under an atmosphere of hydrogen, the carbon content analyzed 0.03 pct. Some observations were repeated with hydrogen reduced cobalt compresses analyzing 99.9 pct pure. No significant variations in results were observed employing the as-received sheet, the remelted stock, or the cobalt compresses. Filings for X ray diffraction analysis were sealed in evacuated glass ampoules. Pyrex glass tubing was used for temperatures below 600°C and for higher temperatures clear fused quartz was satisfactory. After appropriate heat treatment at various temperatures, the specimen ampoules were furnace cooled, air cooled or quenched by crushing under distilled water. This allowed a range of cooling velocities from less than one degree C per sec to greater than 1,000°C per sec. X ray diffraction patterns were taken with a Debye camera and filtered characteristic cobalt K-alpha radiation. The proportion of the existing phases was roughly approximated by visual examina-

Jan 1, 1948

By Charles Wraith

THE property of the Roan Antelope Copper Mines, Ltd., is situated at Luanshya, north-central part of Northern Rhodesia, and is connected with the main line of the Rhodesia Railways, Ltd., by a 24-mile branch line from N&apos;dola. Most of the material and supplies that are not available in Africa are shipped into the country via Beira, on the East Coast of Africa, a distance of 1473 miles from Luanshya and the nearest ocean port. The output of copper is shipped by rail to Beira and thence by boat to the market. Passenger travel is mostly via Cape Town, a distance of 2162 miles from Luanshya. Excellent passenger trains operate on regular schedules between Cape Town and Northern Rhodesia. Luanshya is 13° south of the equator at an elevation of 4000 ft. above sea level, and has a mild healthful climate. During the rainy season, from October to March, the rainfall averages 53 in. The area is pro-fusely covered with vegetation. An ample supply of water for industrial and domestic purposes is available throughout the year. The more important supplies for smelting purposes, such as wood, coal, limestone, silica, quartzite, and clay for "dolly" mud, are con-veniently available. Excellent grades of coal, coke and firebrick are obtained from the Wankie Colliery Co., Ltd., Southern Rhodesia. The Wankie colliery has just completed the erection of equipment for the manufacture of silica brick. An ample supply of quartzite of good grade is available for this purpose. Silica brick is also obtained from the Belgian Congo and from India. Limestone is quarried from a large deposit a few miles from Bwana Mkubwa, which is 30 miles by rail from the smelter. An abundant supply of clay for "dolly" mud and for lining launders is available within a short distance of the smelter.

Jan 1, 1933

By C. G. Dunn

WITH respect to theories of recrystallization in metals plastically deformed, it has been said that the present status of this subject is far from satisfactory.1 It may also be said that before any mechanism of recrystallization for metals and alloys can be set forth in a satisfactory manner, there must be made available considerable data on orientation changes that occur during the deformation and recrystallization processes. Although extensive data have been published on recrystallization in single crystals and in polycrystalline specimens, more results of a type that can be classified according to simple orientation changes would be desirable in this complex field. It might even be said that before classifications are made according to types of orientation changes, it may be possible to classify a considerable amount of data into certain kinds of orientation states if groups of common or nearly common orientation occur. Methods for computing the probability of occurrence for various types of groups have been published2 and it has been pointed out in particular that it should be possible to analyze orientation data for high-order twin relationships between old and new grains even when agreement is not at all exact. In this connection, work on recrystallization in silicon ferrite reported in a paper concerned with complex groups of annealing twins&apos; indicated that some data were consistent with primary nucleation occurring according to a second-order or a third-order twin transformation. However, further work in this latter direction was definitely needed. It is, therefore, the purpose of the present paper to report data and analyses for primary nucleation in silicon ferrite following small deformations that have been carried out at the Pittsfield Works&apos; Laboratory of the General Electric Co. Analyses have been made with the aid of standard groups of twins that are reported elsewhere .4 PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The material used in the present investigation was taken&apos; from the same heat of steel as that used in a prior report.3 The finished strip in both cases was made by the Allegheny-Ludlum Steel Corporation according to methods that produce a high degree of preferred crystal orientation. Samples with large grains had the following composition: 3.45 per cent Si, 0.003 C, 0.008 P, 0.020 S, 0.075 Mn, 0.031 Al and 0.072 Cu. Thickness of specimens was 0.012 inches. Plastic deformation was produced by cold-rolling the samples on a mill with

Jan 1, 1945

By J. M. Smith, D. Kunii

Effective thermal conductivities of sandstones filled with stagnant fluids were measured using a steady-state technique. Data were obtained for seven sandstone samples, taken from four different locations and ranging in permeability from 18 to 590 md. The measurements with gases (helium, nitrogen, air and carbon dioxide) covered a pressure range from 0.039 psia to 400 psig. Data were taken for four liquids — n-heptane, methyl alcohol, 79.8 weight per cent glycerol-water solution and pure water at atmospheric pressure. The experimental results were used to evaluate the theoretical equations for predicting stagnant conductivities developed earlier 4 The low-pressure measurements permitted evaluation of the consolidation parameter bpDp/ks (necessary to utilize the theory) for the various types of sandstones. Using these characteristic values, the tbeoretical equations correlated well with the experimental conductivity data for the several fluids and rock samples. INTRODUCTION An aspect of heat transfer in solid-fluid systems of considerable current interest is the effective thermal conductivity of porous media. The stimulus for study of the subject arises from the need for sound procedures for designing thermal methods of petroleum production. The general system occurs when there exists a flow of fluid through the pores of the solid material. However, a logical starting point in developing a theory for predicting the effective thermal conductivity in the general system is to attack the special case when the porous solid is filled with stagnant fluid. Since the flow rates anticipated in thermal production processes are very low, such stagnant conductivities k,O are also of practical significance. Kunii and Smith4 recently reviewed the existing data for stagnant conductivities and proposed a theory for heat transfer in porous rocks. This leads to equations for predicting the stagnant conductivity as a function of the properties of the fluid and solid phases. The existing experimental information1-3,5,7,8 covered a range of porosities and agreed well with the theory. However, the available data were insufficient to examine critically the effects of two important properties on koe, — the thermal conductivity of the fluid and the pressure. The objectives of the present study are twofold: (1) to measure the effect on koe of (a) the pressure for gases, and (L) the thermal conductivity of the fluid kg for bloth gases and liquids; and (2) to determine for rocks of different porosities and permeabilities the apparent solid conductivity ks and the consolidation parameter bpDp/ks required in applying the theoletical equations. Measurements extrapolated to zero pressure are helpful in evaluating ks and the consolidation parameter. However, the extrapolations must be based upon data obtained at low pressures because in small pores the molecular conductivity of the fluid may be unusually depressed. This occurs when the mean free path of the molecules is of the same order of magnitude as the pore diameter, that is, in small-diameter pores at low pressures. The phenomenon has been studied recently by Schotte6in beds of unconsolidated fine particles. With particles in the size range of 45 to 200 microns, a significant reduction of kg with pressure was found even at absolute pressures greater than 1 atm. In the sandstones employed in the present investigation, pore diameters lower than those experienced by Schotte are likely, so that the effect would presumably be greater. SCOPE OF MEASUREMENTS Stagnant conductivities were measured for four types of sandstones using a total of seven samples. The characteristics of the samples, including porosity and permeability values, are given in Table

By Robert H. Richards

Tuns truly remarkable machine was built on a preliminary scale in May, 1895. The first full-sized table was built by Mr. A. R. Wilfley, and was used in his own mill in Kokomo in May, 1896. The first table sold for installation was placed&apos; in the Puzzle mill, Breckinridge county, in August, 1896. The mill enthusiasts at first hailed it as the cure for all the ills that flesh is heir to in the milling line. A little later it was found to make losses which were serious, and on this account the table succeeded only to a limited extent in displacing the vanners of the gold-mills. Still later, mill-men in a number of districts throughout the country made special studies of the faults of the machine, and devised a number of ways of grouping supplementary machines to overcome as far as possible the losses, and at the same time retain the benefit of the extraordinarily large capacity accompanied by the production of clean concentrates for which the machine has become so justly famous. I hope to make an exhibit of some of these methods in an appendix to my book on ore-dressing which is now in preparation. These experimenters have not written up the subject, and if they possess all the facts they have not given them out for the benefit of the mining profession at large. The object of this paper is to obtain the facts and to pre¬sent them so clearly that their bearing can be seen by all. To this end two complete series-&apos;of tests have been planned. One (the present paper), to study concentration of galena in presence of quartz; the other (to follow shortly), to study concentration of chalcopyrite in presence of quartz. Some authorities claim that the table does its best work when treating natural products; by this phrase I mean products which have been crushed to pass through a limiting

Jul 1, 1907

By R. W. Smith

IN the manufacture of portland cement, the basic and fundamental essential is a limestone uniformly rich in calcium carbonate and carrying less than 3 per cent magnesium carbonate. In searching for such a deposit, also having in mind quantity of rock, accessibility and quarrying facilities, the Pacific Coast Cement Co. discovered and developed its present quarry at View Cove on the east coast of Dall Island, Alaska. Dall Island is about 100 miles west of Ketchikan and 650 miles north from Seattle. It is 70 miles in length and 5 to 10 miles in width. The climatic conditions are much more favorable than would be expected. The temperature ranges from zero to 70 degrees. The precipitation is considerably more than at Seattle, although there was less snow during the last season than at Seattle. The island is rugged and mountainous; the vegetation is moss and grass and a large portion is timbered with spruce, hemlock and cedar. Some of this timber has market value. The limestone quarry is about 30 miles north of the extreme southern end of the island. The company acquired 240 acres which contain limestone of remarkable uniformity, the percentage of calcium carbonate being about 95. It is estimated that there is ample recover- able rock on the holdings to supply the cement plant at its maximum capacity for well over 100 years.

Jan 1, 1929

By R. M. Howe, J. Spotts McDowell

Preparation and Use.—Magnesite is an important refractory in open-hearth, heating, and electric furnaces for steel-making and in many of those employed in the metallurgy of copper and lead. It is sold in the form of brick, finely ground "furnace magnesite" for bricklaying, and dead-burned grains for making and repairing furnace bottoms. The latter are a mixture of granules varying in size from pieces of about 5/8 in. (1.6 cm.) diameter to very fine but sandy particles. Dead-burned magnesite results from calcining the crude or lightly burned mineral at a temperaturc that will not merely drive off practically all the CO2, but will also cause sintering of the particles. During this process the pieces shrink considerably and become hard, dense, and inert to atmospheric moisture and CO2; under-burned material, on the other hand, will hydrate on exposure to the air. A small percentage of ferric oxide seems to be necessary for the production of a satisfactory sinter; from 4.5 to 8 per cent. in the dead-burned grains is considered the most desirable amount. Dolomite has been little used for brickmaking in the United States, but it is prepared for use in the granular condition calcined or "double-burned" and is the principal ingredient of several materials offered for sale under various trade names for refractory purposes. Dolomitic refractories are almost wholly confined to the open-hearth and electric furnaces, where they are used for fettling and as substitutes for magnesite. Much more magnesite and dolomite are used for basic open-hearth steel-making than for all other refractory purposes. The hearth of the furnace is usually built up of magnesite brick and dead-burned grain magnesite so laid that the brick base is protected by a working bottom of the granular material. The latter is sintered into place in layers 1/2 to 1 in: (1.25 to 2.5 cm.) thick to a total depth of 12 to 18 in. (30 to 45 cm.) at the center of the furnace. After each heat, burned dolomite is thrown against the banks as high as it will stick, and all holes in the bottom are Glled. At most plants such holes, at the end of each week, are also carefully filled with dead-burned grain magnesite. For temporary

Jan 1, 1920

By William M. Huang, T. Carl Shelton

There are undoubtedly many factors that affect the emission of gas from coal but the permeability of coal to gas flow would seem to be fundamental. However, there is very little information on coal permeability to gas flow available in the U.S. at the present time, despite the fact that such knowledge would appear to be significant in any degasification effort. Studies made recently in the mining engineering laboratories at Virginia Polytechnic Institute have determined values of permeability on one-inch cubes of selected coals. COAL PERMEABILITY The permeability values given in this paper are based on adaptations of Darcy&apos;s Law formulated by Henry Darcy in 1856 from experiments with fluid flow in porous media.&apos; Using air as the gaseous fiuid, they were obtained by employing similar methods as are used to determine the permeability of petroleum and gas reservoir rock specimens.

Jan 5, 1962

H. W. MussEn, Collingwood, Ontario, Can. (communication to the Secretary*):—Doubtless all engineers who have paid more than a casual visit to Russia have come into contact with that formidable document, the " smieta," or estimate of the Russian manager. It is an institution which seems to be inseparable from Russian mining-methods. As Mr. Shockley points out, the year&apos;s costs a agree very closely" with the figures of the smieta made at the beginning of the year. In cases which have come under my notice, I have been satisfied that there had been a good deal of " rigging" of accounts to this end. The sum spent by the manager was carefully kept down to the total of the estimate, because it was well known that no more money would be forthcoming, and when this is done it is not a difficult matter to see that the right amounts come under the right heads in the final accounts. I do not say that this is always the case, but I have come across notable instances. Looking at it from the Russian owner&apos;s point of view, I think that the balance of the argument is usually in favor of the smieta as limiting " impulsive indiscretion" on the part of managers. The Russian Mining Code of to-day leaves much to be desired, but this is thoroughly appreciated by the official world there, and great changes are spoken of for the future. In many, if not in most, cases the laws are interpreted liberally, and a great deal is left to the discretion of the district mining engineer or inspector, with whom it is necessary to keep in close touch. As Mr. Shockley points out, the officials of a mine, who are always Russians, are held personally responsible for accidents resulting to employees, quite independently of any compensation which may be made to the sufferer. This seems startling enough, but I have always found that a penalty is imposed only

Jan 1, 1909

By R. H. Winn

A method for the selection of the most suitable corrosion inhibitor for a particular system is given. The method involves the evaluation of surface passivity by means of copper ion displacement after the metal surface has been subjected to the corrosive atmosphere. The application of the method to the selection of suitable inhibitors for use in producing wells is described. Correlation with recognized laboratory tests has beet1 found to be good within the limitations of the test. The use of the test to evaluate inhibitor persistencc is described. INTRODUCTION Corrosion as it is associated with the industry shows wide variations in its qualitative as well as its quantitative aspects. This complicates the work of the corrosion engineer. In the past few years the efforts of the corrosion engineer have been further taxed by the large numbers of products being marketed as corrosion inhibitors by various manufacturers. These products are submitted to him together with a limited amount of data to support their use as inhibitors. The data are usually authentic and reliable yet all too often when these products are applied to an actual corrosive system the results are disappointing due to the ineffectiveness of the inhibitor and the corrosive system. The corrosion engineer must select a comparatively limited number of inhibitors for field trial from the large number available. The selection is usually made on the basis of a standardized laboratory test such as that adopted by the National Association of Corrosion Engineers or by field experience in an area; however, testing of this type is discouraging on large numbers of compounds, particularly in view of the specificity of environment. It has been an object of this work to devise a method which will allow the corrosion engineer to select the best inhibitor for a specific environment under field conditions. The test would of necessity be rapid and inexpensive. It would preferably eliminate the need for expensive and delicate instruments. STATEMENT OF THEORY The test as developed makes use of the fact that metal ions will be displaced from solution by metals having a more positive electrode potential. Thus, if an active iron surface is exposed to a solution of a copper salt, free copper will plate spontaneously on the iron surface as it is displaced from the salt solution by iron ions. If the iron surface is passified, as by coating with an insulating-type organic corrosion inhibitor, it is no longer capable of displacing the copper ions due to its own limited ionization. The result will be a change in the amount of copper plated upon exposure to a neutral copper salt solution. In practice it has been found possible to measure the magnitude of the alteration of the cell potential by determining the copper deposited on a standard iron surface under controlled conditions. This means that, as the film builds up, the resulting shift in the electrode potential tends to cause the iron surface to act more like a noble metal, resulting in a reduction in the cell potential to a point that copper will no longer plate spontaneously. Obviously, the salts of other metals such as silver, gold or platinum might be used for this operation; however, copper was selected because of the color difference of the plate, the comparatively low cost of copper salts and the ease of evaluation of the plated copper. Furthermore, its high cell potential provides a substantial driving energy. The determination of the copper is readily done colorimetrically by dissolving it in 5 per cent ammonium hydroxide solution containing 2 per cent potassium per-sulfate. The blue color of the copper ammonic complex ion so developed may be compared with standards prepared by dissolving known quantities of copper powder in the same reagent. In routine screening it is seldom desirable to determine the amount of copper plated. It is usually more important to determine the concentration of inhibitor required to prevent the plating of copper.

By John D. Sullivan

ALUMINUM and magnesium plants in the United States underwent enormous wartime expansion which made many wonder if ghost plants would result when industry swung back to a peacetime basis. Production capacity of primary aluminum ingots was stepped up from 150,000 tons annually to about 1,150,000 tons; magnesium production increased from 2500 tons in 1936 to nearly 200,000 in 1943, with a production capacity of some 300,000 tons. Not only was primary metal production enlarged but also the capacity of prime fabrications such as castings, forgings, extrusions, and sheets was correspondingly increased. In mid-December it was estimated that production of primary aluminum ingots in the United States in 1946 will be about 410,000 tons while consumption will be about 500,000, close to half of the wartime consumption. The 1946 estimated consumption of secondary aluminum is 200,000 tons. The critical shortage of soda ash is hindering production of primary metal, and the outlook for an early relief of this shortage is dark.

Jan 1, 1947

By A. H. Daane, J. J. Hanak, F. H. Spedding

IN the study of the rare earths at the authors&apos; laboratory, methods have been devised for preparing pure rare earths and many of their properties&apos;- have been determined. Very little information is found in the literature on the properties of europium metal, which is the scarcest of the naturally occurring rare earths. Since we have recently prepared europium in appreciable quantities, we are in a position to describe the method of preparation and some of the properties of this metal. Metallic europium was first prepared by Klemm and Bommera who heated a mixture of potassium and EuC1, in vacuo, and obtained a mixture of europium metal and KC1. Trombe4 electrolyzed a molten salt bath containing NaC1, KC1 and EuC1, and collected the europium in a molten cadmium electrode as a cadmium alloy. The cadmium was subsequently removed by distillation but the properties of the residue indicate that pure europium was not obtained. McCoy attempted to prepare europium by distilling mercury from europium amalgam, but the stability of the Eu-Hg intermetallic compounds prevented a complete separation of the two elements. The preparation of very pure europium was suggested by previous work in this laboratory1,4 in which ytterbium and samarium were prepared by heating the respective sesquioxides with lanthanum metal turnings to 1450°C in vacuo and distilling ytterbium and samarium from the mixtures. Subsequently, small test experiments showed that europium also could be prepared by this method. A more detailed version of this method was used in the work described in this paper. Klemm and Bommer3 found by X-ray analysis that the metal had a body-centered cubic (bcc) structure with a lattice constant a, = 4.582 ± 0.00A (converted from kX units), with a bulk density of 5.30 g per cu cm. They found europium to be weakly ferromagnetic. Spedding, et al,7 found a,, to be 4.606 ± 0.001A. Barrett&apos; showed that the bcc structure persists throughout the temperature range 5 to 3000K with a, at 5, 78, and 300°K being 4.551 ± 0.003, 4.551 ± 0.004 and 4.577 ± 0.001A, respectively. Trombe1 described europium as being iron gray, malleable, about as hard as neodymium and not attacked by cold water. He estimated the melting point to be between 1100 and 1200°C. Previous work in this laboratory indicated that the pure metal corrodes rapidly in air and reacts with cold

Jan 1, 1959

By R. G. Green, R. L. Dowdell

LEAD POISONING as a result of eating lead pellets deposited in marsh areas is a cause of high mortality among ducks, geese, and other waterfowl ingested lead shot become trapped in the gizzard with gravel and are slowly ground away by the grit. Absorption of lead as it passes through the intestine in a finely divided state produces severe lead poisoning which is usually fatal. Ducks and geese with lead poisoning develop first a typical green diarrhea. Later, paralysis of the wing muscles prevents flight. As the poisoning continues with further grinding of the shot trapped in the gizzard, increasing paralysis reduces the bird to helpless-

Jan 1, 1937

Development: Iron Ore In Peru Utah Construction Co., of San Francisco and a Peruvian Government corporation have signed an agreement for development of a large iron orebody in Peru. Most tests show 60 pct iron or better. Most of the ore is magnetite. Although ore will be shipped mainly to Eastern U. S. blast furnaces, shipments to the West Coast may develop as the orebody opens up. The construction firm indicated three American steel companies have shown interest in the project. The orebody is located 300 miles south of Lima and about 15 miles from the coast at the same longitude as New York City. Allen D. Christensen, executive vice-president of Utah Construction noted that the distance is shorter between Peru and the East Coast. The ore deposit measures about four to five miles in one direction and 10 miles in the other. As many as 15 outcroppings within these limits have been reported. Several of the outcroppings are thousands of feet long by several hundred feet wide, Christensen said. Shipments between 100,000 and 200,000 tons of ore per month are projected by the company. Cost of opening the mine to production may go over $5 million, Christensen said. It would include building of docks for ocean going vessels, housing, and heavy duty mining and processing equipment. The contract with the Peruvian government gives Utah Construction six to eight months for additional tests and a 20 year concession for mining the orebody. Peru will collect royalties on all ore. The company will also supply about 300,000 tons per year for an electric furnace to be installed by the Peruvian Government at Chimbote. No steel is produced in Peru now. Utah Construction formed the Argonaut Mining Co. last year, and was shipping iron ore from British Columbia to Japan at a rate of more than 50,000 tons a month, before winter weather decreased operations.

Jan 1, 1952

By J. W. Marx, R. H. Langenheim

The authors are to he complimented for a timely presentation of useful information concerning application of heat to oil reservoirs to increase the rate and ultimate recovery of oil. The solution for heated area resulting from constant rate injection of a hot fluid, presented by the authors, and the fluid-flow analogy, solved by Carter,&apos; are particularly interesting in that 110 restriction is placed on the direction of development of the heated area. It is not necessary that the heated area grow radially. Thus the solution could provide useful information for heat injection in any type of well pattern with any specified swept area data. However, it was assumed in the development that the heated region would remain at a constant clevatcd temperature. Vertical heat losses were computed on this basis. Physically. the assumption that the heated region will remain at a constant temperature (independent of distance from the injection point) appears to require that the heat injection medium be stcam, or other condensible gases near the boding point at injection pressure. If a hot liquid below the boiling point or a hot gas considerably above saturation temperature were used, the temperature of the heated region would decrease with distance from the injection well. Lauwerier2 has discussed this problem for a linear system. (See also Jenkins and Aronolsky; and McNiel and Nelson.&apos;) Thus, the authors&apos; solution applies more nearly to steam injection than to hot water injection or hot, non-condensable gas injection. Assuming steam as the injection medium, it appears that steam would pass through the constant-temperature heated region and condense upon contact with the unheated sand. The tempcrature in the condensing region would probably be governed by the release of heat of vaporization required for phase equilibrium at the existing pressure distribution. Temperatures in the region would also be influenced by vaporization of hydrocarbon. Thus, it is doubtful that an expression for radial temperature distribution based on heat conduction only (such as the authors&apos; Eq. 9) would have practical significance. As pointed out by Marx and Langenheim, the growth of the heated area under constant rate steam drive will eventually be limited economically by vertical heat loss. The possibility of continuing to move heat economically by cold water injection or by increasing the steam injection rate appears to be a very important consideration. (Movement of liquids away from the injection well should increase injectivity.) Fortunately, the solution presented by the authors may be generalized to thc case of a variable heat injection rate. The general solution is:

By D. L., Hayes

THE concentration of zinc ore in Wisconsin is a comparatively simple process, although it presents problems that must be overcome in an efficient manner in such a way that installation and operating costs are low. As the ore deposits are small, the first cost of the concentrating plant must be low; while the low margin of profit makes it necessary to have the minimum operating costs. The original mills were copied from those of the Joplin district, as most of them were built and operated by Joplin millmen. These served the purpose well; they made a clean concentrate, which was the chief requirement at that time, as most &apos;of the mines were&apos; considerably &apos;richer than the average at the present time, and wages and supplies were also considerably lower. &apos; The apparatus used at present has changed very little in principle. . The grizzly opening has gradually been increased to 12 in. and sometimes no grizzly &apos;is used. The crusher, gradually grew in size, the largest crusher has -an opening of about 24 by 13 in. and a 7/8-in. throw on the. eccentric shaft.

Jan 1, 1921

COLUMBIA SECTION Holds four sessions during year. Annual meeting in September or October. S. S. FOWLER, Chairman, J. C. HAAS, Vice-Chairman, LYNDON K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary-Treasurer, 720 Peyton Bldg., Spokane, Wash. W. H. LINNEY, J. F. MCCARTHY. A special meeting of the officers of the Columbia Section was held in Spokane, Wash., Jan. 10, 1918, for the purpose of organizing and nominating members to the principal committees of the Section. Present: J. C. Haas, Vice-chairman; W. H. Linney, Past Chairman; and L. K. Armstrong, Secretary. J. F. McCarthy, Wallace, Idaho, was appointed fifth member of the Executive Committee. The following were appointed to the Membership Committee: R. M. Betts; for Oregon; W. J. Hall, for Idaho; J. M. Porter, for Washington. A member for British Columbia will be appointed later. The following were appointed to the Committee on Papers: Prof. F. A. Thomson, Moscow, Idaho; Prof. L. 0. Howard, Pullman, Wash.; H. S. Lee, Rye Valley, Ore. A fourth member, representing British Columbia, is to be appointed later. The following members were appointed representatives on the Executive Committee of the Spokane Engineering and Technical Association: J. C. Haas, W. H. Linney, F. A. Ross, L. K. Armstrong. The Treasurer reported a deficit, resulting from the participation of the Section at the Northwest Mining Convention in 1916. It was recommended that the Institute be petitioned to make good this deficit, in addition to the usual annual allowance. The members of the committee who were present expressed their desire to be of greater service in the present war, and discussed at some length the possible means of carrying out their desires. It was later decided to reopen the subject at a subsequent meeting of the Section, or to present it to the Executive Committee of the Spokane Engineering and Technical Association for discussion and cooperative action. L. K. ARMSTRONG, Secretary.

Jan 3, 1918

By J. Chipman, N. J. Grant, J. H. Walsh, T. B. King

WITH the development of adequate sampling and analysis techniques, much information has been obtained concerning the behavior of hydrogen in the steel bath during the course of steelmak-ing operations. From studies of this type it has become clear that the slag has an important role to play in determining the hydrogen content found in commercial products. A knowledge of the behavior of hydrogen in slags is necessary to round out our knowledge of hydrogen in steelmaking practice; with this information we are better able to assess practical methods of control. In this paper a method developed for analyzing slags for hydrogen content, studies of the solubility of hydrogen in synthetic slags, and studies of the variation of hydrogen content in slag and steel in industrial heats will be described. Previous Work—While very little has been done in the past to determine the hydrogen content of metallurgical slags, measurements have been made on such slag-like materials as geologic magmas and glasses. Goranson as made extensive studies of the solubility of water in natural and synthetic granites. Many workers have investigated the solubility of gases in synthetic and commercial glasses, but the recent work of Russell" is the most extensive. Russell found that the solubility of water in glass was proportional to the square root of the water vapor pressure in water vapor-oxygen mixtures. It was found that the solubility could either increase or decrease with temperature depending on the glass composition. Wentrup, Fucke, and Rief,&apos; and Piper, Hagedorn, and Backes&apos; have extracted hydrogen by holding a slag at 1300" and 800°C respectively in vacuum. Wentrup et al. reported hydrogen and water vapor as evolved together while Piper et al. passed the evolved gases from the hot extraction treatment over hot ferromanganese to reduce the evolved water vapor to hydrogen and, therefore, reported the analyses in terms of total dissolved hydrogen. Yavoiskii has reported hydrogen and nitrogen analyses on steelmaking slags. Dobrokhotov, Povol-skii, and Khan have studied the hydrogen content of basic open hearth steel under slags of varying viscosity. These authors reported that the hydrogen content of the steel bath increased as the fluidity of the slag was increased by the addition of bauxite. They recommended that a viscous slag be used and the steel tapped without deoxidation in the furnace to ensure a low final hydrogen content. Analysis of Slags for Hydrogen Development of Apparatus—The vacuum fusion analysis equipment described by Shields, Chipman, and Grant" was modified for the analysis of slags." This method depends upon the reduction of water in the slag to hydrogen, which is readily determined by the method used for hydrogen in steel. Preliminary experiments were made with a eu-tectic ferrosilicon melt as the reducing agent. Other experiments included the use of graphite and molybdenum crucibles. The ferrosilicon alloy bath was found to produce a thick coating on the furnace tube which could adsorb hydrogen. Graphite produced CO by the reduction of FeO, MnO, and SiO2 in such quantities that analysis for hydrogen was virtually impossible. Molybdenum, while giving a low blank value, could reduce the slag sufficiently to produce a volatile oxide which again was found to adsorb hydrogen. The arrangement finally adopted is shown in Fig. 1. The molybdenum sheet served as the induction-heated susceptor, and was separated from the escaping gases by alumina guide tubes. An outer jacket of alumina protected the quartz furnace tube, and alumina and quartz stools completed the assembly. The falling sample is shown wrapped in aluminum foil, 0.002 in. thickness, which acted as the reducing agent&apos; This foil was careful&apos;~ washed in acetone and an d and then dried in hot air before wrapping the weighed slag sample for charging into the apparatus. Investigation of the hydrogen content of the aluminum foil itself showed that a small quantity of hydrogen was released in vacuum, but had no relation to the weight of the aluminum charged. This quantity of hydrogen was

Jan 1, 1957