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Jan 1, 1963

By C. Y. Clayton, Francis B. Foley, Muir L. Frey

DuRing the past year, we have investigated the cause of 88 per cent, of the failures by breakage near the bit end of some 1-in. hollow, hexagon, drill steel used in a metal mine. This breakage in the region of the bit end of the steel was peculiarly interesting because we have been Ied to believe that breakage is most prevalent at the shank end of drill steels near the place where the steel is gripped in the chuck of the machine. Records from the mine showed, also, that the breakage was much more frequent in the short lengths of large gage than in the longer steels; this is shown graphically in Fig. 1. Because the shorter lengths of steels are usually those that have been made from broken pieces of long steels or from steels that have worn down in service, rarely being made from new stock, those who are wont to suspect steel of tiring and crystallizing in its old age through fatigue are quite apt to see in this instance an argument in favor of their idea. As usual, a careful examination of these steels reveals defects of a character hardly to be overlooked in favor of such a cause. The steel in question was rolled with a sand core and was of the usual drill steel composition: Carbon 0.85 per cent., manganese 0.60 per cent., silicon 0.25 per cent., phosphorus 0.02 per cent., and sulfur 0.02 per cent., with the exception that in some specimens there was vanadium, not exceeding 0.20 per cent. The following lengths and gages were used: LenGth, GaGe, LenGth. GaGe, Feet Inches feet Inches Starter 2 % 7 111/16 3 2 % 8 11 4 2 % 9 1 9/16 5 2 10 1 7/16 ________6_____________115/16____________________________

Jan 1, 1924

By Philip Wilson

Tun mines of the Calumet & Arizona Mining Co. are situated in the Warren Mining District, Cochise County, Arizona, between Bisbee and Warren and adjoin those of the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Co. and the Shattuck Arizona Copper Co. Paleozoic limestones of considerable thickness have been intruded by granite porphyry. A great stock of the intrusive outcrops boldly near the city of Bisbee and is known as Sacramento Hill. From this central core the porphyry has tongued out into the limestone for many thousands of feet as dikes and sills of irregular shape and variable dimensions. Churn drilling has recently developed a large tonnage of secondarily enriched copper ore in the main porphyry mass of Sacramento Hill. While some ore has been found in porphyry in other parts of the district it is relatively unimportant compared with that which occurs in the Paleozoic limestone as irregular lenses replacing favorable beds near porphyry contacts or associated with well-marked fracture zones often many hundreds of feet away from the intrusive. In a zone extending from Sacramento Hill for a distance of from 1,500 to 3,000 ft. the limestone has been extensively metamorphosed and in this contact metamorphic zone the ore occurs through a known vertical thickness of upward of 900 ft. and individual orebodies often show extension in a vertical direction of over 200 ft. At a greater distance from the intrusive stock the ore occurs as lenses of greater horizontal than vertical dimensions with an average thickness of approximately 30 ft. An exception to this rule is found in the occasional steeply dipping mineralized fractures, almost true tabular veins, which are found long distances away from the zone of contact metamorphism.

Jan 7, 1916

Jan 1, 1962

By EL HANAF

The exploratory program initiated in Egypt in 1937 by four major oil companies was well under way early in 1939. Extensive gravity-meter surveys were carried out in the Sinai Peninsula and the Eastern and Western Deserts. Seismic and magnetometer work vas conducted on a restricted scale. The data collected justified wildcat drilling on structures located geophysically and/or geologically.

Jan 1, 1946

By AIME

One of the operations of the J. L. Shiely Co. is quarrying in a hard granite gneiss with intrusions of gabbro or trap. During the winter of 1948-1949 the quarry ramp was lowered about 30 ft and during the 1949 season practically all drilling was done from the quarry floor, developing a face from 72 to 83 ft for the entire quarry area. The performance and cost table shows our record for 1948 and 1949.

Jan 1, 1950

The American Gas Association, 420 Lexington Ave., New York, N. Y. The Proceedings and Reports of the American Gas Association are concerned with the technology and utilization of gas, and research along those lines. A list of publications will be sent upon request. Publications are classified under the general headings: Accident Prevention; Accounting; Commercial; General; Rates; Industrial; Publicity and Advertising; Technical; and Testing Laboratory. As' illustrations of the type of paper presented, the following are cited from the Technical classification: Evaluation of gas oils (1930), 40 cents; Agglutinating value of American coals (1927), free; Composition of coal in relation to spontaneous combustion (1927), free; Physical and chemical

Jan 1, 1933

By Daniel T. Hegyan, Thomas B. Zugates

Continuous vacuum disk filters are increasingly being used to filter refuse from the fine-coal washing circuits as it becomes important to close the water circuits and eliminate sludge holding ponds. This paper discusses our past experience filtering refuse, effects of solids concentration in the filter feed, use of polymer flocculation aids, effect of flocculation devices, and effects of particle size and ash content on the filtration rate. Detailed tests were performed on existing installations utilizing coal refuse filters to determine optimum flocculant dosage, solids concentration, and disk rotation speed to form a dischargeable cake. Information was also obtained showing effect of flocculant addition on the moisture of the filter cake.

Jan 1, 1977

By R. A. Vik, C. B. Daellenbach, W. M. Mahan

The influence of reduction roasting and thermal shock on the grindability of a refractory low-grade Michigan iron ore was examined in bench-scale tests. The quantitative effects of the various treatments were evaluated at three sieve levels, 48, 100, and 400 mesh, with ball-mill-grindability and work-index parameters as response indicators. Data from the testing program were statistically analyzed to isolate the effects of cooling rate, roasting temperature, mesh level, and ore chemical condition. All four variables were found to have an important influence on the grindability of the treated ore. Ore chemical condition and roasting temperature had the most pronounced effects.

Jan 1, 1972

By J. C. Draper, R. J. Houston, R. E. Pepperman

Duquesne Light Co. and CAI Consultants, Inc. conducted a demonstration program to establish permanent vegetative cover directly on acidic, deep coal mine refuse. Several plots were treated with formulas varying in soil amendment application rates and plant speak. Periodic monitoring of refuse chemistry indicated when maintenance applications of seed and soil amendments were required. To establish drainage control, the site had to be regraded. The most successful experimental formula was used as the bank for the formula applied to regraded portions of the site. Specific treatment for acidic spots has been initiated. Results of the program indicate that adequate permanent vegetation has been established.

Jan 1, 1985

By M. N. Nabighian, J. R. Odekirk, D. M. Hausen

Preliminary investigations based on the concept of cross-power indicate that quantitative volume percentages of minerals, including quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase, fluorite, and chalcopyrite can be obtained by X-ray diffraction analysis. Pulverized samples are scanned from 4° to 65°, 2e, using a Norelco diffractometer, with the output recorded on a punched tape at 40 intervals per degree, 29. Errors from crystal orientation are minimized by (1) gridded surface packing, (2) sample spinning, and (3) quantitative measurement of all major diffraction peaks. Computer programming enables rapid quantitative evaluation of X-ray diffraction data. Results to date indicate that most minerals analyses can be performed within an accuracy of ±2%. Metallurgical applications include analysis of various flotation concentrates and tailings.

Jan 1, 1973

By J. V. Richards

The Altar district, State of Sonora, Mexico, is for the most part a desert with but little rain-fall and few running streams. On account of this scarcity of water it is necessary for the natives to " dry-wash" the placer-gravel, and the object of the present gaper is to describe some of the more commoil Mexican dry-mashing devices. My observations were confined to a property known as Las Palomas placers, 15 miles from the Gulf of California and about 150 miles south of the United States border; a brief description of which property may be of interest as illustrating what is, perhaps, a typical Sonora dry placer. It is said that as long as a century ago the Yaqui Indians discovered rich cement-gravel, known as argo masa, at Las Palomas, and that there has been a more or less steady production of gold from the property ever since. The argo masa, is a fairly-coarse gravel, the pebbles being quite firmly held together with a lime cement. Gold is scattered through this cement in particles ranging from fine specks to pieces several grams in weight, and occasional large nuggets are encountered. The contents vary so widely that it is difficult to estimate the average value, but returns of from $10 to $50 per cubic yard are common, and it is doubtful if the Indians considered anything less than from $4 to $5 a yard as "pay dirt.'' This ar-90 masa, occurs in channels varying in thickness from a few inches to several feet, and in width up to 300 ft. These channels are continuous and are probably ancient stream-beds. They are for the most part covered with an over-burden of a more recent gravel, varying from 30 to 50 ft. thick, and the fact that this over-burden contains values as high as $1.50 per cubic yard, and yet was not worked by the Indians, shows that their idea of what constituted mas high.

Jan 1, 1911

By W. M. Peirce

COMMENCING in 1922, each year a lecture has been presented to the Institute of Metals Division at this February meeting. The range of subjects has been very broad. Some speakers have dealt with the most advanced work in the very heart of the science of physical metallurgy. Others have stimulated our imaginations by discussing the most recent progress in related fields of science. Others have told us of the latest art, which is at any moment of greater practical importance than the latest science, of metals. I feel that this broad precedent in the choice of subjects will justify my choosing to talk about some of the prosaic details of how, during the last generation, industry has effectively organized research to accelerate progress in our own and all other fields of science and related art. A number of years ago I visited one of this country's well-known research laboratories and had the pleasure of chatting for a few minutes with its equally well-known director. Being particularly interested at the time in the organization problems connected with industrial research, I broached that subject. My host stated in effect that he didn't believe in organized research. He was, of course, resorting to a rhetorical hyperbole to point out the danger of overorganization which can so easily drift into regimentation and destroy individual initiative. Actually nearly all of us, much as we cherish our personal freedom of action, believe in organization because the history of progress in every field of human activity has been a history of men learning to work together, to cooperate, to create an efficient division of labor. We use organization to achieve this coordination. At the same time our form of organization must not stifle individual initiative or it will prove a deterrent rather than an aid to accomplishment. Research, too, must be organized for greatest achievement but especial skill and care are perhaps needed to avoid stifling the initiative of the individual workers. I have, of course, followed with keen interest and much benefit the vast amount that has been said and written on this subject in the past twenty years but I still find new stimulation in discussions with my good friends working in this field. It is my hope that this discussion may serve a like purpose. It would be ungracious not to make due acknowledgment to the many able contributors to this particular phase of human progress, but their very number and the great volume of their writing makes it impossible to trace to any one individual a particular significant and valuable idea. I shall content myself therefore with this general acknowledgment and with acknowledgment of the specific debt that every research man owes to those who have so ably kept before the public, and in particular before industrial executives, the place of research in the modern scheme of things. Because of the legitimate publicity thus given to research, the day is past when any

Jan 1, 1944

By R. Hoffmann

The Waelz process produces oxides of volatilizable metals from ores, metalliferous products and residues. The process was originally used for recovering zinc and lead, where tailings and residues containing those metals had accumulated at mines or smelters, but it is applicable for obtaining tin, arsenic or other volatilizable metals. It is useful when other methods of obtaining the metals from the ores or residues are too difficult or expensive or show too low a recovery. The Waelz process was developed in 1923 for the treatment of large calamine dumps in Upper Silesia, which showed zinc contents of 8 to 10 per cent. and lead contents up to 3 per cent. The rapid development of the process, from the first trials up to the plants now working or in course of erection, is shown in Fig. 1. The first industrial Waelz plant was started in 1925. Within two years the capacity of the working plants reached 700 tons material per day of 24 hr. During the year 1928 the daily capacity of the plants now at work or in course of erection will rise

Jan 1, 1928

By E. A. Jones

THE Southeast Missouri division of the St. Joseph Lead Co. normally hauls and hoists over 5 million tons of lead ore each year. This ore is mined in the stopes and headings of 20 mines, hauled to a main line system, see above, and transported up to 6.4 miles to ore-hoisting shafts. Average haulage distance is 2.16 miles. A few years ago a distinguished mining engineer visiting this area for the first time remarked, "You do not have a mining problem; yours is a haulage problem." Its relative importance may be gaged by the fact that mine haulage represents about 25 pct of the total cost of mining ore, the most costly single underground operation. The Southeast Missouri lead belt is a mining district located about 65 miles south of St. Louis. This district is roughly 6 miles wide and 10 miles long. The ore horizon lies about 400 ft below the surface where most of the ore is mined from flat-lying beds of dolomitic limestone. This paper deals with the central part of the district, namely, that portion which contains a group of interconnected mines all in a central haulage system, serving four hoisting shafts. The two major hoisting operations are carried out at Federal No. 17 shaft and Leadwood No. 12 shaft. No. 17 accounted for about 70 pct of the ore hoisted in the district during 1950, averaging about 14,000 tons per operating day. The underground dumping and skip-pocket system at this shaft is similar to those of the other shafts except that it has two rotary dumps. The other ore-hoisting shafts have only one. It might be mentioned that waste rock is hoisted at still other shafts, hauled off, and dumped on the surface by trucks. The hoisting shafts are on a connected system of about 200 miles of underground 24-in. gage main line railroad. There is also the Bonne Terre system, with its own ore-hoisting shaft, which consists of 13.5 miles of 24-in. gage main line, located in the extreme north portion of the lead belt area. Smaller outlying mines such as Doe Run No. 12 and Hayden Creek operate on trackless or shuttle car haulage. In addition to the system of main line haulage, each contributing mine group has its own extensive system of stope or heading railroad. Trackless mining is making considerable headway in the Lead-wood and Desloge mines. Here the shovel loads into a shuttle car which in turn dumps into mine cars spotted on the main line track system. When the merits of underground haulage and surface transportation are compared, it must be remembered that in early days there were many individual

Jan 1, 1954

By C. E. Agnew

THE Eastern district, composed of New Jersey and eastern Pennsyl-vania, with its native ores, was the cradle of the iron industry of the United States. The district attained and held the leadership in produc-tion of pig iron for over 100 years, from pre-Revolutionary days to approximately 1875. The first shipment of Lake hematite ore was made in 1853. It was a small shipment, transported by a sailing vessel and a canal barge, but it was the beginning of the end of the supremacy of the Eastern district, although at that time the ore was supposed to be too rich to be successfully smelted with the block coal then in use at western furnaces. The iron made from the first shipment of Lake ore was worked into nails by the Sharon Iron Co., at Sharon, Pa. The writer's great-grandfather, David Agnew, and his brother, John P., Agnew, owners and-operators of the Sharpsville furnace, Sharpsville, Pa., worked the shipment through a furnace. Because of this, the writer feels some satisfaction in having been one of a group that solved the problem of making profitable an operation using Eastern district ores exclusively. With the development of Lake mines, and the production and use of coke, the Middle West district gradually assumed the position of leader-ship in production; because, even though the ores were transported 1000 miles by water and rail, its cost figure on pig iron was better than that of the eastern producer whose furnace was next to his mine. Such a cost figure was possible because the ore was naturally rich in iron and reduced easily. It was possible to carry a heavy burden on the furnace, which resulted in large tonnage and low coke per ton of iron. This paper is in no sense a technical one. The purpose is to show that with the proper physical preparation of the Eastern magnetites they will reduce as easily as the Lake hematites, and because of the high iron concentration give the Eastern producer just as much advantage as formally he was at a disadvantage in comparison with the Middle West producer.

Jan 1, 1938

By C. E. Agnew

THE Eastern district, composed of New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania, with its native ores, was the cradle of the iron industry of the United States The district attained and held the leadership in production of pig iron for over 100 years, from pre-Revolutionary days to approximately 1875 The first shipment of Lake hematite ore was made in 1853 It was a small shipment, transported by a sailing vessel and a canal barge, but it was the beginning of the end of the supremacy of the Eastern district, although at that time the ore was supposed to be too rich to be successfully smelted with the block coal then in use at western furnaces The iron made from the first shipment of Lake ore was worked into nails by the Sharon Iron Co , at Sharon, Pa The writer's great-grandfather, David Agnew, and his brother, John P Agnew, owners and operators of the Sharpsville furnace, Sharpsville, Pa , worked the shipment through a furnace Because of this, the writer feels some satisfaction in having been one of a group that solved the problem of making profitable an operation using Eastern district ores exclusively With the development of Lake mines, and the production and use of coke, the Middle West district gradually assumed the position of leadership in production, because, even though the ores were transported 1000 miles by water and rail, its cost figure on pig iron was better than that of the eastern producer whose furnace was next to his mine Such a cost figure was possible because the ore was naturally rich in iron and reduced easily It was possible to carry a heavy burden on the furnace, which resulted in large tonnage and low coke per ton of iron This paper is in no sense a technical one The purpose is to show that with the proper physical preparation of the Eastern magnetites they will reduce as easily as the Lake hematites, and because of the high iron concentration give the Eastern producer just as much advantage as formally he was at a disadvantage in comparison with the Middle West producer

Jan 1, 1938

By E. Topuz, G. Faulkner, M. Karmis, C. Haycocks

The Appalachian coal region of Virginia, southern West Virginia and Kentucky and the extreme eastern portion of Tennessee constitutes a unique area of surface coal mining activities. The area contains a number of contiguously placed coal seams, up to a total of fourteen in some places, which vary in thickness from a few centimeters to 2,5 meters. Much of this coal is of high quality, some being the highest grade metallurgical coal found anywhere in the world. The region may be broadly characterized physiologically as a dissected plateau with a relief above the valley floors of up to 500 meters and a dendritic drainage pattern. Up to six seams may outcrop in the hillsides above drainage, many of which have been subjected to contour stripping operations. Prior to the passage of the surface mining reclamation act, little effort was made to reclaim stripped areas. The passage of the strip mining act, including the controversial requirement for returning the land to its approximate original contour, has forced intensive recla¬mation efforts from the mining industry. The wisdom of this original contour requirement has been the subject of considerable debate and litigation, mainly because of its cost, inconvenience, and value of the land after it has been reclaimed. Regardless of whether recla¬mation is carried out, under current practices slope failures do occur. This in effect circumvents the intent of the law and can expose large unvegetated spoil areas, and contribute to hillside erosion and stream silting. Such failures must be eliminated if further costly reclamation efforts are to be avoided.

Jan 1, 1983

CONTENTS PAGE UREN, LESTER C.-Increasing Production of Petroleum by Increasing Diameter of Wells. Discussed by A. Beeby Thompson 1 LAHEE, FREDERIC H.-Comparative Study of Well Logs on the Mexia Type of Structure. Discussed by W. A. I. M. van Waterschoot van -der Gracht.... 4 Increasing Production of Petroleum by Increasing Diameter of Wells Discussion of the paper of LESTER C. UREN, presented at the New York Meeting, February, 1925, and issued, as Paper No. 1364-G, with MINING AND METAL-LURGY, October, 1924. A. BEEBY THOMPSON, London, Eng. (written discussion).-The subject discussed in this paper has long been debated by operators in European fields, where very strong views are held regarding the advisability of controlling gas pressures by shutting in wells. While unwilling to theorize on the subject of restricted flow, the writer has always been disposed to associate himself with those who hesitate to impose any obstruction to a natural transitory state that breaks up the oil-containing strata and establishes a feeder system which no subsequent events, natural or artificial, can approach in intensity. In both Russia and Roumania, where the oil is concentrated in discontinuous, disturbed, and irregular lenticles of sand varying, within short distances, in coarseness of grain, extent of impregnation and degree of cementation, it has been the practice to let the wells run wild in order to provoke disruption of strata. By encouraging violent eruptions, an extended feeder system is created and the ejection of enormous quantities of sand, rock, and clay creates a sump and seepage area that it would be difficult to imitate by any artificial means, not excluding actual mining. Before discussing the somewhat novel method suggested for enlarging the infiltration area, the writer would like to confirm the fact that many valuable data applicable to oil are forthcoming from a study of water phenomena. Long association with water-supply problems in many parts of the world has shown how closely the phenomena of underground movements of water and oil are related, so that it is pleasing to note the author's use of water formulas. But there is one great distinction;

Jan 7, 1925

Both drilling and production in Rumania showed increases in 1934 over 1933. The drilling totaled 1,138,000 ft. and production 63,500,-000 bbl., being increases of 50 and 15 per cent, respectively. During the year production gradually increased from 155,000 bbl. per day in January to 180,000 bbl. in September, and then declined slightly to the end of the year. The increases were largely due to competitive drilling in the Gura Ocnitei field (including west extension to Viforata). Wells completed during the year totaled 238, of which 215 were oil producers. The outstanding development of the year was the discovery by Steaua Romana of what appears to be a major field at Bucsani. Other important discoveries were a three-mile west extension of the Gura Ocnitei fault to Viforata and a five-mile east extension of the Moreni field to Calinesti. Strictly speaking, the latter cannot as yet be called an extension. Oil sands have been corded in the Meotic, and in all probability production will be established in 1935. The Calinesti discovery greatly restricts the unproved area between Moreni and Baicoi, and the probabilities of

Jan 1, 1935