Search Documents

By H. P. Greenwald

THIs paper brings forward a discussion that was prepared for the meeting of the Coal Division in Chicago in 1938.1 War in Europe less than a year after that meeting, followed by our defense preparations and entry into the conflict, caused general cessation of large-scale experimentation on the subject, and it is best to confine this paper to events in the United States during the five-year period since the preceding paper was written. The views of members of the Coal Division's Committee2 on Rock-dust-ing for 1943 were obtained before this paper was written and the manuscript was reviewed by them. Extent of Rock-dusting Statistics on the use of rock dust in the United States during the years 1930-1933, appearing on page 97 of Volume 139 of the Transactions are extended in Table I herein through the year 1941. The results through 1933 did not appear encouraging, but there has been improve-ment since that date. It has always been true that the larger operations were the ones that used rock dust. In 1941 only 10 per cent of the mines in the country used rock dust, but they produced 57 per cent of the coal, employed just under 50 per cent of the miners, and accounted for 52 per cent of the man-hours. Unfortunately, collection and compilation of these statistics are slow procedures, and figures dealing with the tremendous war expansion of the industry are not likely to be available for a year or more. In 1941 the five leading states in regard to percentage of man-hours worked in mines using rock dust were: Utah, 92.1; Wyoming, 79.3; Alabama, 77.4; New Mexico, 72.5; West Virginia, 65.3. The first four states were the same as in 1933, but West Virginia displaced Washington in fifth place. On the basis of pounds of rock dust used per ton of coal, the five leading states in

Jan 1, 1944

By H. P. Greenwald

THIs paper brings forward a discussion that was prepared for the meeting of the Coal Division in Chicago in 1938.1 War in Europe less than a year after that meeting, followed by our defense preparations and entry into the conflict, caused general cessation of large-scale experimentation on the subject, and it is best to confine this paper to events in the United States during the five-year period since the preceding paper was written. The views of members of the Coal Division's Committee2 on Rock-dust-ing for 1943 were obtained before this paper was written and the manuscript was reviewed by them. Extent of Rock-dusting Statistics on the use of rock dust in the United States during the years 1930-1933, appearing on page 97 of Volume 139 of the Transactions are extended in Table I herein through the year 1941. The results through 1933 did not appear encouraging, but there has been improve-ment since that date. It has always been true that the larger operations were the ones that used rock dust. In 1941 only 10 per cent of the mines in the country used rock dust, but they produced 57 per cent of the coal, employed just under 50 per cent of the miners, and accounted for 52 per cent of the man-hours. Unfortunately, collection and compilation of these statistics are slow procedures, and figures dealing with the tremendous war expansion of the industry are not likely to be available for a year or more. In 1941 the five leading states in regard to percentage of man-hours worked in mines using rock dust were: Utah, 92.1; Wyoming, 79.3; Alabama, 77.4; New Mexico, 72.5; West Virginia, 65.3. The first four states were the same as in 1933, but West Virginia displaced Washington in fifth place. On the basis of pounds of rock dust used per ton of coal, the five leading states in

Jan 1, 1944

By H. Biloni, G. F. Bolling

The microsegregation in tin specimens containing 0.2, 0.5. or 1 wt pct Pb has been studied m detail. The specimens were grown from the melt in a controlled fashion and exhibited a well-developed cellular substructure. In general, a severe microsegre-gation can be observed in all the photomicrographs presented. Some observations of special interest are: the distribution of a second phase, the presence of a eutectic in several forms, the evidence for dif- THE Smialowski or cellular substructure which forms during solidification has been extensively studied during the past decade.'* Many of the im- *Most references to the cellular substructure except for the last 2 years are reviewed by Winegard.' portant characteristics of this substructure, such as its occurrence and variability with growth conditions, its association with the phenomenon of constitutional supercooling, and its effect on dislocation production and mobility, have received quantitative fusion of solute in the solid, and the enhancement of segregation at a dislocation subboundary network ("striations"). On the basis of the metallographic observations, it can be deduced that the segregation observed is representative of the solute segregation produced during crystal growth. Some deductions are also made about the interplay of the two substructures, cells and striations, and about the mode of cellular growth. investigation both experimentally and theoretically. However, the concentration profile of the solute segregated during crystal growth has not been examined in detail. Tin crystals grown from melts containing various concentrations of lead have been most extensively studied. In a recent investigation of Sn-Pb alloys, Kramer et a1.2 were able to measure the effective solute distribution coefficient, k,, at the most advanced points of the solid-liquid interface, over a large range of growth conditions, finding it to approach the value of k,, the equilibrium distribution coefficient. As will be shown, this must lead to drastic segregation. Another recent study of several Sn-Pb alloys was made by Plaskett and winegard3 who investigated the variation of growth conditions

Jan 1, 1963

By Persifor Frazer

The '(author's edition" of the following paper, "subject to re vision," was received by him, and copies sent to Professor Geikie and others about two weeks before the date of the meeting at which it was to be read. A telegram, and subsequently a letter (both of which unfortunately arrived too late), apprised the present writer that the Director General objected to certain views ascribed to him as the reverse of those which he really held. These views, however interesting, had no very important bearing on the object of the fol lowing notes, which, as must be evident, are devoted to the conside ration of the close analogies between the Welsh and American rocks. Without being able, therefore, to account for the circumstance which Professor Geikie has mentioned, it is thought better in the present revised edition to omit all allusion to Professor Geikie, or Mr. Peach, or their views, except in this place, where I desire to thank them for their courtesy during the time which I had the pleasure of spending in their society. It appears sufficiently throughout the body of the paper that the writer had not the slightest intention of entering the controversy, which was about to commence, concerning the proper horizons of the St. David's rocks, for many reasons; and amongst others because he did not feel that a sojourn of a few days in a difficult region, which had been already studied by many of the foremost geologists of England, would warrant him in adding to the literature on the sub ject. The discussion of the analogies between these rocks and those of the Eastern Appalachians, which he has studied for twelve years, of which eight were spent in the service of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, was much more to his taste as it was more within his ability, and if he has added anything to the evidence of these analogies, the paper, however imperfect, will not have been written entirely in vain. Right or wrong, he assumes the entire responsibility of what follows.

Jan 1, 1883

Jan 1, 1968

By Ernest F. Burchard

PAGE. I. Introduction,........... 75 II. Outline of the Geology......... 76 1. Stratigraphy............ 76 A. Clinton Formation........ 77 2. Structure...........82 3. The Ore..........85 A. Character............ 85 B. Geographic Distribution....88 III. Local Descriptions........... 88 1. Birmingham District.......... 88 A. Topography and Its Relation to Industrial Development... 88 H. Distribution and Structure of Formations.... 89 C. Divisions of the Birmingham District. 95 Division A (Description of the Ore-Beds), . 95 Division B.........105 Division C.......... 106 Division D,..107 Division E,...........108 Division F........ 111 Division C.......... 112 D. Mining .Development.... 113 2. Northeast Alabama........114 IV. Possible Origin oF the Ore......... 119 V. Relation of Origin to Quality and Extent of Ore... 122 VI. Estimates of Ore-Reserves,......... 125 1. Method of Making Estimates......... 125 2. Data and Results....126 VII. Production and Consumption oF IRon-ORe,.... 132 I. Introduction. Brief and interrupted studies of the Alabama Clinton iron-ores have been made within the last four years by members of the IT. S. Geological Survey. Reports on the progress of this

Jan 1, 1910

John Duer Irving, who left his post as Professor of Economic Geology at the Sheffield Scientific School, New Haven, Conn., to join the Eleventh Regiment of Engineers shortly after the declaration of war, died in France, July 26, 1918, from an attack of pneumonia. Through the initiative of Mr. Benjamin B. Lawrence, a memorial service to Captain Irving was held at St. Paul's Chapel, Columbia University, on Sunday afternoon, August 4, which was' attended by members of Captain Irving's family, and about four hundred of his friends from Columbia, Yale, the American Institute of Mining Engineers and the Association of the 11th Regiment of Engineers. Professor James F. Kemp delivered the memorial address, and has prepared for the Institute the following account of Captain Irving's life, Professor Kemp and Captain Irving having been associated on the most intimate terms for a number of years. , The war has brought home to friends and kin in the western shores of thc Atlantic many losses whose suddenness has the shock of a blow. Many more will follow, but none can leave a sharper sense of regret than the news that the keen and productive mind; the inspiring teacher; the successful and considerate editor, the fine, true man and friend had all passed away when John Duer Irving made the final great gift to the service of his country, in the cause of decency and right. In the closing days of July, the cable brought the tidings that toward midnight on the twentieth of the month pneumonia had proved too great a tax upon one already worn by excessive labors. John Duer Irving was born in Madison, Wis., August 18, 1874. His father, Roland Duer Irving, was at the time professor of geology, mineralogy and metallurgy in the State University of Wisconsin.' Roland . Irving, the father, had entered Columbia College in 1863, but trouble with his eyes compelled him to suspend his studies in the classical course in his sophomore year, and to replace study with some months of life and travel in England. Ultimately his eyes became stronger, and he entered the School of Mincs, completing the course for the degree of Engineer of Mines in 1869, with the third class graduated. The class of eleven contained other future geologists. It numbered on its roll Henry Newton and Walter P. Jenney of the early survey of the Black Hills, where John, future son of Roland, was in the course of years to make his doctor's dissertation, and with its publication his really serious entrance into the profession. Roland Irving was a favorite student of Professor J. S. Newberry, affectionately known to all of his students as "Uncle John," and after some experience in mining and smelting in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, joined the Ohio Survey under Dr. Newberry. The work in Ohio was largely performed during the vacations of the University of Wisconsin, to whose chair Roland Irving was called in 1870. Later, his residence in Wisconsin led to two events of prime importance in the history of American geology. He began the study of the Gogebic iron range and caught the clue to the origin and stratigraphy of the iron ores of all the Lake Superior ranges; and he later undertook the mapping and description of the copper-bearing rocks of the Lake Superior basin. The formative years of the son, John, were passed in a home where the father.

Jan 1, 1920

By Victor A. Phillips

A series of specimens of a Cu- 3.23 pct Co alloy were prepared with particle diameters from zero to 590A. The samples were then cold-rolled 95 pct and the effects of the particle size on the behavior on annealing for hr at temperatures between 100" and 900°C were studied (by hardness, light, and electron metallography). Particles, particularly for d r 105 to 590A, greatly impeded softening and vecvystallizn-tion, and tended to give elongated grains. Particles deformed fairly homogeneously with the ,matrix, be- IN a previous study by the author,' the growth of cobalt-rich precipitates was followed electron microscopically in Cu-3.12 Co alloy as a function of aging, typically at 650°C. The coherent spherical precipitates grew to 520 + lOOA average diam before spontaneously losing coherency and developing (111) facets. Stretching a few percent after precipitation 2aused loss of coherency to occur sooner at about 220A average particle diam. The particles apparently retained their fcc structure after loss of coherency. coming lau2ellae. For d = 55 to 180A, these lamellae gave streak-contrast effects apparently due to coherency strains , and spheroidized on annealing at 600" to 650°C, forming coherent particles. Particles of d = 250 ov 320A lost coherency during t-olling, giving incoherent lamellae. Recrystallization apparently occured by growth of new grains into unrecrystallized (recovered) material at temperatures below that at which cobalt atoms had much mobility. The present study was undertaken to explore the effect of cobalt-rjch particles of various average sizes from 50 to 600A diam on the isochronal annealing behavior of copper after heavy cold rolling. The previous work' was used as a guide in preparing the two-phase series of prerolling structures. The solution-treated alloy was also rolled for comparison. A further question of interest in the present study was whether dislocation and particle hardening were additive, since the prerolling structures covered the full range unaged - peak aged — overaged, and further precipitation might occur on annealing after cold rolling. Although there have been exhaustive studies of the isothermal2"6 and is~chronal annealing behavior of

Jan 1, 1967

By James P. Kimball

The object of the present memoir is to pot on record some practical experiments by the writer in smelting a silicions native magnetite with no other flux than the silicates of its own gangue.' This work was undertaken in the spring of 1878 for Messrs. Naylor & Co., of' Boston, to whom I am indebted for the privilege of here communicating its results, these having hitherto only been simply announced.* So far as I am aware these are the first instances of the kind ill this country that non-calcareous; or rather non-carbonatbed, magnetite have successfully been used strictly alone as self-fluxing ores in the blast furnace; that is, without the addition of' calcareous flux in the form either of limestone, quicklime, calcareous ore, or basic (calcareous) slag. Previous to the spring of 1878, when the Chateaugay magnetic ore was first brought to illy notice. its use had been limited to Catalan forges, after " separation " at the ore bed. The blooms and billets made from it in the several forges of Messrs. Weed $ Williams, and of Mr. Williams, were well known in the trade as among the best in the market. Tile Chateaugay ore beds proving of great magnitude, and the ore exceptionally low in phosphoric acid, it commended itself for blast-furnace purposes to Messrs. Naylor & Co., who employed me to blow-in the charcoal furnace at Pittsford, Vt., on this ore in the spring of 1878, a previous trial of this ore in the same furnace in the fall of 1877 having proved abortive. This was therefore the first time that Chateaugay ore was successfully smelted in a blast furnace, although since well known as a blast-furnace ore possessing superior and exceptional qualities. The Pittsford furnace, although rebuilt in 1844, and subsequently improved by the former owner, the late J. Prichard, is one of the few furnaces of the old type with open breast (Sumpfofen) still active in this country, Its improvements 011 furnaces of the period,

Jan 1, 1881

Jan 8, 1951

By N. B. Aughenbaugh, W. C. Patrick

The availability of a thorough, simple-to-use roof fall classification system is desirable for several reasons. First, such a system would expedite the reporting of falls for the purposes of estimating material removal costs, analyzing damage levels, and complying with federal regulations to report falls in certain areas of the mine. Second, the classification system would allow the mining engineer to record falls routinely with little time and effort expended. This would encourage him to make observations concerning what type of roof support would work best in a given situation. Third, and probably most important, an

Jan 3, 1979

By Theron Wasson

Michigan reports another record year. Its production of 18,605,000 bbl. exceeds any previous year's total and is 2,000,000 bbl. over 1937, the previous record year. Production in 1938 brings the accumulated total for the state to a little over 100,000,000 bbl. It has taken 14 years to reach this accumulative figure, which would meet the needs of our country for about one month. Twelve new oil and gas fields were opened in 1938 and 978 tests for oil and gas were completed, of which 566 were oil wells, 25 gas wells and 387 dry holes. The new oil discovered is probably about equal to the oil produced during the year. Activities in 1938 The Temple field, Clare County, was the discovery of the year. Since July, 46 wells have been completed, and although not yet outlined it appears that more than 2000 acres have been proved for production from the Monroe of Devonian age, at a depth of 3900 ft. This discovery is the result of a wildcat test along a trend northwestward from the older fields of the central basin. The Edenville pool, Midland County, ranks second among the new fields. Thirty-five producing wells have been drilled to the Dundee at 3800 feet. The surprise development was in southwestern Alichigan, Allegan and Van Buren Counties, where six new Traverse lime pools were opened with a daily production of about 8000 bbl. at the end of the year. This is the first consistent Traverse production in the state and is about 100 miles southwest of the producing areas of the central basin. These fields have had a rapid development because of the shallow depths, which range from 900 to 1500 ft. Bloomingdale, Van Buren County, had a town-lot boom, and 72 wells have been drilled there since August 1938. Small operators from many states have been attracted to this shallow territory, and the coming year will see much drilling in these and surrounding counties. The Buckeye field, Gladwin County, led the state in amount of oil produced. Its total of over 7,000,000 bbl. was far ahead of that of any other pool.

Jan 1, 1939

By Theron Wasson

Michigan reports another record year. Its production of 18,605,000 bbl. exceeds any previous year's total and is 2,000,000 bbl. over 1937, the previous record year. Production in 1938 brings the accumulated total for the state to a little over 100,000,000 bbl. It has taken 14 years to reach this accumulative figure, which would meet the needs of our country for about one month. Twelve new oil and gas fields were opened in 1938 and 978 tests for oil and gas were completed, of which 566 were oil wells, 25 gas wells and 387 dry holes. The new oil discovered is probably about equal to the oil produced during the year. Activities in 1938 The Temple field, Clare County, was the discovery of the year. Since July, 46 wells have been completed, and although not yet outlined it appears that more than 2000 acres have been proved for production from the Monroe of Devonian age, at a depth of 3900 ft. This discovery is the result of a wildcat test along a trend northwestward from the older fields of the central basin. The Edenville pool, Midland County, ranks second among the new fields. Thirty-five producing wells have been drilled to the Dundee at 3800 feet. The surprise development was in southwestern Alichigan, Allegan and Van Buren Counties, where six new Traverse lime pools were opened with a daily production of about 8000 bbl. at the end of the year. This is the first consistent Traverse production in the state and is about 100 miles southwest of the producing areas of the central basin. These fields have had a rapid development because of the shallow depths, which range from 900 to 1500 ft. Bloomingdale, Van Buren County, had a town-lot boom, and 72 wells have been drilled there since August 1938. Small operators from many states have been attracted to this shallow territory, and the coming year will see much drilling in these and surrounding counties. The Buckeye field, Gladwin County, led the state in amount of oil produced. Its total of over 7,000,000 bbl. was far ahead of that of any other pool.

Jan 1, 1939

||Abad, Leopoldo F, College of Min, Univ of California Berkeley, Cal '23 ||Abarquez, Ramon F, Met, Bureau of Science Manila, P I '24 ||Abbey, Robert Graham, Student, Case School of Applied Science Cleveland, Ohio '21 Abbott, A N , Mines Supt , Mazapel Copper Co , Ltd Concepcion del Oro, Zacatecas, Mexico '23 Abbott, Clarence E, Gen'l Supt, Iron Mines Div, Tenn Coal, Iron & R R Co, 1405 Minnesota Ave, Bessemer, Ala '04 Abbott, Louis Benjamin, Chief Engr, Consolidation Coal Co, Elkhorn Div 'Jenkins, Ky '15 Abbott, Robert R , Met Engr, Peerless Motor Car Co Cleveland, Ohio '12 ||Abbott, Wells Osborn, Ray Consolidated Copper Co Hayden, Ariz '23 Abeel, George H, Jr, Cons Min Engr 4612 W 17th St, Los Angeles, Cal '18 Abel, Albert E, Asst to Pres, Valley Mould & Iron Corpn Sharpsville, Pa '19 ?Abeloff, Miran S Address Wanted '21 Abernathy, G E, Kansas State Teachers College Pittsburgh, Kans '20 Abey, Hiroshi, Min & Met Engr, Takata & Co, 2 Yeirakucho, Nechome, Kojimachi-ku,

Jan 1, 1923

By Brison Robertson, W. P. Fishel

The carbide-forming tendencies of the various steel-alloying elements, or their affinities for carbon, is a subject that has received considerable attention, but little more than a probable arrangement of the elements as to their carbide-forming tendencies has been proposed. The physical properties of alloy steels depend upon the relative proportions of the elements present and their combinations. one important phase of this subject is the distribution of carbon between the various elements present. The distribution of car. bon between iron and other elements evidently sill depend upon: (I) the affinity of each for carbon; (2) the relative atomic masses of the elements present; and (3) the possible formation of compounds between the alloying and iron and between the elements themselves, In ternary steels the case is simplified, especially in systems in which the element and iron form no compounds, In such systems iron and the alloying element are competing for the carbon present. In this work the distribution of carbon between titanium and iron has been studied by measuring the relative amounts of iron carbide and titanium carbide present ill a series of annealed steels in which the ratio of titanium to carbon extended from 0.527 to 4.61. Ten Fe-Ti-C alloys, weighing about 250 grams each, were prepared by melting under a Vacuum, in an Induction furnace, Armco iron, carbon-free ferrotitanium (25 per cent Ti), and pure carbon. Vacuum melting prevented the formation of titanium oxides and nitrides, which would the the problem. The melts were made in graphite crucibles lined with sintered magnesium oxide. The ingots were the in the furnace under a vacuum and "'ere then completely annealed at 950°C. The determination of the amount of titanium carbide present was based upon the established insolubility of titanium carbide in boiling dilute (1:4) sulphuric acid, and the complete solubility Of free titanium and titanium-iron compounds in this acid. High-carbon ferrotitanium, which had been treated to remove free Ti and Fe. was found to be completely insoluble in the acid; and the carbon-free ferrotitanium used in making the alloys was found to be completely soluble. Others have reported the insolubility of titanium carbide in sulphuric and hydrochloric acids. Turnings from the ingots were digested with boiling sulphuric acid (1:4) until all action had ceased. The carbide residue was filtered off and analyzed for titanium, and in some cases for carbon. This represerifs the titanium that was united with carbon The filtrate from the carbide residue contains the portion Of the titanium that was in solid solution in the ferrite. Titanium

Jan 1, 1945

By F. Banemann

In discussing the problem of abnormal magnetic polarization, C. A. Heilandl† emphasized the unfortunate fact that our knowledge of the geological and physical conditions relating to such occurrences is very limited and that a more detailed insight into their physical causes would be extremely valuable for interpreting measured anomalies. He also pointed out that to arrive at quantitative physical formulas that would express the conditions that cause abnormal polarization many more occurrences of the kind would have to be recorded. The first part of this paper is a contribution to such descriptions. Abnormal Magnetic Polarization in South Africa The occurrence was mapped in the course of a magnetometric survey carried out about 70 miles to the east of Johannesburg and east of the Witwatersrand gold field, for the purpose of detecting the position of the suboutcrop of certain magnetite-bearing shales that occur in the lower portion of the Witwatersrand system of sediments, shales whose position in section in relation to the ore-bearing members of the same system of sediments are known. In this case the shales are covered by younger strata several hundred feet thick. Lines of magnetometric traverse were run at right angles to the strike for a strongly magnetic body. This body is a shale zone in the Witwatersrand sediments and has a strike of N.20°E. (magnetic) and dips 15" to the east. The field work was done by a vertical intensity field balance (A. Schmidt principle). The plotting is done in such a way that the sign is reversed from that usually employed in the northern hemisphere, so that a positive profile is obtained in abnormal cases while the same conditions in the northern hemisphere would give a negative one. This method of recording should be kept in mind in reading what follows.

Jan 1, 1940

By F. Banemann

In discussing the problem of abnormal magnetic polarization, C. A. Heilandl† emphasized the unfortunate fact that our knowledge of the geological and physical conditions relating to such occurrences is very limited and that a more detailed insight into their physical causes would be extremely valuable for interpreting measured anomalies. He also pointed out that to arrive at quantitative physical formulas that would express the conditions that cause abnormal polarization many more occurrences of the kind would have to be recorded. The first part of this paper is a contribution to such descriptions. Abnormal Magnetic Polarization in South Africa The occurrence was mapped in the course of a magnetometric survey carried out about 70 miles to the east of Johannesburg and east of the Witwatersrand gold field, for the purpose of detecting the position of the suboutcrop of certain magnetite-bearing shales that occur in the lower portion of the Witwatersrand system of sediments, shales whose position in section in relation to the ore-bearing members of the same system of sediments are known. In this case the shales are covered by younger strata several hundred feet thick. Lines of magnetometric traverse were run at right angles to the strike for a strongly magnetic body. This body is a shale zone in the Witwatersrand sediments and has a strike of N.20°E. (magnetic) and dips 15" to the east. The field work was done by a vertical intensity field balance (A. Schmidt principle). The plotting is done in such a way that the sign is reversed from that usually employed in the northern hemisphere, so that a positive profile is obtained in abnormal cases while the same conditions in the northern hemisphere would give a negative one. This method of recording should be kept in mind in reading what follows.

Jan 1, 1940

In March 1956 a conference on geochemical methods of prospecting for ore deposits was held in Moscow. This conference was the culmination of a ten-year period of extremely rapid increase in both research and routine application of geochemical prospecting methods in the USSR. This activity was divided among groups centered in extremely widely separated bases of operation, ranging from Moscow and Leningrad in the West, Yerevan in the Caucasus, and Alma-Ata in Central Asia to Chita near the Manchurian frontier in the Far-East. The All-Union Conference on Geochemical Methods of Prospecting for Ore Deposits, as the meeting was called, was the first opportunity for these scientists from many parts of the country to meet and exchange experiences. It also served to introduce members of the different research laboratories located in the city of Moscow itself, where adequate channels of technical communication had not yet been established. As a result of the Conference, it was resolved that a concerted effort should be made for the participants to publish the results of their work. Two books have appeared as a direct response to this resolution. I. I. Ginzburg prepared a synthesis of the field of geochemical prospecting for minerals based on the material presented at the Conference. This volume has been translated into English and is now available. In addition, the individual papers presented at the Conference were assembled into a symposium volume and published in 1957 under the editorship of V. I. Krasnikov. Unless otherwise noted, these two books have supplied the source material for the present appraisal of the status of geochemical prospecting in the USSR. It is thus about four to five years old. In the years following the conference, the literature has carried a substantial volume of technical papers, together with a few monographs pertaining to specialized aspects of geochemical prospecting.

Jan 6, 1960

By Ancel St. John

AT THE New York meeting of the Institute of Metals Division in February, 1927, Jeffries and Tarasov presented a paper on Tungsten and Thoria,1 in which the experimental facts were interpreted in accordance with the prevailing point of view that the thorium is present as the oxide, thoria. In discussing that paper the writer of this article stated that his own investigations, which had been unavailable to Messrs. Jeffries and Tarasov, showed that the so-called "thoriated" tungsten filament failed to disclose any sign of the oxide when subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis, but did give plenty of evidence of the presence of metallic thorium and, in certain cases, of a material believed to be an alloy of tungsten in thorium. Since these results were completely at variance with the results reported in the paper under discussion and with other papers which had preceded it from time to time in the past, it was felt that further discussion should be withheld until the new evidence could be presented adequately. Arrangements were therefore made to present that evidence at this meeting. MATERIAL EXAMINED The material examined was high-emission filament such as is used in radio tubes, supposed to contain about 0.75 per cent. thoria. The actual analysis was not stated. SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION The investigation was undertaken because of a feeling that the thorium present in filamentary material of this type exists as metallic thorium or as an alloy of thorium and tungsten and not as the oxide. Attention was therefore directed to determining: 1. The minimum amount of thoria detectible in a mechanical mixture of thoria powder and finely divided tungsten. 2. The amount of thoria detectible in the filament. 3. The condition of any thorium present in other form than as thoria. 4. The amount of thorium dissolved in the tungsten.

Jan 1, 1928

By Joseph E. Pogue

FOR a number of years the petroleum department of The Chase National Bank has been making a continuing study of the financial aspects of thirty oil companies. (See Pogue and Coqueron, "Financial Analysis of Thirty Oil Companies," pamphlet, The Chase National Bank, November 1945, for data covering eleven years, 1934-1944, and the list of the companies making up the group. See also "Capital Employed in the Petroleum Industry," by the same authors, M&M, November 1944.1 This group represents a large sample of theAmerican petroleum industry, covering about two thirds of the business. Certain aspects of this study concern the capital employed in crude oil production, the main features of which arc presented in this paper.

Jan 1, 1946