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By H. J. Wasson, L. W. Mayer

The existing large stocks of raw materials have induced misgivings in the minds of many as to near-view prospects for a return to higher commodity price levels. Until stocks are materially reduced—and this operation will probably extend over a protracted period—a buyers' market will continue. Meanwhile the matter of production cost becomes more and more a factor of consequence to industrial management, finance and the investing public. With many commodities a general level of costs exists with which the public has been made familiar. Certain conditions surround these industries which, at the outset, determine whether there is a basis for sound commercial results. In other words, it can generally be determined in advance whether or not the cost of production is sufficiently below the normal average price to return a reasonable profit over the years. With all domestic agricultural products there are available exhaustive Government studies in the field of production costs. Such figures as the average cost of wheat, cotton, sugar, etc., are reiterated constantly. There are many products of foreign origin such as coffee, rubber, raw silk, etc., the production costs of which are to most of us matters of deep mystery. Forest products also are so diversified that few but specialists know what a thousand feet of lumber really cost at the mill, especially where remotely located. However, with respect to products of mines, production cost information has been widely disseminated. The literature is replete with such data. Here we find that without any special help from outside agencies the industry itself has given publicity to a large variety of cost figures. For example, we know, or know where we can ascertain, the cost of producing a pound of copper from Chile, Arizona or the Lake Superior district. In many cases we can secure from the company reports a vast amount of detail leading up to the cost per ton of ore and the cost per unit of the metal yield. These records are of great assistance to the mining industry as a means of estimating on new exploitations. This industry has been production-cost-minded almost from the beginning.

Jan 1, 1931

Jan 1, 1902

By Robert Sisselman

Dramatic changes have been effected since 1955 in the mode of iron ore shipments within the U.S. In 1955, less than one percent of ore consumed in domestic blast furnaces-approximately 125 million long tons-consisted of pellets. Five years later, in 1960, some 94.8 million tons of ore were consumed, 14% in the form of pellets. Projections for 1980 reinforce confidence in this most economic of blast furnace feeds, and set U.S. pellet consumption at 151.2 million tons. In the last decade, pellets caught fire in other countries. By 1969, world production reached 96 million tons. This compares strikingly with present world output of 154 million tons.

Jan 9, 1973

By W. H. Hoffman

The writer does not claim a right to discnss this subject as a furnace-man or user of iron-ore in this new form. His efforts have been confined to mining, preparing, and separating the magnetic ore from the gangue. Two years' experience in experimenting and another two years in producing concentrates on a commercial scale, have led me to believe that the new trade of making concentrates must be well learned in all of its details. If there have been any partial failures in this most useful branch of the iron business, the failures have been caused chiefly by inexperience or lack of patience. Although I have, within the past five years, constructed machinery

Jan 1, 1892

(The following list contains the names of those members of the Institute of whose connection with military service. we have only recently become acquainted; it also includes the names of a few who have recently been promoted or transferred. A complete list was published in the Year Book, issued as a supplement of the Bulletin for March, 1918.) ADAMS, HENRY, Major, Assistant to Department Engineer, North-eastern Dept. ALINE, P. A., Co. C, 316th Supply Trains. * Low-cost cottage construction in America; a study based on the housing collection in the Harvard Social Museum, by Winthrop A. Hamlin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University, 1917. (Publications of the Department of Social Ethics, No. 7.) 30 pp., 4 charts. Illus.

Jan 5, 1918

By J. E. Burke, C. S. Barrett

The fine lines shown in Fig I are typical of markings that ma): be detected after polishing and etching deformed specimens of alpha brass and other alloys. Although they have long been the subject of discussion by metallurgists their nature is still uncertain and the names that have been applied: to them, such as deformation line4 or strain markinas, indicate this uncertainky. In this paper which repotts the results of a furthcr investigatinn of their nature, they will be called strain mxrkings. Introduction Mathewson and Phillips1 described strain markinps in 1 916 and concluded that they appear only after 20 pet deformation. They objected to the markings being called slip tines believing this term should be sewrved for surface markings protluced by plastic deformntion. In 1921. vogel² described similar striations which appeared after polishing and etching the roughly ground surface of numerous alloys. He reported that the markings were crystallo-graphic in nature, and since they resemble Seumann hands in iron, at least superficially, he assumed them to be mechanical twins. In 1928, Matherwson reported work by Phillips which indicated that the lines were more readily produced by impact than by slow deformation and that in many cases the twins inside recrystallized grains were parallel to strain markings in the original deformed grains. This was taken as cvirlence that the markings coalesce into anncaling twins. and hence that they themselves are mechanical twins. Many attempts have been made to demonstrate directly that the markings are mechanical twins. In 1934, Samans described the results of X ray studies of two defomed crystals of alpha brass. Evidence was obtained which could be interpreted to indicate that the strain markings arc mechanical twins, and this remains the only direct evidence to this effect. Several other attempts to obtain similar evidence by X ray diffraction have failed5.8.7 although in no Ease was the original method of Samans employed. An

Jan 1, 1949

By C. S. Barrett, J. E. Burke

The fine lines shown in Fig I are typical of markings that ma): be detected after polishing and etching deformed specimens of alpha brass and other alloys. Although they have long been the subject of discussion by metallurgists their nature is still uncertain and the names that have been applied: to them, such as deformation line4 or strain markinas, indicate this uncertainky. In this paper which repotts the results of a furthcr investigatinn of their nature, they will be called strain mxrkings. Introduction Mathewson and Phillips1 described strain markinps in 1 916 and concluded that they appear only after 20 pet deformation. They objected to the markings being called slip tines believing this term should be sewrved for surface markings protluced by plastic deformntion. In 1921. vogel² described similar striations which appeared after polishing and etching the roughly ground surface of numerous alloys. He reported that the markings were crystallo-graphic in nature, and since they resemble Seumann hands in iron, at least superficially, he assumed them to be mechanical twins. In 1928, Matherwson reported work by Phillips which indicated that the lines were more readily produced by impact than by slow deformation and that in many cases the twins inside recrystallized grains were parallel to strain markings in the original deformed grains. This was taken as cvirlence that the markings coalesce into anncaling twins. and hence that they themselves are mechanical twins. Many attempts have been made to demonstrate directly that the markings are mechanical twins. In 1934, Samans described the results of X ray studies of two defomed crystals of alpha brass. Evidence was obtained which could be interpreted to indicate that the strain markings arc mechanical twins, and this remains the only direct evidence to this effect. Several other attempts to obtain similar evidence by X ray diffraction have failed5.8.7 although in no Ease was the original method of Samans employed. An

Jan 1, 1949

By N. A. Gokcen, John Chipman

D. C. Hilty (Union Carbide and Carbon Research Laboratories, Niagara Falls, N. Y.)—This paper is a very nicely detailed analysis of a difficult problem. I would like to point out that the results that Mr. Crafts and I published a few years ago had no reference to activity, or anything else of a similar nature; our results were strictly empirical. It is quite gratifying that we now have a case where results involving activity coefficients and results derived from direct observations on actual steel melts are practically identical. When two different laboratories, working from two entirely different approaches, come out with results in such good agreement in their major significance, that is an achievement. It is something that was not possible 15 or 20 years ago. There is one question I would like to ask Dr. Chip-man. It has to do with a very minor point of disagreement in these results. When we reported the kink in the Si-O solubility curve I think you may recall that it came at the different temperature levels at about the order of 0.015 to 0.03 pct 0 and 0.03 to 0.07 pct Si—we also pointed out that we had difficulty in obtaining data at that level, although we finally did get some. I note in going through the data for the present paper, that there are no samples in those particular silicon and oxygen ranges. I wonder if that was purely accidental or was there a reason for it. D. E. Babcock (Republic Steel Corp., Youngstown, Ohio)—Mr. Hilty, do you have any explanation for that discrepancy between Dr. Chipman's curve and your own Mr. Hilty—Our explanation for it at that time was that for some reason our system probably was not in true equilibrium with SiO, that is, in equilibrium with the silica crucible at that level. We did observe, however, that that was the level at which both the metal and the slag became saturated with SiO,. On the average, in studying inclusion formation in small ingots permitted to solidify normally from the molten state, we observed pure silica inclusions at silicon contents over about 0.05 pct and FeO type inclusions at silicon

Jan 1, 1953

By Mario L. Villa

During the year 1941, there was another increase in the production of oil in Argentina, to which the fields in the Comodoro Rivadavia zone in the Territory of Chubut and those of the Provinces of Salta and Mendoza all contributed. The total production for this period reached 22,013,472 bbl., which represents an increase of 6.8 per cent over that of 20,609,538 bbl. in the preceding year. This result is again attributable to the Government oil company, the Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales, which had a total production of 14,006,559 bbl. representing an increase of 1,531,904 bbl., or 12.3 per cent over that of the 12,474,655 bbl. of the year before. The other companies

Jan 1, 1942

By Mario L. Villa

During the year 1941, there was another increase in the production of oil in Argentina, to which the fields in the Comodoro Rivadavia zone in the Territory of Chubut and those of the Provinces of Salta and Mendoza all contributed. The total production for this period reached 22,013,472 bbl., which represents an increase of 6.8 per cent over that of 20,609,538 bbl. in the preceding year. This result is again attributable to the Government oil company, the Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales, which had a total production of 14,006,559 bbl. representing an increase of 1,531,904 bbl., or 12.3 per cent over that of the 12,474,655 bbl. of the year before. The other companies

Jan 1, 1942

By Octavio G. Echavarria

HISTORY The Santander Mine is located on the western flank of the Central Andes of Peru, about 100 miles northeast of Lima, at an elevation of 15,000 ft. This complex sulphide orebody, whose predominant minerals are sphalerite and marmatite with recoverable amounts of galena and chalcopyrite, was discovered around 1920. In 1956 Compania Minerales Santander, a subsidiary of St. Joe Minerals Corp. acquired the property. Construction of the camps, concentrator and power facilities started in 1957. The mine, at first an open pit operation, and mill began production in January 1959. The initial capacity of the mill was around 120,000 short tons per year (stpy). Production has increased steadily to about 312,000 stpy at present. Production statistics are shown in Table 1. [ ]

Jan 1, 1970

By Peter Joralemon

Peter Joralemon's contention that Nevada contains one of the world's major gold belts is the result of 30 years' active involvement with the state's regional geology. He first suggested the possibility of an arsenical gold belt-tenuously based on two replacement deposits 480 km (300 miles) apart-in his 1949 doctoral thesis of the Getchell mine. In the years that followed, some 18 or 20 arsenical gold ore bodies have been discovered along the lineament Joralemon postulated. In this article, he uses the evidence that he's collected over the last three decades to refine his 1949 thesis. Joralemon's conclusion: A mineral belt containing a billion dollars worth of gold extends the length of Nevada, and a number of ore bodies are yet to be discovered.

Jan 7, 1978

cation received from Brigadicr General Thos. G. Hanson said: "It is my painful duty to communicate to you the fact of the loss of your son, Martin F. Bowles. About 11 o'clock on the night of September 3, Lieutenant Bowles, with Lieutenant Joseph B. Keckler, 355th Infantry, in command of a reconnoitering patrol of our troops, encountered the enemy. In the ensuing engagement your son received a rifle bullet through his heart. His death was instantaneous and painless. His remains were intcrred with full military honors on the 4th of September." He was promoted to First Lieutenant, but his commission did not reach him before his death. He was president of the Missouri Mining Association, Missouri School of Mines, for the year 1916-17.

Jan 1, 1920

By Charles Weaver

DURING the past few years there has been considerable activity in prospecting for oil and gas in several parts of western Washington. From time to time seepages of oil or emanations of gas have been reported from various places. Several companies have been organized for the purpose of drilling, but only a part of these have actually begun operations. In certain localities very small seepages of oil occur, but up to the present time no oil or gas in commercial quantities has been obtained. In order to determine the conditions which may be favorable or unfavorable 'to the occurrence of petroleum it becomes necessary to know the character and extent of the geological formations in which such deposits might occur. In other regions where producing wells have been developed it is possible to know what formations contain the oil mind what structural conditions influence its concentration in reservoirs or zones. It is usually possible to determine those strata which contained the a materials from which the petroleum may have been derived and also the position and distribution of the more porous sandstone belts into which it may have collected. Detailed stratigraphic surveys, may even determine the depth at, which a certain known oil-bearing zone may be tapped at any particular place. It is also possible to recognize those formations which are presumably barren of oil, as well as those which are absolutely so.

Jan 7, 1915

By Frederic Dewey

HAVING shown1 the difficulty of assaying so-called cyanide bullion and the extreme variations often found in the results, an investigation was undertaken to discover if possible the causes of these variations by a series of tests upon the specific action of various metals during cupellation. Zinc.-In order to test the effect of zinc, 48 assays were made in sets of 6, 2 rows of 3. The charge for the middle cupels consisted of 500+ mg. Au, 1,125 mg. Ag, 10 mg. Cu. To the end cupels 50, 75, 100 and 125 mg. Zn were added, and a set of each proportion was cupelled with 4 and 8 grants Pb. The cupels were assayed and showed the following gold contents in milligrams, the figures being arranged as the cupels stood in the muffle: TABLE 1 50 Mg. Zn 75 Dig. Zn 100 Mg. Zn 125 Mg. Zn 4 grams, Pb 0.2S 0.25 0.2S 0:29 0.27 0.34 0.33 0.28 0.41 0.31 0:30 0.36 0.30 0.33 0.34 0.31 0.31 0.29 0.35 0.37 0.42 0.41' 0.34 0.38 8 grams, Pb 0.40 0.43 0.42 0.38 0.36 0.43 0.35 0.34 0.41 0.33 0.37 0.37 0.54 0.17 0.59 0.44 0.43 0.43 0.38 0.39 0.41 0.57 0.38 0.46 _ In many instances the zinc does not appear to affect the cupel gold, but various exceptions are apparent, generally in the cupels in the back row. With 100 and 125 mg. Zn, in some cases the Zn burned with its characteristic flame before it could alloy with the other metals. Also, less fusible oxidized lumps were observed during the cupellation and some cupels showed a scum. In order to lessen the premature burning out of the Zn, an alloy of 2 parts Ag to 1 part. Zn was used. A uniform charge of 500,+ mg. Au,

Jan 7, 1917

By J. H. Wright

Longhole sublevel stopes excavate ore with which the production geologist has only remote contact; therefore, predicting grade and tonnage from such a stope can be a problem. However, the longholes themselves yield data that can be used to improve those predictions. Here, a radial distribution method of weighting sample data is discussed, which is useful in forecasting grade and tonnage from certain longhole sublevel stopes.

Jan 1, 1985

By F. H. Willcox

THE CHAIRMAN (HENRY D. HIBBARD, Plainfield, N. J.).-This paper is timely because of the changed conditions due to the great war, but apparently its scope is limited to oxidation process steels. Referring to the four numbered observations on page 199: No. 1 seems to ignore Johnson's discoveries about oxygen in cast iron. No. 2 ignores crucible steel. No. 3 ignores red short steel containing enough gas solvents to make it solid, while No. 4 assumes that a deoxidizer is necessarily a gas decomposer or solvent and vice versa, which it not always is. From these observations it is deduced. that the only hole-forming gas in steel is an oxide of carbon (CO presumably is meant), which is not true.

Jan 4, 1917

By Hugh D. Pallister, Richard W. Smith

The Alabama flake-graphite industry has flourished only in times of war when importations of foreign graphite for crucible use have been greatly curtailed or cut off. World War I was a boom period and in 1918 some 30 plants produced 7,795,475 lb. of flake graphite. The industry languished following the war and no graphite was produced from 1929 to 1939. The Federal Bureau of Mines began investigating the Alabama graphite deposits in 1940 and worked out modern recovery methods that were applied to production during part of World War II. A prospecting program disclosed reserves of over 25 million tons of graphitic schists. In 1942 the War Production Board authorized the enlargement of the only plant then producing flake graphite and the construction of two new plants. Production of flake graphite from these three plants in 1943 is estimated at 8,100,000 lb. Increased imports from Madagascar late in 1943 shut down one of the new plants and curtailed production at the other. Alabama flake graphite has not yet been able to compete with Madagascar graphite for use in the manufacture of any but small graphite crucibles. The future of the industry must depend on meeting the higher carbon content demanded for other uses.

Jan 1, 1945

By H. W. Immolz

The Palo Pinto limestone pools of Jones and Shackelford Counties were defined and almost fully developed during the year. A new Palo Pinto limestone pool was apparently discovered when the K. B. Nowels NO. 1 Pardue, S.F.I. and W. survey, south central Haskell County, was completed for a small well in Palo Pinto limestonc at 3395 to 3421 feet. In Haskell County, Amerada Petroleum Corporation's C. J. Kleiner, J. M. Cass survey, drilled to the Ellenburger with a total depth of 5607 ft., where it was abandoned. A Bluff Creek sand field of undetermined size was discovered by the Fain-McGaha No. 1 Dawson-Conway, P. G. Holcomb survey, which was chompleted for 37 bbl. at 1496 feet. The Cook field was extended by the Roeser-Pendleton B-113 Cook in sec. 113, E.T.R.R. Co. survey, the well being completed for 510 bbl. from Cook sand encountered at 1545 to 1568 feet. Several shallow pools of minor importancc mere also discovered in Shackelford County during the year. In Jones County the Lewis and the Steffens fields, in block 15, T. and P.R.R. Co. survey, were further developed during the year but the limits of the Steffens field were not definitely defined. The most, important discovery in Jones County was the Guitar field, where most of the wells that had been producing from the Cook sand were deepened to the Hope limestone, a new producing horizon. In Taylor County, the Bowles field, see. 28, B.A.L. survey, was defined arid proved to he of minor importance. The Goldsboro and Novice area, ill northwest Coleman County, continued to hold considerable interest because of the developments near the town of Novice, where new Ieases continued to be opened for production. Nolan County was placed in the ranks of the producing counties when the S. B. Owens No. 1 Tipton, sec. 43, block 19, T. and P.R.R. Co. survey,

Jan 1, 1940

By H. W. Immolz

The Palo Pinto limestone pools of Jones and Shackelford Counties were defined and almost fully developed during the year. A new Palo Pinto limestone pool was apparently discovered when the K. B. Nowels NO. 1 Pardue, S.F.I. and W. survey, south central Haskell County, was completed for a small well in Palo Pinto limestonc at 3395 to 3421 feet. In Haskell County, Amerada Petroleum Corporation's C. J. Kleiner, J. M. Cass survey, drilled to the Ellenburger with a total depth of 5607 ft., where it was abandoned. A Bluff Creek sand field of undetermined size was discovered by the Fain-McGaha No. 1 Dawson-Conway, P. G. Holcomb survey, which was chompleted for 37 bbl. at 1496 feet. The Cook field was extended by the Roeser-Pendleton B-113 Cook in sec. 113, E.T.R.R. Co. survey, the well being completed for 510 bbl. from Cook sand encountered at 1545 to 1568 feet. Several shallow pools of minor importancc mere also discovered in Shackelford County during the year. In Jones County the Lewis and the Steffens fields, in block 15, T. and P.R.R. Co. survey, were further developed during the year but the limits of the Steffens field were not definitely defined. The most, important discovery in Jones County was the Guitar field, where most of the wells that had been producing from the Cook sand were deepened to the Hope limestone, a new producing horizon. In Taylor County, the Bowles field, see. 28, B.A.L. survey, was defined arid proved to he of minor importance. The Goldsboro and Novice area, ill northwest Coleman County, continued to hold considerable interest because of the developments near the town of Novice, where new Ieases continued to be opened for production. Nolan County was placed in the ranks of the producing counties when the S. B. Owens No. 1 Tipton, sec. 43, block 19, T. and P.R.R. Co. survey,

Jan 1, 1940