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By Theodore B. Comstock

The paper of Mr. S. F. Emmons on the structural relations of ore-deposits, presented at the Boston meeting in February last, having been, as I am informed, unavoidably delayed in publication, was not distributed in the preliminary edition to members until immediately before the sheets of Volume XVI. of the Transactions, containing it, were sent to press. Consequently, I saw it for the first time too late to offer any comments which might have accompanied it in that volume. This is my justification for present-

Jan 1, 1889

B. S. and E. M. from the School of Mines at Socorro, New Mexico, in May, 1912. Immediately after graduating, he began as a practical miner in the U. S. mines at Bingham, Utah, but in November, 1912, he entered the operating department of the Chino Copper Co.'s concentrator at Hurley, New Mexico, where he stayed until July, 1913. During the latter half of 1913, he was employed as chemist in the laboratory of the El Paso smelter, at El Paso, Texas. In December, 1913, he became engineer and geologist with the Empire Zinc Co., at Socorro, New Mexico, which position he held at the time of his admission to the Institute in 1914, and until he entered the army in June, 1918. Before beginning the study of mining, Mr. Ringlund had completed a course in pharmacy, which accounts for his enlisting in the Medical Corps. Lieutenant George Roper, Jr. George Roper, Jr., a Junior Member of the Institute, was killed in an aeroplane accident near Shotwich, England, on Play 25, 1918. He was born at Steubenville, Ohio, in 1893, and at the time of his admi~sion to the Institute in 1916 was a student in mining and metallurgy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass., from which he received the degree of S. B. in June, 1917. In August, 1917, he enlisted in the Royal Flying Corps, and after preliminary training on this side of the water, was sent to England. He was making the final cross-country flight of his course of training when the accident occurred.

Jan 1, 1920

By J. A. Holmes

SHUTTING-IN the Rangely gas well was an interesting problem because of the high rock pressure and the volume of gas developed, as well as the difficulties encountered. After nearly a week's open flow, the rock pressure was 1275 lb., which corresponds with a 2950 ft. hydrostatic head. The volume of gas was between 45,000,000 and 50,000,000 cu. ft. per day. The Rangeley oil field, which now has a daily production of 100 bbl. of shale oil from shallow depth, lies approximately 100 miles north and 30 miles west of Grand Junction, Colo.; not far from the Utah line. The, well we are considering was drilled on the apex of a large clearly defined. Structure1 in the SE.1/4 sec. 30, T. 2 S., R. 102 W., and entered the gas sand at 2954 ft. on March 2, 1925. The condition of the well at the time the gas was encountered was as follows: 20 ft. of 20-in. conductor cemented with ten sacks at 40 ft. The 15 1/2-in. casing was pulled when the 12 1/2-in. was cemented. 1166 ft. of 12 1/2-in. casing, cemented with fifteen sacks. 2531 ft. of 10-in, casing, cemented with ten sacks; neither the 12 1/2-in. nor the 10-in, casing shut off water but they were cemented for protection. 2938 ft. of 8 1/4-in. 36-lb. casing, hanging on a spider in the collar with a forged-steel, high-pressure bradenhead between it and the 10-in. casing. An 8 1/4-in. drilling, or master, gate and a control head were in place on the 8 1/4-in. casing, and all was in readiness for the bringing in of the well.

Jan 1, 1926

He was born at Montreal, Canada, in 1875. His earliest education was received in Montreal hut was continued from 1885 to 1892 at schools and academies in Brooklyn, Whitestone, and Flushing, L. I. For his technical education he returned to McGill University, where he graduated in 1897. His first professional occupation was as transitman enga.ged in the running of township lines in the Rainy River District of Ontario. In 1899, he was made assistant chemist at the Cuggenheim smelter at Aguascalientes, Mexico. From 1900 to 1903, he was chief chemist for La Compañia Minera de Peñoles, at Mapimi, Durango. We have no information as to his pursuits during the next eight years, but from 1911 until 1914, when he became a member of the Institute, he was chief engineer for the Bankhead mines in Alberta, Canada. Lieutenant-Colonel Alfred Winter Evans Lieutenant-Colonel Evans, who was in command of the Third Battalion of the New Zealand Rifle Brigade, and had been cited in Distinguished Service Orders and received the Distinguished Conduct Medal, was killed in action on Oct. 12, 1917. Alfred Winter Evans was born in Natal, South Africa, in 1881, and received his preliminary education in the Durban High School. For the next five years he attended St. George's School at Harpenden Heights, England, until 1898. Returning to South Africa, he worked . for three months of 1898 as underground sampler for the Crown Deep Gold Mining Co., at Johannesburg, and for six months of the following year he was shift-boss for the Crown Deep, Ltd. At the outbreak of the Boer War he took an active part and was engaged on military service from 1899 to 1902. At the close of the mar, he came to New York and attended the Columbia School of Mines, where he graduated with the degree of E. M. in 1906. A part of that year he spent as assayer to a mining company at Poland, Arizona. In 1907, he returned to South Africa and engaged as underground contractor in charge of mining and development at a number of the South African mines, notably the French-Rand, the ViIIage Main Reef, the City Deep, and others. In 1908, he acted as shift-boss for the Fer-rerra Gold Mining Co. at Johannesburg. In 1909, he was appointed acting general manager for the Consolidated Goldfields of New Zealand,

Jan 1, 1920

We remember him as a messmate, as a roommate, and when we rubbed shoulders with him on the square, for his kindly thought and unassuming manners. The Spanish grippe has claimed many from our depot. As we read down the names we pause here and there to recall some incident to establish permanently in our memory as a link to bind us, the living, with the dead. "And there's one name we cannot pass So we pause, and ponder awhile. And recall all his cheery words, And his smile—his perpetual smile." Men detained in the Quarantine Camp will have cause to remember him too, for he displayed his gentlemanly bearing and courtesy to all he came in contact with. Lieutenant Norman Lloyd Ohnsorg First Lieutenant Norman Lloyd Ohnsorg died in Nashville, Tenn., on Oct. 11, 1918. He mas born in St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 10, 1889, and lived in that city until he was 11 years of age when his parents removed to Iron Mountain, Mo., where he spent the next 6 years. On Jan. 10, 1906, he entered the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy at Rolla, Mo., and graduated from that institution in 1910, receiving both the Bachelor of Science in Mining Engineering and the Engineer of Mines degrees. In 1912, he received the degree of Bachelor of Science in Metallurgy, and in 1916, the degree of Metallurgical Engineer. After leaving college he wae connected with the following companies: Noble Electric Steel Works, Heroult, Shasta Co., Cal.; Mammoth Copper Mining Co.. Kennett, Cal.; St. Joseph Lead Co., Herculaneum, Mo.; Granby Smelting & Mining Co., Neodesha, Kans.; The Phosphate Mining Co., Nichols, Fla. While with the last company, he volunteered, in April, 1917, for service in the engineering corps of the U. S. Army. He passed an excellent examination, was accepted and called to Washington and placed in Division T. of the Ordnance Department where he was engaged in research work pertaining to nitrogen. He was then ordered to Sheffield, Ala., where he was second in command of the construction of the Government nitrogen plants at Muscle Shoals. After the completion of the plants, he was ordered to Buffalo, N. Y., on Sept. 28, 1915, to inspect and report on a government plant. After completing this work, he was called back to Sheffield. He left Buffalo on Oct. 6, but delayed trains caused him to miss connections in Cincinnati where he had to wait 12 hours. He had not beedfeeling well for

Jan 1, 1920

Earnings of engineers in the period 1956 to 1958 continued the upward trend observed in the previous survey interval, 1953 to 1956. The overall median (all graduates) was $6500 in 1953, $7750 in 1956 (a 19 pct upstep or about 6.5 pct annually), and $8750 in 1958 (up 13 pct from 1956 or 6.5 pct average yearly). The latter represents an increase from mid-1956 to mid-1958. For this same two-year span the Consumer Price Index rose 1.5 pct and the Average Gross Weekly Earnings for Production (Manufacturing) climbed close to 10 pct. Median earnings for the major classifications studied are presented in Table I. The increase in engineering earnings are not distributed equally among the various activity classifications or among the experience levels of the survey. Summary results of the changes of the median lines for the major divisions are presented in Table 11. Data in this table are approximations- dollars are rounded to the nearest $50 unit and percentages to the nearest full percentage.

Jan 1, 1959

From "Knots and Lashings," of Oct. 10, 1918, the military publication of Canadian Engineers' Training Depot, St. Johns, Que. During the early hours of Sunday morning last (the 6th inst.) there passed from our midst one of the most affable and estimable officers who, during our brief connection with the Depob, it has been our fortune to meet. Sidney A. Lang was born in Ontario in the year 1884 and lived in Toronto for a number of years. He ahtended Toronto University, where he displayed remarkable ability, and after graduating followed the profession of mining engineer. Being young and endowed with the spirit of adventure, he followed his profession in the mines of Chile and Peru; he could speak Spanish fluently. Always a reserved man, of refined tastes, it was difficult to induce him to relate some of his adventures in those countries so shrouded in mystery and romance. He joined the Canadian Engineers in Toronto as a sapper and shortly after came to this Depot.

Jan 1, 1920

By Marc W. Bodine

Insoluble residues from three sequences of Paleozoic marine evaporates (Retsof salt bed in western New York, Salado Formation in southeastern New Mexico, and Paradox Member of the Hermosa Formation in southeastern Utah) are rich in trioctahedral clays. Chlorite (clinochlore), corrensite (mixed-layer chlorite-trioctahedral smectite), talc, and illite (the only dioctahedral clay) are the dominant clay minerals; serpentine, discrete trioctahedral smectite (saponite), and interstratified talc-trioctahedral smectite are sporadically abundant. These clay-mineral assemblages differ chemically and mineralogically from those observed in most continental and normal marine rocks, which commonly contain kaolinite, dioctahedral smectite (beidellite-montmorillonite), illite, mixed-layer illite-dioctahedral smectite, and, in most cases, no more than minor quantities of trioctahedral clay minerals. The distinctive clay mineralogy in these evaporate sequences suggests a largely authigenic origin. These clay minerals are thought to have formed during deposition and early diagenesis through interaction between argillaceous detritus and Mg-rich marine evaporate brines.

Jan 1, 1985

S., at Niagara Falls, as an expert chemist. There he was engaged in perfect.ing the various kinds of gases, and while thus employed was gassed several times, which so affected his heart and lungs that he was unable to withstand an attack of the influenza which developed into pneumonia, from which he died at the end of 24 hours. He was a member of St. Luke's Episcopal Church, Lebanon, and belonged to the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, Lebanon Lodge 121, I. 0. 0. F. and Camp 65, P. 0. S. of A. Lieutenant Bernhardt Edward Heine Bernhardt Edward Heine, a lieutenant in the Aviation Service of the U. S. Army, died as the result of a fa1I1 in an aeroplane at Fort Sill, Okla., on Aug. 10, 1918. The accident occurred on Aug. 2, when the machine in which he was flying with Lieutenant Carsons fell from a height of 1500 ft.; Lieutenant Carsons was instantly killed, but Lieutenant Heine died from his injuries a week later. Lieutenant Heine was born at Mount Clemens, Mich., in 1895. After attending the local High School he entered the Michigan College of Mines, and became a Junior Member of the Institute while still a student. He graduated in 1916, with the degree of B. S. In 1914 he served as a transitman for the engineering department of the City of Hancock, Mich. Lieutenant Heine had been in the army since 1916, having been with the 'troops at 'the Mexican border. He had been in the Aviation Section since August, 1917.

Jan 1, 1920

By C. Y. Wang

China now leads the world in antimony production, having contributed during recent years something over 60 per cent. of the world's production. The history of the antimony industry of China dates back to 1897 when the Tai Shing Co. was formed, under contract with the Hunan Bureau of Mines, for the smelting of the ore to crude; and in 1908 the Wah Chang Mining & Smelting Co. was formed for the smelting and refining of the ore and crude to regulus. The writer was then asked to take charge of the erection and control of this first plant for regulus production in China and has, since then, been more or less connected with the antimony industry in this country. This paper contains the results of many years' experience in connection with the Wah Chang Mining & Smelting Co., Changsha; the Pao Tai Mining & Smelting Co., Wuchow; the Loong Kee Smelting Works and the To-Cheng Smelting Works, Hankow; as well as information gathered from various other small smelters, scattered in different parts of the Provinces of Hunan, Hupeh, Kwangsi, and Kwangtung. An idea of the growing importance of regulus production in this country can be gleaned from the fact that, within a period of about 8 years, the export of regulus from Hunan alone jumped from 3 tons in 1908 to about 6000 tons in 1915; that a production of about 23,000 tons of regulus per year could easily be effected from all the smelters, as tabulated below, most of which were erected a year or two ago under the stimulus of the war booms, if the price at Hankow were to stay somewhere about $900 (Mexican) per ton, half of what it was at its height, thus enabling the utilization of ores from the hinterlands of the provinces; and even under the present ruling of prices and the closing of the less favored smelters, the production of regulus should not be less than 12,000 tons per year.

Jan 1, 1919

By G. C. Stone

IN common with many members of the Institute, I was much interested in Mr. Kent's paper on " Manganese Determinations in Steel," * read at the Virginia meeting. Having recently had an opportunity to collect a similar series of results for spiegel, I venture to offer them to the Institute, hoping that they may also prove of interest. Sample No. 1 was taken at our works, where the spiegel was made,

Jan 1, 1883

By Waldemar F. Dietrich

Mineral fillers are relatively inert chemically under the conditions of use but have physical properties* that modify those of the materials in which they are incorporated. The mineral fillers considered in this article are asbestos, barite, clays, diatomite, crushed limestone, limestone whiting and lime, mica, silica, talc and soapstone, and pyrophyllite. Slate and stone, other than limestone and its derivatives, are excluded because, even though used in large quantities, they are exceptionally low-cost materials generally produced close to the area where they are used.

Jan 8, 1959

By Walter Kauenhowen

GeRmany's crude-oil production during 1936 totaled 3,112,494 bbl., an increase of 5.2 per cent over the 3,007,711 bbl. produced in 1935. The official monthly production figures published in 1936 report only the individual production figures of the three old established fields, whereas since 1936 official reports combine the production of all other fields into one figure. According to these published data, and using a conversion factor of 1 metric ton equaling 7 bbl., the oil production of Germany in 1936 was as follows:

Jan 1, 1937

By George F. Sawers

THE geophysical methods of exploration employed so extensively in mining and petroleum investigations are now being used in civil engineering. Requirements differ from those of mineral exploration and therefore modified techniques have been developed.

Jan 8, 1953

By S. Tiwary, S. Samanta, B. N. Pandey, N. C. Saxena, R. Sinha, B. P. Nandy, B. Singh

Subsidence investigations over one bord and pillar and one longwall caved panel at Dhemomain colliery showed that, although the width-depth ratio (0.82 and 0.83) and working and strata conditions were almost identical, the maximum subsidence over bord and pillar panel was 46.2 per cent of extraction thickness against only 6.9 per cent over longwall panel. The angle of draw was 13O to 210 and 66 to 95 per cent of the subsidence had taken place immediately after extraction. The subsidence profiles were not symmetrical and were of funnel like shape. There was wide variation in subsidence movements over caved faces in India mainly due to difference in the composition of supercumbent strata.

Jan 1, 1983

By E. Gybbon Spilsbury

From time to time, for the last quarter of a century, considerable attention has been called to the gold deposits of North Carolina and Georgia, and much capital has been expended in their development; but the existence of large areas of gold-bearing rocks in the State

Jan 1, 1884

On Saturday evening, Sept. 27, immediately following the Chicago meeting of the Institute, the former students of Dr. T. C. Chamberlain, for 27 years head of the Department of Geology at the University of Chicago, will hold a dinner in his honor. Dr. Chamberlain has recently retired with the title of Professor Emeritus, and expects to celebrate his 76th birthday in September. Further information concerning the dinner may be obtained from Kirtley F. Mather, Granville, Ohio.

Jan 9, 1919

By Oliver B. Hopkins

During the year 1936, a new high record was established for Peruvian production, the total amounting to 17,594,689 bbl., which brought the cumulative production of the country up to 205 million barrels. The 1936 figure represents an increase of 530,288 bbl. over that of 1935. The property of the International Petroleum Co. contributed 369,577 bbl. of this increase and the Lobitos property 158,233. Exploration work in the country was continued. The Selden Breck Co. examined a strip of the National Reserve in eastern Peru from Tambo del Sur to the Rio Pachitea. This company was granted a concession for a term of four years embracing approximately 50,000 acres near the confluence of the Rio Pachitea and the Rio Ucayali. During the year, the Peruvian Government commenced drilling a well on one of the reserved zones at Zorritos. At the end of the year, this well had reached a depth of 1300 feet. La Rrea-Parinas Estate.—Production on the La Brea-Parinas Estate of the International Petroleum Company, Ltd., reached an all-time high in 1936 of 15,126,491 bbl., an increase of 369,577 bbl. over the 1935 record. The total production from 1890 to 1936 was 163,668,014 barrels.

Jan 1, 1937

By J. Leja, N. Sheikh

The stability of lead ethyl xanthate precipitate in aqueous environment of different pH (4.5 to 10.5) and at temperatures 25°C-60°C was investigated. Dissolution leads to a wide variation of pH, xanthate, and lead ions concentration in solution and to a deposition of solid products of reactions. X-ray diffraction patterns of these solids enabled identification of Pb(OH)3, PbCO3, and PbS as constituents of the remaining undecomposed Pb(EtX)1, together with some unidentified compounds (which give rise to intensive peaks with d values of 2.82A and 1.71A, and numerous peaks of lesser intensity).

Jan 1, 1974

By L. Delatour, K. Voltaire

This paper presents various aspects of the legal and economic settings that govern the exploration for mineral resources in Haiti.

Jan 3, 1979