Search Documents

Alexander N. Winchell, Butte, Mont. (communication to the Secretary): Mr. Spurr calls attention to the fact that an ore-deposit may be due to a succession of concentrations at different geological epochs. He cites an example of such a condition on Napoleon creek, a branch of Forty-Mile creek, Alaska. It will perhaps be of interest to call attention to another example of the same general character, not so remotely situated. The example referred to is located on Pole creek, a tributary of Cherry creek, in the extreme northeastern part of Madison county, Montana. An excellent geological map of this region is to be found in the Three Forks folio (No. 24) of the United States Geological Survey. According to this map, Pole creek, in its upper course, occupies the contact between the " Flathead " formation, which Peale correlates with the Middle and Lower Cambrian, and an area of gneisses and schists supposed

Jan 1, 1903

By B. D. Harden

FOR over fifty years the Spanish mine, 21 miles northeast of Nevada City, in Nevada County, California, has been one of the Bradley properties. Between 1883 and 1889 it was operated by the late Frederick W. Bradley and P. R. Bradley. The ore averaged only about $1 a ton at that time but the mine was credited with a production of about $900,000 in that period. The property was then closed down until 1922, when the Bradley interests reopened it and continued development for the next nine years, when a 50-ton mill was built. This began operation in April, 1931. This was a selective flotation plant, with the tailing treated on Wilfley tables, and operated on ore from the No. 4 and No. 16 tunnel stopes. This ran from $3 to $6 in gold, 2 to 3 oz. of silver, copper 0.6 per cent, lead 1.5,

Jan 1, 1935

E. G. WOODRUFF, Houston, Tex. (communication to the Secretary*). -Mr. Matteson has presented to us an idea worthy of our careful consideration. We have real troubles in the petroleum industry and as the supply of crude is exhausted our problems become more complicated and more numerous. Therefore, we who are engaged in field work are forced to consider all possible means which promise assistance in the location of prospective pools and the economic development of pools already located. In our country we are accustomed to turn to the. Government for relief in all our troubles. Do we want an Oil and Gas Bureau doctoring us? Will such a bureau do us practical good? The principal point Mr. Matteson suggests is that such a bureau should he authorized to receive and file all well logs. In analyzing such function, I am led to the following conclusions: If well logs are simply to be filed they would be useless. If they are to be filed and the files opened to the public, what benefit will be derived and can such action be taken justly? There is no doubt that if the record of all wells drilled in the United States were available the petroleum industry would be saved an immense amount of needless expense. Accumulating conditions would be better understood and prospecting more intelligently directed. Our other consideration is: can the oil companies be required to open well records to the public justly? I think all will agree that if any one should have the advantage of a well record it should be the company that drilled the well. If the oil companies are forced to file such record and open the files to the public, the company drilling the well cannot derive the exclusive benefit from the money expended. Would it be just for a small company to be compelled to reveal its records of a well it had recently completed, to its strong competitor who holds near or even adjacent leases? Would it have been just to the successful companies, in the Gulf Coast country to have been forced to display their hard-earned knowledge of 15 years to the host of younger competitors who have recently flocked to the Gulf Coast attracted by the success of those who have labored so long and learned of the conditions controlling the fields through the hazards of the industry.

Jan 10, 1917

The opening session* was held in the hall of the Franklin Institute, on Tuesday evening, June 20th, President Holley in the chair. The President introduced Mr. Franklin B. Gowen, who addressed the Institute as follows: Mr. President and Gentlemen : It has been made my pleasant duty to welcome you to the city of Philadelphia, but in so doing I shrink, with some natural reluctance, from appearing before an audience so much better fitted than I am to cope with the subjects which are usually presented to your association, and I can assure you that no trembling neophyte, first venturing within the groves of the Academy, or walking, with sacred reverence, in the gardens of Plato, felt more natural dread at the consequence of his own temerity than I do in appearing before an audience composed of geutlenlen belonging to a scientific society of which I am but too sensible that until now I have been a member only in name. In olden times, upon entering a temple sacred to the worship of any deity, it was customary to lay some offering upon the altar, and, in following this custom, it will be my duty, before entering upon the more pleasant part of the task which is assigned me, to call your attention to a subject with which I have been somewhat familiar, and which is entirely within the scope of your investigations, in the belief that I may throw out some hints or some suggestions of a process that may be fully developed by some of you, and eventually lead to the introduction of that which may be of service to the human race. The satirist who described the philosopher whom he met, as engaged in the process of extracting sunbeams from cucumbers,

By Mark C. Malamphy

The occurrence of outcrops of bituminous schists and sandstones impregnated with heavy asphaltie petroleum first directed attention to the São Pedro area as a possible source of commercial production of petroleum. Since 1920, more than 20 wells have been drilled in this area. The discovery of oil shows and small quantities of natural gas in some of the early wells led to the continuation of drilling in the hope that more important findings would result. During the early part of 1934, detailed magnetometer observations were made in this area, and a considerable number of torsion balance stations were occupied. The results of these geophysical observations help considerably to clarify the structure of the area and the very considerable amount of geologic information available makes possible a much more exact interpretation of geophysical anomalies. In presenting the results of these observations, and interpretation of the geophysical data, certain actual case problems are included; i.e., geophysical anomalies due to anomalous masses of which the forms and positions are more or less known. Although anomalies due to igneous intrusions are probably more important to geophysicists in Brazil than in other countries, these data have a certain interest for all geophysicists, particularly because they were obtained in the south magnetic hemisphere, where the lines of magnetic force are directed upward, and in a region of moderately low inclination. This is considered as a geological-geophysical problem, and only passing mention will be given to the petroleum possibilities of the area. General Geology The location and general geology of the São Pedro area are shown in the sketch map of Fig. 1, which is adapted from the geologic map of South Brazil compiled by Oppenheim1,†- who gives the geologic column of South Brazil (So Pedro and vicinity) as follows:

Jan 1, 1940

By Mark C. Malamphy

The occurrence of outcrops of bituminous schists and sandstones impregnated with heavy asphaltie petroleum first directed attention to the São Pedro area as a possible source of commercial production of petroleum. Since 1920, more than 20 wells have been drilled in this area. The discovery of oil shows and small quantities of natural gas in some of the early wells led to the continuation of drilling in the hope that more important findings would result. During the early part of 1934, detailed magnetometer observations were made in this area, and a considerable number of torsion balance stations were occupied. The results of these geophysical observations help considerably to clarify the structure of the area and the very considerable amount of geologic information available makes possible a much more exact interpretation of geophysical anomalies. In presenting the results of these observations, and interpretation of the geophysical data, certain actual case problems are included; i.e., geophysical anomalies due to anomalous masses of which the forms and positions are more or less known. Although anomalies due to igneous intrusions are probably more important to geophysicists in Brazil than in other countries, these data have a certain interest for all geophysicists, particularly because they were obtained in the south magnetic hemisphere, where the lines of magnetic force are directed upward, and in a region of moderately low inclination. This is considered as a geological-geophysical problem, and only passing mention will be given to the petroleum possibilities of the area. General Geology The location and general geology of the São Pedro area are shown in the sketch map of Fig. 1, which is adapted from the geologic map of South Brazil compiled by Oppenheim1,†- who gives the geologic column of South Brazil (So Pedro and vicinity) as follows:

Jan 1, 1940

FOLLOWING- the major explosion disaster in the Orient No. 2 mine of the Chicago, Wilmington and Franklin Coal Co., West Frankfort, Ill., on December 21, 1951, resulting in the death of 119 miners, an investigation was made by the U. S. Bureau of Mines under the direction of J. J. Forbes, Bureau director. The subsequent report concluded that the disaster. was caused by the emergence of a-large body of explosive gas from an abandoned area and simultaneous short circuiting of the ventilating current; the gas was ignited by an electric arc from nonpermissible electrical equipment and the flame was propagated throughout a large part of the affected area by coal dust and possibly by gas from other worked-out and abandoned areas. An immediate repercussion of the disaster was the opening of hearings by the. Senate Labor and Public Welfare Subcommittee on the Neely Mine Inspection Bill (S. 1310, introduced April 11, 1951) which would give federal coal-mine inspectors power to enforce safety recommendations by ordering the withdrawal of all employees where conditions constitute an imminent danger to their safety. Two days of testimony, January 24 and 25, disclosed that coal operators were not in agreement on the bill, although John L. Lewis, speaking for the UMWA, and J. J. Forbes, for the Bureau of Mines, were advocates.

Jan 1, 1952

By C. O. Brawner

The advent of larger drilling, excavation, and milling equipment is resulting in a tremendous increase in the scale and annual tonnage of open pit mining. At the present time, open pits up to 3000 ft. deep, and tailings dams and waste dumps up to 600 ft. high are being planned. One of the major problems that projects of this magnitude create is stability. Stability at open pit mining developments must be assessed for tailings dams, waste dumps, and open pit slopes in overburden soil and in rock. Soil mechanics principles are used to assess the stability for the first three. This science was developed by Dr. Karl Terzaghi in the 1920’s, and since that time the theories and principles have been tested and evaluated. This experience has resulted in the development of sound theoretical concepts, workable sampling and testing techniques, and accurate methods of analysis. Typical problems that can be analyzed include: -bearing capacity of soil under dams and waste dumps. - amount of seepage under and through dams. - stability of slopes and determination of safe slope angles for tailings dams, waste dumps, and open pits. - influence of earthquakes on stability. - influence and cost of different excavation and construction techniques. To assist in comparing engineering experience, an international soil classification system has been developed and used for several decades. In addition, many excellent text books are available outlining soil mechanics principles and techniques. A high degree of technology exists in soil mechanics. This, the mining engineer cannot afford to ignore. If soil mechanics principles had been applied, many major failures involving tailings, tailings dams, or waste dumps, such as those at Aberfan, Mufulira, Luanshya, and El Cobre would not have occurred. Tailings dams are planned in Canada that will be up to 600 ft. high. Construction procedures used in the past have paid little attention to the compaction of the shell material or to the influence of earthquakes on stability. This neglect has led to failures. While failures in low dams may not be too serious, for high dams such failures could have catastrophic results. Another major area of concern is the stability of rock slopes. From the standpoint of long

Jan 1, 1971

By L. S. Richardson, N. J. Grant

Iodide-grade titanium, two oxygen alloys, and two aluminum alloys were studied by means of creep-rupture tests from 1000° to 2000°F. From the test information an evaluation was made of, 1) the relative creep-rupture strengths of the u (hexagonal-close-packed) and 0 (body-centered-cubic) forms of titanium and some of its alloys; 2) the effects of solid-solution strengthening by oxygen and aluminum on the u and 0 structures; and 3) the extent and effect of atmospheric oxygen alloying on rupture life in tests above about 1000°F. THE use of titanium alloys at temperatures above 1000° F has been considered unlikely by most investigators because of low creep strength (based on a requirement for room-temperature ductility, formability, and weldability) and low oxidation resistance. The results of this testing program do not entirely uphold this pessimism in terms of strength and oxidation resistance. The observations described below are based entirely on stress-rupture results, although some creep tests were also carried out on these alloys. Three items of primary importance are covered: 1) Stress-rupture data in the form of the Larson-Miller parameter curves for several titanium alloys at temperatures up to 2000°F; 2) The relative strengths of the hexagonal-close-packed a structure and the body-centered-cubic 0 structure; 3) The effects of solid-solution alloying on the creep-rupture properties of titaniu'm at elevated temperatures. Only two investigatons have reported the creep- rupture properties of titanium at temperatures above 1000° F. Lunsford and rant' tested iodide titanium; their values are also utilized in the paper. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE After a few tests had been made in a conventional creep-rupture test machine, it became clear that some sort of atmospheric protection would be necessary for short-time tests conducted at temperatures above 1600°F, or for times greater than 100 hr at 1200°F or above. Several furnace units and test machines were constructed, the most successful of which is shown in Fig. 1. Certain experimental difficulties peculiar to titanium were encountered; for example, the use of molybdenum holders was dictated because titanium forms low melting-point eutectics with conventional high-temperature alloys containing appreciable amounts of iron, nickel, or cobalt. This same difficulty made the use of chrome l-alumel thermocouples in direct contact with a test specimen impossible, above about 1500" F. The high-temperature high-vacuum furnace shown in Fig. 1 was capable of maintaining a vacuum of better than 10"5 mm of mercury at 2000°F (pressure measured in cold part of system) and 5 X lo-' mm at room temperature. Most of the tests eonducted in vacuum were at temperatures

Jan 1, 1960

By O. B. Bennett

WHEN diamond drilling was introduced in the Rhokana mines in 1939 it was used principally for pillar removal and for completion of the upper portions of shrinkage stopes which were being affected by increasing pressure. This method of drilling long blastholes proved so successful that it was extended gradually to cover stoping, pillar recovery, and hanging cave work. By 1949 virtually all the production of Mindola and Nkana was being obtained by this method. At the present time 87,500 ft are drilled each month by the 80 diamond drills in daily operation. Responsibility for control and issue of diamond drilling equipment and crowns, as well as tabulation of all performance figures, was taken over by a specially formed Roto drill department, which also investigated the problems encountered with this new method. To assist this department a fully equipped test chamber, Fig. 1, was established underground where performances of various types of machines and equipment could be studied under conditions as nearly uniform as possible.

Jan 12, 1954

By Robert Mehl

PART I. ORIENTATION RELATIONSHIPS IN OXIDE LAYERS Oriented overgrowths and intergrowths among both metallic and nonmetallic substances have been recognized and studied for well over a century. The work of Widmanstätten in 1808 on the geometrical struc-ture in meteorites, a structure known by his name, demonstrated that oriented intergrowths can occur in purely metallic systems. This fact led to much of the early microscopic study of alloys, contributing greatly to the advance of physical metallurgy. The problem has been attacked again in recent years in a comprehensive fashion, with the object of dis-covering what atomic movements may occur during phase changes in alloy systems. Much of this work has appeared in the A.I.M.E. TRANS-ACTIONS in a series of papers published by Mehl and coworkers beginning in 19311. Although many aspects of this general problem remain unsolved, it may be said that the orientation of a new phase forming by precipitation from solid solution or by transformation invariably bears, a unique relationship to the orientation of the phase from which it formed, and that similarity in atomic patterns on atomic planes in the two phases play an important part in determining the orientation relationship. Analogous orientation relationships exist in oriented intergrowths in nonmetallic systems-mineral or inorganic. In 1827 Haidinger2 dis-covered natural intergrowths of hematite and magnetite, and demon-strated that the rough form of the magnetite octahedrons was delineated by small crystals of hematite, of which the basal (00.1) planes lay parallel to the octahedral cleavage planes of the magnetite. The description of this orientation relationship was later completed by von Rath3, who showed that the edge (00-1):(10-1) in hematite lies normal to the [111]

Jan 1, 1937

By AIME

WE produce Charles Van Ormer "Charlie" Millikan as living proof that man need not make a loud noise to be heard. His quietly affable, analytical, and soft-spoken manner in the face of all problems belies his ability to "get tough" when the situation demands it. As a chief engineer with many responsibilities for the success of a large producing company there must have been many occasions to tempt Charlie to excitement, but there are few, if any, who can say they saw him yield. He has an abiding faith in the benefits of hard and persistent work and will not admit the existence of a problem that cannot be reduced by it.

Jan 1, 1948

By W. H. Corbould

The township of Cloncurry is situated in the northwestern part of Queensland, about latitude S. 20" 42' 53" and longitude E. 140" 30' 25". Townsville is the port through which all the trade passes and is about 470 miles east-northeast of Cloncurry township. The Cloncurry copper district covers an area about 200 miles long by 40 miles wide. Unfortunately the mines are very scattered over this area, there being no large groups of mines. Mount Elliott mine is situated about 70 miles south from the township of Cloncurry, and Mount Oxide mine about 150 miles north of Cloncurry. The district has been known for the last 35 years, and in the early stages a large amount of capital was expended with little to show for it; but within the last four years the railway has been extended from Townsville to Mount Elliott and about 40 miles north of Cloncurry, which has made possible the treatment of the ores of the mines on this extension. The Mount Elliott company within the last few years has smelted and converted on its mine 169,688 tons of ore for 20,554 tons of blister copper, containing 20,377 tons of copper, 35,642 oz. of gold and 28,841 oz. of silver, at a cost of about 233 per ton of blister copper, f.o.b. Townsville. This cost included all development, wages, salaries, general management, office, agency, legal expenses, freight, etc. The gold and silver contents would practically pay for freight to Europe, refining, realization charges, etc. The costs of supplies are as follows: Firewood, 15s., coke, 75s., mine timber, 54s., and coal, 60s. per long ton; explosives: dynamite and gelignite, 50s., and blasting gelatine, 65s. 6d. per case, Mount Elliott Mine The pay shoot of the orebody outcrops at the surface for about 200 ft., and lies between two slate walls about 40 ft. apart., having a general

Jan 1, 1915

By E. C. Wade, R. D. Valentine

This paper describes a computer applications engineering system and it's use to apply a thermal dryer fan motor in a coal preparation plant. The computer hardware and software systems are described to indicate the general approach taken and a specific case study is reviewed to show how computer power is brought to projects in the coal industry.

Jan 1, 1983

By F.M. Walters

In order to isolate the effect of an element on some property of an alloy, the effect of the other alloying elements must be elimi-nated, either by reducing their quantity to the extent that they may be neglected or by determining the specitic effect of each. The success of Grossmannl in calculating hardenability from chemical composition by means of factors suggested such a

Jan 1, 1943

By F. M. Walters

In order to isolate the effect of an element on some property of an alloy, the effect of the other alloying elements must be elimi-nated, either by reducing their quantity to the extent that they may be neglected or by determining the specitic effect of each. The success of Grossmannl in calculating hardenability from chemical composition by means of factors suggested such a

Jan 1, 1943

By H. K. Work, G. H. Enzian

In the manufacture of steel for commercial purposes, the deoxidation practice used, i.e., the method and degree of deoxidation, is an important factor affecting the structure and mechanical properties of the finished steel. Deoxidation practice exerts a pronounced influence not only on the soundness of the ingots but also on the reaction of the steel to a number of mechanical and thermal treatments. The first mentioned effect of deoxidation is more or less obvious and was first demonstrated, though perhaps not fully appreciated, by Robert Mushet when, in 1856, he added speigeleisen to low-carbon bessemer blown metal. In 1861. Bessemer patented the addition of one pound per ton of silicon to his blown metal to "cause the metal to lie quietly in the mold." The second effect of deoxidation-—that is, the effect on the properties and behavior of the steel—is, one might say, more subtle, and certainly not as well understood as the first, although in many cases it is the more important consideration. This paper is limited to a discussion of only the second effect of deoxidation and: in particular, to the effect on the strain-sensitivity of low-carbon steels. General Discussion Originally it was thought that the function of a deoxidizer was to combine with the oxygen present in the steel as iron oxide and prevent its subsequent evolution as a gas. -More recently it has been realized that a deoxidizer does more than this. Frequent reference has been made to the effect of deoxidizers on the nitrogen in the steel, and some attention has also been paid to hydrogen. As a consequence of the above situation any study of deoxidation must be concerned with the gas content of the steel and the effect of the deoxidizer on the gases involved. The term "gas content" as used here refers to gases extracted from steel during melting in vacuum rather than to elements present in steel in the gaseous state. The extracted gases, at least in the case of oxygen and nitrogen, are generally accepted to be products of decomposition of oxides, nitrides, or other more complex compounds. The manner in which deoxidation affects the gas content of steel and the significance of gases in steel have been and still are subjects of considerable speculation. No attempt will be made here to give a complete discussion of the literature on this subject but a few references will be cited for purposes of illustration. N. Hamilton1 found a correlation between the oxygen content of alloy steel and the behavior of the steel during tube piercing. Davenport, Bain, and others associated oxygen with aging properties of steel while Köster5 and a number of others6-lo made similar claims for nitrogen. Daniloff, Mehl, and Hertyll stated that "deoxidation decreases the susceptibility of steels to aging directly

Jan 1, 1945

By E. P. Mathewson

In a discussion of a paper on The Basic Process as Applied to Copper Smelting, by Percy C. Gilchrist, read before the Society of Chemical Industry, London, Jan. 5, 1891,' Prof. W. C. Roberts-Austen asked Mr. Gilchrist whether he thought that the substitution of a basic lining for acid lining in the Manhks process would afford anything like the service which it had been shown to render in the metallurgy of iron. Claude Vautin stated that he had experimented for over two years. with basic linings for Bessemer converters for copper mattes at Cobar, but had given up the attempt on the score of cost. Mr. Gilchrist in his reply stated that he did not believe in applying any system of Bessemerizing to copper. About the time of the presentation of the paper mentioned,Hermann Keller, Superintendent of the Parrot smelter, in Butte, was experimenting on a large scale with converters lined with magnesite brick. He gave up the idea on account of the cost of linings and because no particular advantage was observed. My belief is that his tuyeres and converters were too small. A short time afterward similar experiments were tried at the Great Falls plant of the Boston & Montana Co., and at the Old Works of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. in Anaconda. These were abandoned on the score of cost and the lack of advantages. The same cause of failure, in my opinion, holds here. The Anaconda Copper Mining Co., however, adopted the magnesite brick lining for its tilting casting machines. Fig. 1 is a view of the first tilting furnace casting copper. It was made from an old Brueckner roasting cylinder. Fig. 2 shows an elevation and vertical and horizontal longitudinal sections of the second tilting furnace, built in 1897.

Jan 1, 1914

By J. D. Davis, A. C. Fieldner

The older coal chemist had a much simpler conception of coal than we have today. To him coal was a mineral composed essentially of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, ash, and water, in various proportions. His studies on the constitution of coal were directed along the conventional lines of proximate and ultimate chemical analyses and making deductions from these data without any real appreciation of the fact that coal is a conglomerate of various chemical compounds, including many of the most complex structures known to organic chemistry. The view of the modern coal chemist is well expressed by Franz Fischer,' who says that while proximate and ultimate analyses are important both from the scientific and technical point of view, they tell the chemist no more concerning the number and kinds of chemical compounds that constitute coal than the reader would learn of the contents of a book if told that the printed contents consisted of 15 per cent. of the letter "e," 5 per cent. of the letter "n," 1 per cent. of the letter"g," 4 per cent. of the letter "b," etc. As the reader must have the grouping of letters into words and words into sentences, so the chemist must have the grouping of atoms into molecules and the proportion of each molecular compound in the coal aggregate before he acquires an adequate knowledge of the constitution of coal. Modern investigators2 are laying the foundation of a new chemistry of coal based on the biochemistry of plants and the chemical changes involved in processes of fermentation and decay. As

Jan 1, 1925

By R. H. Sweetser

At the Buffalo meeting in October, 1898 (Trans., xxviii., 865), our Secretary, Dr. Raymond, in speaking of the obstacles he had encountered in securing contributions to the Transactions from members in practice, said : " It is the disinclination of many members to communicate incomplete or partial or preliminary results. They are going to write, ' some day,' a thorough and monumental paper; and meanwhile they prefer to communicate nothing.... It is the difficulty to which I have just referred that I have encountered in a wide correspondence with members, undertaken for the purpose of securing contributions of fact and opinion concerning the special subject of this discussion.... Almost none of them seem to recognize the value of preliminary, incomplete and indecisive reports of practice, as laying the foundation for a thorough' inquiry." This remark was made in immediate reference to a discussion concerning blast-furnace tuyeres; but, notwithstanding this appeal from the Secretary, little has been recorded regarding the distribution, the penetration, and the pressure of the blast at the tuyeres and inside the iron blast-furnace. I am therefore encouraged to contribute the following incomplete and crude observations of the blast-pressure inside the hearth. At the suggestion of J. H. Frantz, the general manager of the Columbus Iron & Steel Go., a test was made at the East furnace of the company to determine whether there was any difference in blast-pressure at the different tuyeres. The apparatus used for this test was not sensitive enough to give accurate results. It consisted of a small pressure-gauge mounted on a 3/8-in. gas-pipe. A hollow plug, fitting into the peep-hole of the tuyere-cap, prevented the blast from blowing-out during the test. The test-pipe was held in place by means of the handle on the outer end.

Jan 1, 1910