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By I. Tamura, J. O. Brittain, T. Mura

Plain carbon steel in the cold worked or marten-sitic conditions has an internal friction peak at about 250 oC at a frequency of I cps. The influence of substitutional alloying elements on this peak was examined experimentally. The alloys were vacuum melted Co-, Cr-, Mo-, Ni-, and Si-iron (about 3 pct alloying elements), and carburized Si-iron. The internal friction of the alloys in the temperature range 30o to 500 OC was determined by means of a torsion pendulum. The 250 oC peak of the cold-worked alloys was lower in height than that observed in plain C-iron and steel. Carburized Si-iron in the quenched condition had a peak which occurred at a slightly lower temperature than in quenched plain C-steel, but the height of the peak was substantially greater than that found for the same alloy in the cold-worked condition. The activation energy of this peak for martensitic Si-steel was about 35 kcal per mol. ANNEALED a iron has two internal friction peaks due to nitrogen and carbon at 20o and 40o C respectively, at a frequency of 1 cps. If a iron is cold worked, these diffusion peaks become smaller and a new peak appears at about 250o C. The activation energy for the 250o C peak is in the range of 32 to 44 kcal per mol and has an average value of 38 kcal per mo1. It has been experimentally verified that both interstitial solute atoms and dislocations are necessary for the 250o C peak. 3 Wert has also shown that an incubation period precedes the appearance of the 250 C peak.4 With regard to quenched martensitic steel, Ke et al.596 observed two peaks at around 130o and 250o C. They conjectured that the 250o C peak in martensite was due to the same mechanism as the 250°C peak in cold worked a iron, and the 130°C peak was due to the nature of tempered martensite. They did not report the activation energy for these peaks. Chernikova7 found only one peak at about 200° C in tempered martensite. In a previous paperS we reported an activation energy of approximately 40 kcal per mol for the 250° C peak in plain carbon martensitic steels. Ichiyama8 found the activation energy to be about 36 kcal per mol for the 250° C internal friction peak in steels in the martensitic condition. The present authors proposed a theory for the 250°C peak for cold worked and quenched iron and steel.= The theory for the peak is based upon the addition of a strain-energy term to the free energy for the formation of a carbide precipitate due to the presence of a disclocation. The model employed for the relaxation process consists of the growth and solution of a carbide precipitate of critical size as a consequence of an oscillating dislocation. In this report, the influence of substitutional alloy ing elements on the 250° C peak is examined and the experimental results are discussed in terms of our theory for the peak. Most of the experimental work on the alloy steels was confined to the Fe-Si-C alloys.

Jan 1, 1962

By Frank R. Corwin, Selden S. Rodgers

PAGE I. Introduction,........... 383 11. Brief History of Present MacDoUgall Plant,.... 384 III. First Experimental Work on Increasing Capacity of Furnaces, 385 IV. Effect On MacDouRall Plant of IncreaBed Draft from New Smelter Stack,,.......... V. Increasing the Capacity of the MacDouGall FurnaceS,.. 391 (A). Test of Arthur Crowfoot on Increasing Capacity,.... (a). Description of Test,........ (6). Discussion of Results Obtained from Test,... 393 (B). Investigation Carried Out by John A. Church, Jr.,... 395 (a). Advantages of High Speed,......398 (C). Effect on Regular Operation of Department by Applying Results Obtained from Experimental Work ..... 399 (D). Fundamental Principles Involved in Increasing the Tonnage, . 400 VI. Treatment of an INcreased Amount of Ore Screenings,.. 401 VII. Maximum Percentage oF Ore Screenings in a MacDoUGall Feed, 403 VIII. Tests to Further Increase Capacity of Furnaces,... 406 IX. Tests to Decrease PercentaGe of Flue Dust made by MacDouGall Furnaces,............. (A). Repath-Marcy Furnace......... 408 (B). Modified Hepath-Marcy Furnace,....... (C). Crouse Furnace Designed for Dust Prevention,.... 413 (a). Tests on Crouse Furnace,....... X. Concrete Hearths,.......... 419 XI. Conclusion,............ I. Introduction. Since the first installation of MacDougall roasters at the Great Falls smelter of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., the capacity of the furnaces.has been more than doubled. During the first nine or ten years of the operation of the MacDougall department the tonnage treated by the furnaces remained practically unchanged. Experimental work carried out in 1906, however, showed that increasing the draft of the furnaces would bring about an increase in capacity. In 1909 the MacDougall department was connected to the new smelter stack and

Jan 1, 1914

By E. J. Schmitz

The mining of the Triassic coals of the Richmond basin has been carried on, upon a larger or smaller scale, for more than a hundred years. Notwithstanding the close proximity of the field to a large city and to tide-water, assuring both a good home-market and cheap transportation, and notwithstanding the good quality of the fuel and the great thickness of the principal bed developed and worked, operations in this field have been conducted with but limited success. The basin comprises about 189 square miles, being from 24 to 31½ miles in length by 5½ to 10 miles in width. Not much more than one-tenth of this area has been explored in a practical and efficient way, and not over 1200 acres have been worked near and along the outcrops or edges of the coal. The practical mistakes which have been committed undoubtedly in a number of the mine-operations of the past, do not alone explain the unsatisfactory success and progress of the industry of this field ; nor can it be ascribed to the lack of local enterprise. Other reasons have to be looked for; and, as a principal one, the irregularity and the faulted conditions of the coal deposits must be pointed out. As a second cause, the indifference of the State government, which leaves the development of the field entirely to private enterprise, instead of aiding it by systematical and practical geological investigations, deserves to be mentioned. Nothing has been done by the State since the excellent work done more than fifty years ago by Professor Rogers, who could not at that time enter into the details of such

Jan 1, 1895

George Ellery Hale, Director of the Mount Wilson Observatory and Foreign Secretary of the National Academy of Sciences, who has been for the last ten years a Correspondent of the Academie des Sciences, Institut de France, has received the unusual honor of election as Associe Etranger, taking the place of Adolph von Baeyer, declared vacant by the Academy. The Foreign Associates are limited to twelve, and the high distinction has been held by only two Americans-Simon Newcomb and Alexander Agassiz. The National Research Council upon the presentation and acceptance of. Dr. Hale's resignation as its Chairman and the election of James R. Angell as his successor, created and bestowed in perpetuity upon Dr. Hale the title of Honorary Chairman in recognition of his services to the National Research Council and to Science and Research by indefatigable efforts that have contributed so largely to the organization of science for the assistance of the Government during the war, and the augmentation of the resources of the United States through the newly intensive cultivation of research in the reconstruction and peace periods that follow.

Jan 8, 1919

By A. S. Malicsi, R. J. Lipp, I. Iwasaki

A loch-grade copper-nickel deposit, with an estimated 4.6 Gt (5 billion st) and average analyses of 0.6% copper, 0.2% nickel, occurs in northeastern Minnesota. In addition to copper, nickel, cobalt, and precious metals, the Duluth gabbro contains magnetite, ilmenite, olivine, plagioclase, and biotite. It u estimated that flotation tailings that would be produced by a concentrator of optimal size to sustain a smelter would amount to 20 Mt/a (22 million stpy). The flotation tailings, having already been ground, warrant a closer examination for recovery and use of potential byproducts. Residual sulfide minerals and fibrous minerals may also be isolated and treated separately for useful purposes or for disposal in an environmentally acceptable manner. Two flowsheets were developed; one involving preconcentration by low- and high-intensity magnetic separation and another involving preconcentration by gravity concentration. Concentration methods for recovering and purifying individual byproduct minerals were investigated. From their chemical, physical, and mineralogical characteristics, the potential areas of application and marketabilities of each product fraction were surveyed.

Jan 1, 1985

WITH the economic situation of the world what it is, we may expect important events in every month of 1922, and January showed us some-what of the nature of things that will happen. The Germans announced their inability to meet in full the reparation payments that were due Jan. 15. The Su-preme Council arranged a plan for them to pay some thing on account every 10 days, and called a conference at Cannes to talk things over. While this conference was in progress Premier Briand resigned and was suc-ceeded by Poincaré. This emphasized the growing differences between British and French policies and interests. The French want to exact the utmost from the Germans; so do the British. The latter think, however, that the French aims will so cripple the Germans that they can not work properly and hence can not trade. Great Britain, with a huge unemploy-ment problem, must have trade. The French thought that Briand was unduly deferring to the British and withdrew their support of him. The other important political developments of the month in Europe were the establishment of the Irish Free State, relieving the British of the vexatious Irish question; and the growing tendency to recognize the Soviet government of Russia and admit its representa-tives into international conferences. In the United States the great political event was the establishment of the dominance of the agricultural bloc in the Senate, which implies the passage of agrarian legislation that will probably be unwise. Economically, there was no progress in the United States. If anything there was probably some reces-sion in the physical volume of business. There were some further reductions of wages, but these were irregular, geographically, and moderate in amount. The great unionized trades maintained the jam. Events of great importance were the formal demand of the anthracite coal miners for increased wages on April 1 and the declaration of the bituminous coal miners that they would resist a reduction at that time. The attitude of these groups is believed to presage labor troubles in the spring. In the metal markets affairs were dull during Janu-ary, but prices were generally firm, save for a little further weakening in iron and steel. In the matter of production, however, there was some quickening of activity, especially in copper, zinc and iron.

Jan 2, 1922

The annual report of the Secretary of the Southern California Local Section for the year ending May, 1919, says that the Section was called upon to give all the assistance possible for the different Liberty Loan drives, for the Red Cross drives and not only in the canvass of our membership, but the canvass of all of the mining companies represented in this city. The committee on the Red Cross drive on which we were represented raised a larger proportion of the total amount than any other in the city. The subscriptions for Liberty Bonds from the members of our' Section that were credited to the Committee of the Joint Technical Societies exceeded in amount the subscription from the members of all the other technical societies combined. Members of our Section slid splendid and efficient work throughout the first half of the year at the Red Cross headquarters in this city, and under the leadership of A. B. W. Hodges and F. B. Close, systematized the work of handling the enormous quantity of material that passed through that organization. Mr. E. A. Montgomery directed the canvass of the mining companies of this city in the bond drives, and the Executive Committee did its part in solicitation among the mining engineers. The Section, together with the local sections of the American Chemical Society, American Institute of Architect, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the local Engineers and Architects Association, forms what is called the Joint Committee of the Technical Societies. of Los Angeles. The honor of having the first president of this combined organization of engineers was given to us with, the election of Mr. Seeley W. Mudd. Upon Mr. Mudd's entering the service, Mr. George A. Daman of the Electrical Engineers was elected to the position and served splendidly during the latter part of the year. It devolves upon this Section to be represented upon this Joint Committee by three members, and it is our duty to supply a speaker once in six weeks to address the engineers in attendance at the weekly luncheon. During the year not a few of the most prominent men of the engineering professions have spoken upon subjects of the greatest interest to us all. Had it not been for the organized team work in the engineering profession available through this Joint Committee, there would have undoubtedly been passed in the recent session of the legislature of this state a bill for licensing and registering all professional engineers in this state, which, in the opinion of your Executive Committee and a large proportion of the membership of this Section, would have fallen far short of either protecting the engineer or protecting the public from impostors. That the public is awakening to the importance of what our National Society represents in the profession of mining engineering can be well inferred from the increasing number of inquiries your Secretary receives regarding the reputation of mining engineers. The necessary qualifications which a membership in the Institute requires and the membership of an engineer in this National Organization is more and more a criterion as to the ability of an engineer who represents himself as such, to the general public.

Jan 9, 1919

CONTENTS PAGE Bronze Bearing Metals. By G. H. CLAMER 1729 Pennsylvania Railroad Anti-friction and Bell Metals. By F. M. WARING . . 1733 The Tin-plate Industry. By D. M. BUCK. Discussed by G. H. CLAMER, J. W. RICHARDS 1735 The Aluminum Bronze Industry. By W. M. CORSE 1738 Bronzes, Bearing Metals, and Solders. By G. K. BURGESS and R. W. WOODWARD. Discussed by G. H. CLAMER, R. T. ROBERTS 1742 Babbitts and Solder. By G. W. THOMPSON 1751 The Cadmium Supply Of the United States. By C. E. SIEBENTHAL. Discussed by M. L. LISSBERGER, C. W. HILL, F.- F. COLCORD . . .. . . . . 1752 Solder, Its Use and Abuse. By M. L. LISSBERGER 1759

Jan 12, 1918

By Freeman Bishop

Senator Henry M. Jackson t D. Wash.) recently tossed a live grenade into the hardrock mining industry with proposed legislation to change provisions of the law governing Federally owned mineral values. Title Two of the measure would place hardrock mining agreements on a leasing basis similar to that which has applied to oil and gas since 1920. Known as the "Public Domain Lands Organic Act 01 1971" or S.921, the bill would monitor exploration by heavy machinery which ran destroy fragile ecology without any requirement for restoration or rehabilitation." Jackson said. Abandoned mining claims, lie continued, dot the public domain, "casting clouds upon the title to property which belongs to all the people.” and a minerals leasing system is "the most practical way of achieving the proper balance."

Jan 1, 1971

By A. C. Freeze

The first use of electric punched card accounting machines as an aid in calculating reserves at the Sullivan mine in Kimberly, B.C., was made in January, 1948. At that time their use was limited to totalling individual reserve blocks for the various reserve classes and for calculating total metal content. The immediate objective was to increase speed, improve accuracy, and to effect some savings in labor that could be employed more usefully elsewhere. It was recognized also that the potential for achieving even greater advantages was excellent. The initial experiment proved so successful that it was inevitable that the use of the method would expand. Thus, for the past nine years assay data from core hole and development headings have been processed by these machines and the results integrated with the program of calculating reserves. It was also learned that the machines could store and classify a large amount of other information concerning the mining characteristics of each reserve block in addition to tonnage and metal content. This has proven very useful for the preparation of monthly production reports as well as in long term planning, in forecasting production schedules, and in analysing the results achieved.

Jan 4, 1961

TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND MEMBERS Of THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERS GENTLEMEN Submitted herewith are the reports of the Treasurer for the year 1947 and the reports of the following standing committees Membership, Admissions, Papers and Publications, MINING AND METALLURGY (Magazine), and Library 75th Anniversary Celebration The founding of the Institute at Wilkes-Barre, Pa, in 1871, vas appropriately commemorated by a three-day Celebration, March 17, 18 and 19, 1947, at The Waldorf-Astoria, in New York City The Celebration had been scheduled for the preceding September but had been postponed, perforce, because of conflict with meetings of the Assembly of the United Nations The Celebration immediately preceded the Annual Meeting which was deferred from the usual February dates The proceedings took the form of a "World Conference on Mineral Resources " More than three thousand people, including eight hundred ladies, participated in the proceedings in one way or another Twenty-eight foreign countries were represented, some of them by five or six individual delegates Likewise, official representatives were designated by fifty institutions of higher learning in the United States A special 820-page Anniversary Volume entitled "Seventy-five Years. of Progress in the Mineral Industry,".(which

Jan 1, 1952

By S. S. Rumsey

Introduction IN order to realize the economies which would result in operating the mine pumps at the Chapin mine with electricity. generated by water power, the Oliver Iron Mining Co. recently installed a hydro-electric plant at the upper Quinnesee, falls on the Menominee river, and constructed a transmission line to the mine. On account of the large flow of water in the Chapin mine, and the great depth from which it has to be handled, it was necessary to make a thorough investigation of the merits of both the motor-driven centrifugal and motor-driven plunger pumps, in order that the most economical results as regards power, cost of installation, maintenance, and operation, be obtained. This investigation resulted in the selection of motor-driven centrifugal pumps, as the cost of the pumps and motors, installation, and maintenance was considerably lower, and the space required in the underground workings very much smaller, than for the plunger pumps. The overall efficiencies guaranteed by several of the centrifugal-pump manufacturers were so nearly those guaranteed by plunger-pump manufacturers that the saving in power which would result from the installation of plunger pumps did not justify their increased first cost and the increased cost of installation under the conditions prevailing at the Chapin nine. In order to substantiate the representations of the centrifugal-pump builders it was deemed necessary to insist upon a factory test of the completed units before shipment, the test to be conducted under conditions of head and capacity approximating as nearly as possible those under which the pumps would operate in service. Furthermore, it was considered necessary to demonstrate, by test, that there were no deficiencies in design or capacity of the pumps or motors before their final installation in the mine, as it would be extremely difficult to make alterations in the pumps or motors after they were installed.

Jan 10, 1914

By A. Beeby Thompson

FOR more than 2500 years, natural gas issues in the Surakhany district of the Apsheron peninsula were the object of pilgrimages by fire worshippers and Hindoos from Burma and India. Even as late as 1890, Hindoo priests conducted ceremonies in a temple at Surakhany, which probably replaced a more ancient one; but later, the visits of the pilgrims were prohibited in order to check the spread of Asiatic diseases in that region. For centuries, limited supplies of oil have been abstracted from shallow excavations in the Caspian oil belt and dispatched into the interior of Asia and elsewhere for medicinal and industrial purposes. Statistics show a yield of 37,400 bbl. in 1863, but only since 1869 has there been serious development; in that year the yield was 203,000 bbl. At that time, hand digging was supplanted by drilling, and the enormous wells that resulted from tapping sources hitherto beyond the reach of operators completely demoralized the industry for a time, owing to inadequate outlets for the products. The early activities in this area were greatly hindered by annoying taxation, monopolies, imperial land grants, etc., but when these were revoked or adjusted, in 1877, the industry sprang into prominence and, between 1898 and 1901, the Baku fields produced practically one-half of the world's supply of oil. Within a few miles of Baku lie the two richest oil fields in the world; viz., the Balakhany-Saboontchy-Romany and the Bibi-Eibat, the latter constituting almost a suburb of the city. For many years the gasoline obtained in the refineries of the Baku area was burned in pits, being considered an undesirable product, and until 1870 the residue also was destroyed, its value as a fuel not being recognized. Kerosene was the main product sought by the refiners. It was shipped across the Caspian Sea and up the Volga to the industrial centers of Russia. Only on the completion of the Baku-Batoum railway did the Baku oil fields secure

Jan 8, 1920

SECTION I Page Page Manuscript Closing Date, Febru- Forthcoming Meetings xxvii ary Meeting v . Library xxviii New York Section War Meeting on Membership xxxii Ferro-Alloys v Biographical Notices: Minutes of Meeting, Board of Robert Bell, by F. D. Adams. xlix Directors xvii H. J. Cantwell, by H. A. Members in Military Service xviii Wheeler 1 Personal xxiii Institute Committees Iii Employment xxv Officers and Directors Ix

Jan 11, 1917

By K. H. Nimerick, B. E. Scott, F. J. Beafore

A unique freeze conditioning agent (FCA) which functions by forming structurally weak ice rather than suppressing the freezing point of water has been successful in alleviating frozen coal problems. Frozen coal treated with FCA has been quickly unloaded at temperatures below -17.8°C (O°F). Other applications of FCA include deicing: conveyor belts, idler, idler arms, and other moving parts that have been impeded by ice.

Jan 9, 1979

By K. H. Nimerick, B. E. Scott, F. J. Beafore

A unique freeze conditioning agent (FCA) which functions by forming structurally weak ice rather than suppressing the freezing point of water has been successful in alleviating frozen coal problems. Frozen coal treated with FCA has been quickly unloaded at temperatures below -17.8OC (O°F). Other applications of FCA include deicing: conveyor belts, idler, idler arms, and other moving parts that have been impeded by ice.

Jan 1, 1980

By E. C. Harder, D. F. Hewitt

Since early in 1916, when it became apparent that the steel industry of the United States could not depend for the duration of the war on several important foreign sources of manganese and might have to depend entirely on domestic ores, the U. S. Geological Survey, with the assistance of several cooperating organizations, has made a comprehensive investigation of domestic manganese resources. The work has included field studies in a number of states well as annual, quarterly, and monthly canvasses among operators concerning current and future production. In order that the interested public might have access to the important results of the studies, preliminary reports concerning the field work as well as periodic summaries of production were issued as promptly as possible. Although numerous summaries of production l2, l3, l4 have been prepared from time to time for the use of the several boards and committees responsible for the conduct of the war, it has been thought for some months that those engaged in the industry, as well as others, might be interested in a preliminary summary of the accumulated geologic and production data. The cessation of hostilities, in November, 1918, probably detracts from the usefulness of much of the material that is here presented, but apart from the historic interest in the performance of an important industry in war time, there is a possibility that some of the conclusions may be helpful to those who continue to exploit domestic deposits, as well as to those who wish to measure the country's independence in mineral supplies. Appropriate final geologic reports are being prepared by the geologists who did the field work. The present authors, having done but a small part of the recent field work, acknowledge with great appreciation the use of preliminary and unpublished reports and the cordial informal cooperation of the following geologists in the preparation of this paper: F. L. Ransome, G. W. Stose, F. C. Schrader, J. T. Pardee, E. L. Jones, Jr., H. D. Miser, Laurence LaForge, J. B. Umpleby, Arthur Keith, F. J. Katz, and E. S. Larsen, of the U. S. Geological Survey. Field work in Virginia was carried out in cooperation with the Virginia Geological Survey, T. L. Watson, State Geologist; in Georgia, with the Georgia

Jan 1, 1920

By S. C. Sun, D. R. Mitchell

Experiments show that ores such as tungsten and tin, which slime excessively, can be deslimed and upgraded by ultrasonics. The method proposed depends primarily upon the stratifying and peptizing action caused when high frequency sound waves are propagated upward through ore pulp in a cylinder tube. Stratifying and peptizing are somewhat hindered by the accumulating action, which embodies additional effects of reflection and refraction.

Jun 1, 1956

By H. C. Howarth

THIS paper gives observations on ground movement and subsidence resulting from pillar drawing in the Lick Run section of Montour No. 10 mine of the Pittsburgh Coal Co. adjacent to solid coal owned by the U. S. Bureau of Mines at its Experimental mine in Snowden Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. The investigation was planned by George S. Rice, chief mining engineer of the Bureau, who arranged the necessary cooperation with Dr. L. E. Young, vice president of the Pittsburgh Coal Co. Engineers of that company placed permanent monuments on the surface to establish the boundaries of the coal owned by the Bureau and to furnish fixed points to which all levels were referred. Engineers of the Experimental mine staff then covered the ground under observation with a checkerwork of monuments made of oak pegs set into the ground at 50-ft. intervals in two directions at right angles to each other. The level of these pegs was determined first from Dec. 16 to 30, 1929; again from May 25 to June 5, 1930, and finally from July 7 to 15, 1931. Observations were then discontinued because work had been stopped temporarily in this part on Montour 10 mine.

Jan 1, 1933

By W. A. Forbes

PAGE Introductory............357 ReasoNs for Gas Cleaning.........358 First Methods of Separation of Dust.......359 Amount of Dust Produced by the Blast Furnaces of the United States Steel Corporation During 1912.....359 Dust Content in Blast-Furnace Gas.......360 Primary Cleaning. Dry Cleaning: General Remarks..........360 Braasert- Witting Whirler........362 Brassert Modifications of Brassert-Witting Whirler....363 Dyblie Whirler..........363 Remarks on Efficiency of Dry Cleaning......366 Wet Cleaning: Zschocke System..........367 Duquesne Tower..........367 Bian Gas Washer..........369 Final Cleaning. Wet Cleaning: Theisen Gas Washer.........371 Theisen Disintegrator Gas Washer.......372 Schwerz-Bayer Disintegrator Gas Washer..... 374 Fowler & Medley Vertical Gas Washer......376 Feld Gas Washer..........377 Reco Centrifugal Gas Washer........379 Sepulchre Gas Washer.........381 Dry Cleaning: Halberger-Beth Gas-Cleaning System......382 Smith.Bagley Gas-Cleaning System,......384 Howard Dust Separator.........387 Possible Separation of Dust by Electrical Precipitation ... 389 KapnOGraph............389 Methods of Determining DUst in Gas.......389 Advantages of Clean Gas.........393 Introductory. During the early stages of blast-furnace practice. the gas formed in the furnaces by the combustion of the coke used in smelting the ores was allowed to escape into the atmosphere. The light furnished

Jan 1, 1914