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By Stanley D. Michaelson, Norman Weiss

This was a year of realization. Some years are for planning and development, some for designing and building, others for fulfillment. With greater hopes and plans for the future than ever before, the year 1954, nevertheless, will be remembered principally because of project completion. Among copper mines, for example, there were Silver Bell, Copper Cities, Bisbee, Yerington, and White Pine. In iron, there were the Humboldt, Coleraine, Cerro Bolivar, and Eagle Mountain. In asbestos, Johns-Manville's new mill at Asbestos, Que. In uranium, completion of the ninth mill on the Colorado Plateau-Kerr-McGee's at Shiprock, N. M. In research, 1954 marked the completion of Kennecott's Research Center in Salt Lake City, one of the historic forward strides in the science of minerals beneficiation. The year was fruitful in other directions as well. Investigations of a fundamental nature were on the upswing, and pilot plant projects have also increased in size and number. Progress in new reagents and equipment was greater than normal. It can already be conservatively predicted-from the technological point of view-that 1955 and 1956 will be tremendous years.

Jan 3, 1955

By H. B. Hunter, F. G. Stone, F. J. Dunkerley

Introduction and Literature Survey This is the second in a series of papers coming from this laboratory on the correlation of the low temperature tensile properties of tin-binary alloys with microstructure. These engineering data and those of the previous paper1 were obtained as the initial part of a long-range program to determine the changes in the fundamental mechanical properties accompanying the beta to alpha phase change in tin and its binary alloys below 13.2°C. Since it appears now that the more fundamental studies will be delayed,* and since no summary of the low temperature properties of these tin-base white bearing alloys was found in the literature, it was decided to publish all the engineering data thus far obtained. Accordingly, the tensile properties of thirteen binary alloys containing from 0.1 to 60 pet cadmium and 0.1 to 10.43 pet antimony measured at six temperatures from —196 to +23°C are presented here and their variations rationalized in terms of microstructure. A literature search showed that these systems had not been investigated at low temperatures, although both the tin-cadmium and tin-antimony2,3,4,5 and the tin-rich corner of the ternary system67 have been studied at room temperature. Hanson and Pell-Wal-pole5 and Homer and Plummer4 determined the tensile properties of alloys containing from 0 to 10 pet cadmium. The same authors3 determined the tensile strength and elongation in the tin-antimony system from 2 to 18 pet antimony at room temperature while Pell-Walpole et al.6,7 studied the properties of high tin and tin-antimony-cadmium alloys. Since there were many variables besides composition in these tests, it was difficult to make a valid comparison with the room temperature data of the present study, but in general the tensile strength and ductility values are in reasonable agreement. Pell-Walpole2 also determined the effect of grain size on the tensile strength of pure tin and 1 pet alloys of both antimony and cadmium. The true maximum stress was found to decrease exponentially as the number of grains in the cross-section increased. This effect of grain size was strikingly revealed in the present work, as indicated in a later section. Hanson and Pell-Walpole8 placed the solid solubility limit of antimony in tin at 3.5 pet at 20°C, increasing to 4 pet at 190°C, and then sharply increasing to 10.3 pet at 246°C (the latter being a peritectic point). Their results are in disagreement with those of previous investigators,9 and the discrepancy seems to lie in the micro-graphic observation of the second phase

Jan 1, 1950

By J. P. Witherow

The plant of Messrs. Oliver Brothers and Phillips, the only one in operation until January, 1886, has not been available for any further experiments since those of Mr. R. W. Hunt, described in his paper on the subject, at the Chattanooga meeting. Continuous working has, however, led to important improvements in plant, and furnished valuable results in practice. The difference between the converter and plant of 1884, as illustrated in our Transactions, vol. xiii., p. 759 and following pages, and those of 1885, may be observed in Plates 1. and 11. accompanying this paper. Plate I. gives the elevation and plan, in half-section, of one of our latest 3-ton converters. Plate 11. gives a plan of the general arrangement of a plant adapted to turn out slabs, blooms, and billets for the general market. The letters on Plate I. refer to the following parts :

Jan 1, 1886

By Evan Just

Attempting to analyze a 25-year forecast after less than a third of the time has elapsed may seem premature. The President's Materials Policy Com- mission's report necessarily painted with a broad brush and made no claim for pinpoint accuracy in its predictions. More importantly for present purposes, it made no attempt to predict the detailed courses of production and consumption during the period forecasted. Several statistical highs and lows may very well lie between now and 1957, so comparing recent figures with points taken from the report on a straight-line basis would be illogical. Moreover, the report assumed that the general trend of consumption-domestic and foreign-would be upward. Contrarily, domestic figures were lower in 1957 than in 1950. Therefore, to project curves from 1950 through 1957 leads to conclusions that are probably false. Many in the industry would feel more uncertain about forecasting 1975 domestic conditions now than they would have been in 1950, even though nearly a third of the 25 years has elapsed. In making comparisons, several statistical problems are encountered. The Paley report figures for 1950 were estimated in several cases and corrected figures vary as much as 10 pct. For example, the report placed 1950 lead consumption at 800,000 tons, whereas actual consumption was 885,000 tons. Obviously, in comparing more recent figures with the report's projections, adjustments must be made for positions taken in error from the start. Over the long pull, such discrepancies will probably be insignificant, but they must be noted in comparing short-term changes.

Jan 10, 1959

Jan 1, 1952

The Institute is desirous of securing the photographs of Adolph Patera and Albert Serlo, two deceased honorary members of the Institute. All resources within the ken of the Secretary have been tried out to secure these photographs without avail. If any, of our members can give us suggestions which will lead to the accomplishment of the desired ends, such suggestions will be much appreciated.

Jan 5, 1919

By J. D. Miller, R. L. Atwood

The structure, properties, and composition of commercial chelating-type copper extractants are examined. Characterization of these extractants was accomplished using organic separation techniques and analytical tools such as NMR and infrared spectroscopy. Results indicate that only the trans isomer of the diphenylhydroxyoxime (LIX 64N) is capable of copper chelation. The effects of structural modification of the extractants on the extraction and stripping reactions are discussed.

Jan 1, 1974

By W. W. Norton

THE gradually increasing proportion of sulphide ores which lead smelters of to-day are called upon to handle has caused the roasting problem to become one of ever greater importance. We may look back a score of years or so and recall the old hand roasters, some of which turned out a finely divided roasted product, and others fashioned with a "fuse-box" wherein the roasted ore was slagged. Then came mechanical furnaces of several types, the Brückner cylinder, the Brown-O'Harra, the Ropp, and others, all designed to cut out the cumbersome hand labor of the old reverberatories. Roasting costs were thereupon reduced and tonnages stimulated to a gratifying extent. However, it seems to have been early recognized that this very feature of a greater amount of roasted sulphide ore as compared with oxide ore brought with it a train of difficulties at the blast furnaces. The mechanically roasted ore was fine physically, the blast furnaces were choked and the troubles of the smelterman were not at an end. Then the Huntington-Heberlein pot system of roasting appeared upon the scene, and later on the Dwight-Lloyd machines were invented, and inasmuch as both of these processes were designed not only to roast the ore but to agglomerate it as well, it was apparent that distinct steps in advance has been achieved. At the Murray plant, modern up-to-date roasting practice is fully exemplified and there are now in successful operation roasting furnaces or devices of several sorts: namely, Godfrey revolving-hearth furnaces, Wedge multiple-hearth mechanical roasters, Dwight-Lloyd. sintering machines, and Huntington-Heberlein pots. Godfrey and Wedge furnaces will properly handle material high in sulphur, say ores with 25, 30, and 35 per cent. of that element; D. &.L. machines and H. & H. pots will positively not treat efficiently ores or mixtures containing anywhere near the sulphur content mentioned, but are confined to charges containing in the neighborhood of 15 or 18 per cent. In passing, it may also be explained that, so far as the knowledge of the writer goes, Godfrey and Wedge furnaces do not economically eliminate sulphur to an extent

Jan 8, 1914

By Edward Martinez

Although the copper segregation process has been known as a method for treating oxide copper ores since the 1920's, the reactions involved in this process are still a matter of conjecture. However, the evidence turned up in a recent series of experiments at Asarco's Central Research Laboratories strongly indicates that some of the proposed reactions may not be occurring. Experimental work on oxide copper ores from the Sagasca mines in Chile led to the discovery of the copper segregation process in 1923. It was found that the reduction of the copper with coal at about 700°C occurred on the surface of the coal instead of remaining disseminated in the ore. The unusual behavior of the copper, which caused it to migrate from the ore particles to the coal, was traced to the presence of a small quantity of sodium chloride occurring in the ore. Further experiments with oxide copper ores proved that the presence of a halide, either occurring naturally or admixed with the ore, caused the copper to migrate from the ore particles and to segregate in the charge.

Jan 8, 1966

By W. W. Norton

The gradually increasing proportion of sulphide ores which lead smelters of to-day are called upon to handle has caused the roasting problem to become one of ever greater importance. Mines have increased in depth, methods of concentration have improved, competition in the purchase of ores has become more keen and it has been clear that new and modern methods of eliminating sulphur must receive a large share of attention. We may look back a score of years or so and recall the old hand roasters, some of which turned out a finely divided roasted product, and others fashioned with a "fuse-box" wherein the roasted ore was slagged. Then came mechanical furnaces of several types, the Bruckner cylinder, the Brown-O'Harra, the Ropp, and others, all designed to cut out the cumbersome hand labor of the old reverberatories. Roasting costs were thereupon reduced and tonnages stimulated to a gratifying extent. However, it seems to have been early recognized that this very feature of a greater amount of roasted sulphide ore as compared with oxide ore brought with it a train of difficulties at the blast furnaces. The mechanically roasted ore was fine physically, the blast furnaces were choked and the troubles of the smelterman were not at an end. Then the Huntington-Heberlein pot system of roasting appeared upon the scene, and later on the Dwight-Lloyd machines were invented, and inasmuch as both of these processes were designed not only to roast the ore but to agglomerate it as well, it was apparent that distinct steps in advance had been achieved. At the Murray plant, modern up-to-date roasting practice is fully exemplified and there are now in successful operation roasting furnaces or devices of several sorts: namely, Godfrey revolving-hearth furnaces, Wedge multiple-hearth mechanical roasters, Dwight-Lloyd sintering machines, and Huntington-Heberlein pots. Godfrey and Wedge furnaces will properly handle material high in sulphur, say ores with 25, 30, and 35 per cent. of that element; D. & L. machines and H. & H. pots will positively not treat efficiently ores or mixtures containing anywhere near the sulphur content mentioned, but are confined to charges containing in the neighborhood of 15 or 18 per cent. In passing, it may also be explained that, so far as the knowledge of the writer goes, Godfrey and Wedge furnaces do not economically eliminate sulphur to an extent

Jan 1, 1915

By R. J. Wysor

J. S. UNGER, Pittsburgh, Pa.-On page 22 reference is made to 36 carloads .of dust shipped. Did the material in that last sample come from a; furnace running on pig iron, ferro alloys, or spiegel? R. J. Wysor.-Pig iron; we have not made any ferro alloys; or spiegel at Bethlehem in the last 3 years. J. S. UNGER.-DO you use domestic or foreign ores? R. J. WYSOR.-In regular practice, largely foreign ores. J. S. UNGER.-How much per unit does it cost to produce that? R. J. WYSOR.-You might say it does not cost anything; we do not change our blast-furnace practice at all to obtain the dust. Although it has been a profitable byproduct, I would rather not have it unless we could reclaim it on a large scale, as we would have better working stoves. J. S. UNGER.-Does the trade take it as readily as natural salts? W. J. WYSOR.-The fertilizer dealers have been anxious to get it. This did not happen, however, until the war started. J. S., UNGER.-They have been willing to take anything since the war started. R. J. WYSOR.-Yes. However, we could have sold the material before the war; in fact, about 4 years ago, we had a contract ready to sign, but we did not think it would pay us to bother with it then. W. H. Ross, Washington, D. C.-We of the Fertilizer Division of the Bureau of Soils have been particularly interested in Mr. Wysor's investigations on the possibilities of recovering potash from the blast furnace, and we look upon the results he obtained as among the-most important that have yet appeared on the subject of finding new sources of .American potash. About 5 years ago we undertook a corresponding investigation on the recovery of potash in the cement industry. Representative samples of raw mix and ground clinker were collected from the different cement plants in this country with a view to analyzing each sample for potash. With the data thus obtained and knowing the ratio between the raw mix and the cement produced and the output of the latter, we thought it possible to calculate approximately for each plant the quantity of potash that escapes daily from the kilns. After partly completing the work, however, it had to be abandoned for a time. It was again taken

Jan 4, 1917

By S. S. Cole, D. L. Armant

The smelting of titaniferous ores for the past hundred years has not been successful because of thickening of the slags in the furnaces. The interest in the utilization of these iron bearing materials has been due to the extensive deposits which have been found in various parts of the world.1 The literature contains references2 to the use of titaniferous ores in blast furnaces. None of these attempts has met with success due to the lack of sufficient information as to the cause of failures and to economic considerations. Evaluation of the published information, as to the probable cause of failure in various attempts, has indicated that the presence of lower valence titanium oxide and formation of titanium carbide contributed to the failure. It was apparent that severe reducing conditions which are present in a blast furnace had been one of the factors for such failures. The previous smelting operations had as a primary objective the recovery of iron from these ores. Under these conditions the highest recovery of iron could only occur with severe reducing conditions. Application of Melting Point Data The application of the melting point data, from the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-TiO2 reported in another paper,3 to the smelting of titaniferous ores required an extrapolation of these melting points due to the presence of other impurities from the ores. Likewise, a study of the effect of varying FeO and reduced titanium content of the slag was necessary before the data could be fully applied. The melting point data under oxidizing conditions had clearly indicated that a fluid slag with a melting point in the temperature range of 1370°C could be obtained. The smelting of a titaniferous ore had as a primary objective the production of a high titanium slag which was fluid and substantially free of iron and low in trivalent titanium. Since production of a high titanium slag was of primary importance, rather than the recovery of iron from these ores, the smelting concept could be altered to a marked degree. The ferrous oxide could be maintained at higher levels than is the normal practice in iron ores slags without being detrimental to the slags, although a loss in iron recovery resulted. During the reduction of the molten mixtures of ferrous iron and titanium, carbon acts as the reductant for changing the valence of the titanium and iron. The reaction can go further than in the case of the reduction which occurs in iron-titanium solutions. The formation of metallic iron removes iron from the system, so that the titanium oxide can be reduced to trivalent and divalent titanium oxides and also form titanium carbide which removes the titanium from the slags as a soluble constituent. The problem, therefore, resolves itself into maintaining the proper amount of ferrous iron in the slag thereby avoiding the formation of appreciable amounts of trivalent titanium and no divalent titanium oxide or titanium carbide. The latter two have been found in the viscous

Jan 1, 1950

By J. H. Nelson

An outline survey of the economic outlook for the United States export trade in petroleum products resolves itself broadly into two general divisions; first, a consideration of our present position in this trade, and second, a discussion of the visible factors which promise to affect appreciable changes in the immediate future in that trade. The United States PetRoleum Exports of majoR Petroleum Products 1925, 1926 and 1927

Jan 1, 1928

By AIME AIME

WHEN Russell B. Paul was born in Russell Gulch, Gilpin County, Colorado, that district was the state's leading gold producer. The son of Dr. Henry Paul, who had gone to Colorado from Missouri during the golden era following the Civil War, and had joined the Institute in 1889 when he was manager of the famous Aspen mine, young Paul's early life was steeped in a mining atmosphere from which developed his selection of mining engineering as a profes¬sion. After receiving his E.M. degree from the Colorado School of Mines in 1902, Mr. Paul worked in Colorado and Honduras. Returning from Central America he was married to Mary Ellen Gilmour, daughter of a prominent Central City mining man;

Jan 1, 1943

By AIME AIME

ONE of the few students to enter the world's first department of ceramic engineering a few years after its establishment at Ohio State University, A. F. Greaves-Walker has since established an international reputation in that field. Before accepting his present position as professor and head of the department of ceramic engineering at the State College unit of the University of North Carolina, Dr. Greaves-Walker spent twenty years in the ceramic and mining industries in Kentucky, Utah, Ohio, Alabama, Ontario, Pennsylvania, and Georgia successively, holding the positions of chief chemist, mining engineer, chief engineer, sales engineer, chief of research, production manager, and finally vice-president. This industrial experience resulted in his building up one of the outstanding departments of its kind in the country.

Jan 1, 1942

By W. C. Winegard, C. Feng, C. Elbaum

SEVERAL investigations have been made concerning the effect of oxygen on the mechanical properties of titanium 1-6= In particular, the yield strength has received considerable attention. Finlay and snyder2 report a 0.2 pet strain offset yield strength if 49 kg per sq mm in titanium containing 0.1 pct 0 and 61 kg per sq mm in titanium with 0.2 Pct 0. These results are in good agreement with those of Jaffee, Odgen, and Maykuth3 who report values of yield strength

Jan 1, 1960

The Geological Society of America, 419 West 117th St., New York, N. Y. Charles-P. Berkey, Secretary. The only official publication of the Society is the Bulletin. It contains the Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Society, as well as the Proceedings of the affiliated societies?the Mineralogical Society of America, and the Paleontological Society?and of Section E of the American Association for the Advancement of

Jan 1, 1933

By R. L. Stephenson

A sampling technique has been developed for procuring a sample of sinter representative of the entire depth of the sintering bed. The sampling method involves the use of an open-bottom metal basket that rides on the grate of the sintering machine and when removed contains a sample of the sintered product. Additional data have been obtained to indicate that the tumbler test is a suitable means of measuring sinter strength.

Jan 3, 1953

By J. A. Ryder

TRANSIM II is a general purpose mining-oriented transport simulation program. It features the accurate modelling of locomotive tramming systems involving interferences and queue build- ups, as well as inter-level transport facilities linking bunkers of finite capacity. Features of the program are described, and a number of practical applications briefly reviewed including studies of optimal train capacities, pulling schedules, tip and bunker capacities, and operation of simple traffic-light systems.

Jan 1, 1977

By Raymond E. Riethmann, Beuford M. Bunnell

The spiral classifier was originally developed for closed circuit grinding It has since been applied very successfully to other classification duties where a two-product size split is required. Inherent operational qualities of this classifier make it ideally suited for sizing, washing, or dewatering materials such as ores, phosphate rock, sands, coal, oyster shells, solar and potash salts. Operating characteristics, flexible design and guidelines for proper application are presented.

Jan 1, 1978