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PRESIDENTS DAVID THOMAS 1871 Born November 3, 1794, Cadoxtan, Glamorganshire, South Wales. Died in 1882. Attended schools in Wales. Came to America in 1839. A.I.M.E.: Member, 1871; Honorary Member. Iron manufacturer; inventor. Built first anthracite fired hot-blast furnace in America. Known as the "Father of the Lehigh Valley." President, Catasauqua and Fogelsville Railroad; Director, Lehigh Valley Railroad; Founder, Thomas Iron Co. and St. Luke's Hospital at Bethlehem, Pa.; Trustee, Lafayette College.4 ROSSITER WORTHINGTON RAYMOND 1872-1874 Born April 27, 1840, Cincinnati, Ohio. Died in 1918. Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, 1857; Lafayette College, Ph.D., 1868; Lehigh University, LL.D., 1906; University of Pittsburgh, Hon. LL.D., 1915., Gold Medal, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (London). A.I.M.E.: Founder, Member of 1871; Vice President, 1871, 1876-1877; Secretary, 1884-1911; Secretary Emeritus, 1911-1918; Honorary Member. Consul¬ing mining engineer; practicing lawyer, sailor, soldier, writer, orator, editor, theologian, teacher, novelist, chess player. Recognized as the "Grand Old Man of the Institute." ALEXANDER LYMAN HOLI,EY 1875 Born July 20, 1832, Lakeville, Conn. Died in 1882. Brown University, 1853; Hon. LL.D., 1878. A.I.M.E.: Member, 1871; Vice President, 1874; Manager, 1877-1879. Bessemer Medal (Iron and Steel Institute, London), posthumously. Brought bessemer process to United States. A statue was erected in Washington Square in his memory and presented to the City of New York in 1889. The inscription notes: "foremost among those whose genius and energy established in America and improved throughout the world the manufacture of bessemer steel." ABRAM STEVENS HEWITT 1876 Born July 31, 1822, Haverstraw, N. Y. Died in 1903. Columbia University, 1842; Hon. LL.D., 1887. A.I.M.E.: Member, 1871; Manager, 1872-1875. Bessemer Medalist and Honorary Member, Iron and Steel Institute (London). Gold Medal, Chamber of Commerce of New York City. Philanthropist, lawyer, statesman, publicist, pioneer in the iron and steel industry. Mayor of New York City in 1887. Business partner of Peter Cooper, Executive Manager of Board of Trustees, Cooper Union, New York City.

Jan 1, 1947

By Murray F. Hawkins, Marion L. Kimmel

sage' appears to have been the first (1933) to design a rolling ball viscosimeter for the express purpose of measuring the viscosity of oils with natural gas in solution, i.e., under reservoir conditions. In 1940 Hocott and Buckley' further refined the rolling ball instrument in both design and method of operation, and their instrument, known as the Humble type, was the forerunner of present day viscosimeters used in petroleum production and research laboratories. They also initiated the technique of charging the viscosimeter with a sample directly from a bottom hole sampler. In 1948 the committee on engineering research 01 the Petroleum Division of the AIME in Part 3 (1) of

Jan 1, 1955

By A. A. Dor

Out of nine new major iron ore concentrators put in operation during the last three years, or expected to be commissioned in 1968, seven incorporate primary grinding mills and have a total design capacity of 13,150,000 ltpy of pellets, while only two include conventional rod and ball mill grinding circuits for a total design capacity of about 6,100,000 ltpy (Table I). This evolution in the application of primary grinding to hard, fine grained magnetite ores represents an important development in the technology of mineral processing. It has been the outcome of comprehensive testwork in the laboratory and in pilot plants.

Jan 11, 1968

By R. W. Raymond

GEHEIMER BERGRATH Prof. Dr. HIERONYMUS THEODOR RICHTER, ex-Director of the Freiberg Mining Academy and Honorary Member of this Institute (to give him the full title, which nobody ever thought of using in his genial and unceremonious presence, and the whole of which I have omitted at the head of this notice, as adding nothing to the virtue and value of the man I knew), died on Sunday, September 25,1898. He was born in 1825 at Dresden, and in 1843, after some practical training in pharmacy, entered the Freiberg Mining Academy, where he devoted himself chiefly to metallurgy and metallurgical chemistry, under the guidance of the celebrated Plattner, whose masterly instruction in those arts, and also, especially, in assaying and the use of the blow-pipe, has been classic authority to the present day. In 1853, Richter was ap-

Jan 1, 1899

By V. R. Garfias, R. V. Whetsel, J. W. Ristori

World consumption of petroleum and related fuels for civil purposes in 1939 was close to 2,024,000,000 bbl., or approximately 110,000,000 bbl. more than in 1938, the United States accounting for 96,000,000 bbl. of the increased amount. With the annexation of Czechoslovakia and part of Poland, civil consurnption in Germany during 1939, notwithstanding sevre rationing in the last four months of the year, was 54,000,000 bbl., or only 1,600,000 bbl. less than in 1938, and domestic production of pctroleum and related fuels was some 34,000,000 bbl. short of civil consumption. The mounting petroleum requirements of the military forces of greater Germany are, of course, not included in these figures of civil consumption. To supply this deficiency Germany now must rely almost exclusively on the Rumanian fields, which in 1939 produced about 35,000,000 bbl in ewes, of the Rumanian civil consumption. However, these fields arc supplying and have supplied for years the oil requirements of the neighboring

Jan 1, 1940

By J. W. Ristori, R. V. Whetsel, V. R. Garfias

World consumption of petroleum and related fuels for civil purposes in 1939 was close to 2,024,000,000 bbl., or approximately 110,000,000 bbl. more than in 1938, the United States accounting for 96,000,000 bbl. of the increased amount. With the annexation of Czechoslovakia and part of Poland, civil consurnption in Germany during 1939, notwithstanding sevre rationing in the last four months of the year, was 54,000,000 bbl., or only 1,600,000 bbl. less than in 1938, and domestic production of pctroleum and related fuels was some 34,000,000 bbl. short of civil consumption. The mounting petroleum requirements of the military forces of greater Germany are, of course, not included in these figures of civil consumption. To supply this deficiency Germany now must rely almost exclusively on the Rumanian fields, which in 1939 produced about 35,000,000 bbl in ewes, of the Rumanian civil consumption. However, these fields arc supplying and have supplied for years the oil requirements of the neighboring

Jan 1, 1940

By O. N. Carlson, K. E. Solie

The brittle-ductile transition temperatures of single and poly crystalline chromium metal were studied as a function of nitrogen concentration and chromium nitride distribution. It was observed that In recent years there has been an increasing interest in chromium-base alloys for high-temperature applications. The principal disadvantages, however, have been the difficulties of fabrication and the design problems associated with a material of such limited ductility. Various studies have been the effects noted in the poly crystalline material are essentially reversed in the single crystals. These observations are discussed in terms of existing theories for the brittleness of chromium. conducted recently directed toward a determination of the cause of this brittleness and to find ways for minimizing its effects. Allen et al.,' Wain Abrahamson and rant,' and weaver4 have carried out studies on the effects of interstitial impurities on the brittle-ductile transition of chromium metal of various degrees of purity. These investigations have shown that oxygen has little or no effect on the transition temperature of chromium in all conditions studied but that carbon increases the transition temperature under all conditions tested. Nitrogen was found to increase the transition temperature in the wrought condition and in the quenched or cast conditionS but reportedly has no effect in the furnace-cooled condition.

Jan 1, 1964

By Alfred Weiss

Approximately 850 delegates from 24 countries met in Tokyo, Japan, May 24-27, for the second MMIJ-AIME Joint Meeting in 55 years, to exchange technical knowledge and experience in the fields of exploration, mining, metallurgy and petroleum engineering. The first such meeting was held in 1917 in Kyoto, Japan. Although the Mining and Metallurgical Institute of Japan was the sponsor, the entire meeting (machinery exposition, technical program, and tours) was a joint effort of the two institutes.

Jan 7, 1972

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, the Institute's new presi-dent, continues the long tradition of close asso-ciation between the organization and economic geology. Several preceding presidents have been eco-nomic geologists, and a gen-erous share of space in the TRANSACTIONS has always been devoted to that subject, one of critical importance to the miner as well as the seeker for ore. Mr. Smith has long served the Institute, hav-ing been a director since 1921 and first vice-president since 1927. He was born in Hodg-don, Me., on Feb. 22, 1871, and graduated at Colby College, where he took his A.B. and A.M. He did graduate work at Johns Hopkins, where he re-ceived a Ph.D. in 1896. Meanwhile he had engaged in field geological work in Michi-gan, Utah and Washington with the Geological Survey. In 1896 he joined the regular staff of that organization, be-coming director in 1907. He has been with the Survey con-tinuously since he first joined, with the exception of one year when he was furloughed to serve as a member of the U. S. Coal Commission. His special interest for many years has been in the eco-nomic aspects, in the larger sense, of the mineral in-dustry, matters that are necessarily the subject of strong differences of opinion, but which he has dis-cussed with good temper though with full adherence to his strong con-victions.

Jan 3, 1928

By H. R. Hose

Total crude fluorspar reserves in western Europe, containing more than 35 pct CaF*, are estimated at 12 million metric tons, while reserves in the USSR and Soviet sphere may exceed 5 million metric tons. The bulk of these reserves are concentrated in the USSR, Spain, United Kingdom, Western Germany, and Italy. Since published estimates of the tonnages of individual mines and explored deposits are not available for most countries in Europe, the estimates given in Table I for individual countries are necessarily approximate, as they have been compiled from various sources and modified and combined according to the author's judgment. The majority of fluorspar deposits in Europe belong to the late Paleozoic metallogenetic epochs and have been found within or along the borders of the Hercynian massifs. Deposits in the Central and Esterel massifs of France, those of Western and Eastern Germany, Sardinia, the Catalonian coastal range and the Sierra de 10s Santos in Spain, and those of Devonshire and Cornwall belong to the Hercynian metallogenetic epochs. The deposits in southern Norway and Sweden belong to the middle Paleozoic or later, those of northern England to the late Paleozoic or later, those of northern Spain and Greece to the late Mesozoic, and those of northern and probably central Italy and Switzerland to the early Tertiary. Fluorspar occurs typically in veins, lenses, and stringers, but also in bedded replacement deposits and pockets, and may be colorless to white, yellow, green, pink, brown, blue, or purple to almost black. Except for the colorless variety, the only kind which can be used for the optical industry, the color of the fluorspar does not affect its ultimate use,

Jan 4, 1955

By J. R. Thoenen

THE Bureau of Mines has used various sizes of core barrels above 2 in. and below 10 in. in diameter to core manganese, potash, coal, brown iron ore and bauxite. The paper describes in some detail the methods and types of equipment used to obtain maximum sampling accuracy.

Jan 1, 1947

By J. A. Gay

BRITISH success in extracting significant quantities of germanium from gas works flue dusts has been one of the prime forces in promoting similar research in the United States. Pittsburgh Consolidation Coal Co. and Pennsylvania Coal & Coke Co. are two of the larger U. S. firms with germanium from flue dust research programs. British interest in germanium started in 1933 when V. M. Goldschmidt reported that some coals from the Yard Seam of Northumberland and Durham contained 30 to 50 ppm of germanium.

Jan 8, 1953

By R. Walker, R. J. Anslow

Today at Tampa we see the end results of a team effort: A vital link in an intermodal transportation system, the link that enables the unit-train concept to be employed with full effectiveness and the link that improves the economics of water transportation systems. Two new phosphate transfer complexes with a multi- million ton annual capacity are in operation in Tampa, Fla. Revolutionary in concept, these companion installations represent a total investment in the Tampa Bay area of $18.5 million.

Jan 1, 1970

One of our members, in Colombia, has written the following interesting account of his experience in trying to remit his dues to the Institute. "Last year I was away at the end of the year and on my return I was unable to obtain a draft in Honda until April, I believe. To avoid delay this year I remitted cash, early in January, to a friend in Bogota who I imagined could sell or procure for me various small drafts to cover my annual subscriptions. After many weeks' delay, I was informed that he could not get them for me and was remitting the cash to Honda where they were obtainable. After another long delay, I was informed that no one in Honda would sell drafts or checks for small amounts. Eventually I found a friend who was willing to oblige me in the matter and at once forwarded the amount."

Jan 8, 1919

The Sub-committee on Safety of the Industrial Organization Com-mittee of the Institute has been asked to cooperate with the National Safety Council, and has made certain recommendations to the Board of Directors of the Institute regarding ways and means of bringing about this cooperation. The National Safety Council has been in existence seven years. Its inception was at a meeting of the American Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers held in Milwaukee in 1912. The first annual congress was held in New York City in October, 1913, at which time the Council was definitely organized. Its membership now consists of nearly four thousand members, representing industrial plants, railroads, public utility companies, insurance companies, state labor commissions, Chambers of Commerce, manufacturers' organizations, etc. These members are in all states of the Union and in eleven foreign countries, and through them the National Safety Council reaches more than six million workers.

Jan 7, 1919

By Persifor Frazer

Comparative columns expressing the series of rocks of the lower half of the Mesozoic age in this country and in Europe are not yet definitely established. The following represents a co-ordination of the beds in England and Germany,* with a list of materials to be worked in from this country .†

By R. V. Norris

IRving Ariel Stearns died at his home, 60 South River St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa., on Tuesday morning, Oct. 5, 1920, of pneumonia, after an illness of about a month. In his death, the Wyoming Valley loses one oflits most eminent and best loved citizens, and the loss of so strong a participant in the activities of the Valley will leave a gap most difficult to fill. Despite his more than three score and fifteen years, Mr. Stearns, at the time of his death, was president of the Wilkes-Barre City Hospital, Wyoming National Bank, and the Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, chairman of the Board of the Vulcan Iron Works, and a director of the Spring Brook Water Supply Co., and of the Wilkes-Barre Lace Manufacturing Co. Mr. Stearns came of New England stock, a descendant in the eighth generation of Charles Stearns who was admitted freeman in Watertown in 1646. Irving Ariel Stearns was born Sept. 12, 1845, in Rushville, N. Y., a son of George W. and Miranda (Tufts) Stearns. He was graduated from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute of Troy, N. Y., in the celebrated Class of 1868. After graduation, he was assistant professor of chemistry in charge of the analytical laboratory for a year, then went to Wilkes-Barre in 1869, as engineer in the office of R. P. Rothwell, at that time the leading mining engineer of the region. From 1871 to 1872, he was superintendent of the McNeal Coal & Iron Co. of Schuylkill County, Pa. and in 1872 succeeded to Mr. Rothwell's business when the latter became editor of the Engineering & Mining Journal of New York. From 1872 to 1885, Mr. stearns was in private practice as a mining engineer, handling a great amount of business in the anthracite region, including the building of the bridges at Shickshinny and Pittston, and the surveying and mapping of many of the individually operated mines. His practice extended throughout the country, with numerous examinations and reports upon mining properties in Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Arkansas, Colorado, California, Wyoming, Idaho and Utah; he was responsible for the design and execution of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co.'s great Tifft Farm improvements at Buffalo, N. Y. including canals, docks, coal stocking plant, etc. He was commissioned Quartermaster of the Ninth Regiment, N. G. P., March 29, 1880, was promoted to Major on May 15, 1884, and resigned Apr. 1, 1885. He always retained his interest in the National Guard and was trustee and president of the Ninth Regiment Armory Association.

Jan 1, 1922

By R. V. Norris

IRving Ariel Stearns died at his home, 60 South River St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa., on Tuesday morning, Oct. 5, 1920, of pneumonia, after an illness of about a month. In his death, the Wyoming Valley loses one oflits most eminent and best loved citizens, and the loss of so strong a participant in the activities of the Valley will leave a gap most difficult to fill. Despite his more than three score and fifteen years, Mr. Stearns, at the time of his death, was president of the Wilkes-Barre City Hospital, Wyoming National Bank, and the Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, chairman of the Board of the Vulcan Iron Works, and a director of the Spring Brook Water Supply Co., and of the Wilkes-Barre Lace Manufacturing Co. Mr. Stearns came of New England stock, a descendant in the eighth generation of Charles Stearns who was admitted freeman in Watertown in 1646. Irving Ariel Stearns was born Sept. 12, 1845, in Rushville, N. Y., a son of George W. and Miranda (Tufts) Stearns. He was graduated from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute of Troy, N. Y., in the celebrated Class of 1868. After graduation, he was assistant professor of chemistry in charge of the analytical laboratory for a year, then went to Wilkes-Barre in 1869, as engineer in the office of R. P. Rothwell, at that time the leading mining engineer of the region. From 1871 to 1872, he was superintendent of the McNeal Coal & Iron Co. of Schuylkill County, Pa. and in 1872 succeeded to Mr. Rothwell's business when the latter became editor of the Engineering & Mining Journal of New York. From 1872 to 1885, Mr. stearns was in private practice as a mining engineer, handling a great amount of business in the anthracite region, including the building of the bridges at Shickshinny and Pittston, and the surveying and mapping of many of the individually operated mines. His practice extended throughout the country, with numerous examinations and reports upon mining properties in Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Arkansas, Colorado, California, Wyoming, Idaho and Utah; he was responsible for the design and execution of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co.'s great Tifft Farm improvements at Buffalo, N. Y. including canals, docks, coal stocking plant, etc. He was commissioned Quartermaster of the Ninth Regiment, N. G. P., March 29, 1880, was promoted to Major on May 15, 1884, and resigned Apr. 1, 1885. He always retained his interest in the National Guard and was trustee and president of the Ninth Regiment Armory Association.

Jan 1, 1922

Oscar Rohn was born in Jackson, Wis., June 27, 1870. He attended the University of Wisconsin and there gained from Professor Van Hise his inspiration for scientific effort and useful attainment. While a student at Wisconsin he was interested in athletics and was a member of the first eight-oared crew that Wisconsin sent to compete with Eastern crews at Poughkeepsie. He was an instructor in the gymnasium for several years. He received his B. S. in 1895 at Wisconsin, specializing in engineering and geology. 1229

Jan 1, 1924

By Earl Oliver

Page A.I.M.E. Stabilization Committee Activity................. 133 Definition of Capture Rule: Robert E. Hardwicke.......................... 134 Westmoreland Natural Gas Co. vs. DeWitt................ 135 Kelly vs. Ohio Oil Co......................... 135 Bernard vs. Monongahela Gas Co.................... 136 Definition of Ownership in Place..................... 137 Prospective Stabilization Remedies.................... 137 Dean Roscoe Pound's Four Teats of Practicability.............. 137 I. Mechanically Feasible....................... 138 Capture Rule.......................... 138 Ownership in Place....................... 140 Mechanical Separatio.7 Method................. 140 Engineering Appraisal Method................. 141 II. Economically Advisable...................... 143 Capture Rule.......................... 144 Ownership in Place....................... 144 III. Politically Wise.......................... 144 Capture Rule..........................144 Ownership in Place.......................147 IV. Legally Sound..........................148 Capture Rule..........................148 Ownership in Place.......................149 Dean Henry M. Bates' Analysis......................149 Raumé................................152 The A.I.M.E. Stabilization Committee was named in 1932 to ascertain whether some practical substitute could be devised for the Rule of Capture, which was generally credited with being the major cause of instability in the Petroleum Industry. After considerable intercommittee correspondence a letter was received from E. DeGolyer under date of Jan. 25. 1935. in which he discussed the possibility of modifying rather than discarding the Rule of Capture. He summarized his proposal as follows:

Jan 1, 1937