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Edward K. Landis, Philadelphia, Pa.: In studying Mr. Thackray's paper it seemed that a critical comparison of the results from different methods therein reported would he of interest. For this purpose Table I. was constructed by grouping all determinations made by the same method, and the probable errors were calculated. In this table all chemists titrating with permanganate (A1, E, F, G and 0 of Mr. Thackray's paper) are classed under "Emmerton;" those titrating with nitric acid (C, J, S and Y) under " Handy; " those re Probable error of result: a, ±0.0008996; b, ±0.000694; c, ±0.00107; d, ±0.00115; e, ±0.000674; f, ±0.000473; g, ±0.003675; h, ±20.0007959; i,0.000.5098; k, ±0.0008303. Probable error of single determination: a, ±0.001989; b, ±0.001547; c, ±0.00214; d, ±0.0023;e, ±0.00116;f, ±0.000818;g, ±0.0019;h, ±0.00224; i, 40.00143; k, ±0.00234. The formula for calculating the probable error is 0.6745, where N (N— 1)' S is the sum of the squares of the differences from the mean and N is the number of determinations.

Jan 1, 1897

By John H. Harden

In the valuable paper of Mr. Dunbar D. Scott and its varied discussion, on the evolution of mine-surveying instruments, the tripod-head has not received the attention it merits. During the last 50 years this very necessary adjunct to the surveyor's instrument has been much improved. The legs are of better construction; and the devices for laterally moving the instrument over the station-point and for quick leveling, without the use of the screws, have given to the instrument fitted with the modern tripod-head the same facilities possessed by the oldfashioned ball-and-socket, with more perfect accuracy, not attainable in the latter, while saving from 30 to 50 per cent. of the time required for setting the instrument over a station. For the purpose of extending the discussion to this import-

Jan 1, 1902

By V. Niemitz

Approximately 30 miles east of Chicago on the southern shores of Lake Michigan stands Bethlehem Steels newest fully integrated steelmaking facility-the billion dollar Burns Harbor plant. The first phase of what will ultimately be the most completely integrated and flexible materials handling system for a steel mill in the western hemisphere is now complete.

Jan 1, 1970

E. T. Dumble, Houston, Texas (communication to the Sec-retary?):—In addition to the list of publications mentioned by Mr. Schorr and those by Prof. Hofman, I call attention to the following references:— Sludi sulle Lignite, by Capacci. Turin (1890). (An excellent work.) Report of Brown Coal Industry in Germany. J. Cosmo New-berry. Department of Mines, Victoria (1892).

Jan 1, 1905

By F. F. Aplan

For the past year, MBD has been engaged in a lively discussion on a name change for the Division. To complicate things, more than one name change has been proposed! There has been much discussion on the subject, as anyone who has attended the Annual MBD Business Meeting or read [jE] knows. The position of many of our members is well known. There is, however, one group that has not been heard from. These are the future members-the present students and those even younger who are yet to elect our profession. As one who has traversed the academic-industrial interface several times, I think I am qualified to speak for this group. Before going further I think it wise to state unequivocally that our Division should adequately represent our profession. The whole profession is just too small to chop into a plethora of pieces: "I'm not a mineral processing engineer, I'm an ore dresser-well, actually, I specialize in comminution, specifically in grinding, mostly in autogeneous grinding-primary autogeneous grinding that is-and my 'thing' is really iron ores, taconites, mind you!" Enough to confuse even those that keep the faith, and certainly we can't build a profession on such narrow pieces. Either an employer can hire a professional who knows the entire profession or he can't. As more and more companies search out opportunities in the mining and metallurgical fields and as environmental considerations bring into question even our technically well proven processes and procedures, there is a greater need than ever be- fore for a well-rounded mineral processing engineer well versed in all of the process possibilities. What is needed is one who can take an ore-or municipal trash for that matter-and produce there from a valuable product by the most appropriate means. It doesn't really matter if this is done physically, chemically or thermally.

Jan 1, 1971

Spencer Gulf takes off from the Great Australian Bight cutting a 200 mile deep wedge of water into the South Australia coastline. A pale winter sun shines yellowly on the choppy surface of this body of water which is progressively more salty as it approaches Port Augusta at the head of the Gulf. Once Port Augusta thrived as a grain port and the speedy clipper ships began or ended their legendary races there. On the eastern shores of Spencer Gulf, farm land spreads away from the water's edge. The western side of the gulf meets marginal grazing land of acacia tree and salt bush. Part way down the gulf, there are two industrial towns facing each other from opposite shores; Port Pirie on the east and Whyalla on the west. These towns are like half brothers, the common parent being the founders of Broken Hill Pty. Ltd., (BHP) who began lead smelting at Port Pirie and discovered iron ore near Whyalla needed for the lead smelting process. The iron deposits later became the inspiration for BHP's iron and steel business.

Jan 10, 1964

By George H. Hanna

THE importance of the Donets coal field (the Donbas) to the national economy of the Soviet Union is well known. Great as was the significance of this tremendous deposit of coal in prewar days it is destined to become an even greater factor in the economic life of the country now that the tremendous havoc wrought by the Germans is being remedied. Since the war began, new coal fields have been extended; for example output of the Moscow and Karaganda (Kazakhstan) fields has become considerably larger while new mines are producing coal in several parts of Uzbekistan and Kirghizia. The huge West Siberian coal field, the Kuznetsk Basin, is producing more coal than ever before to supply the industries of that region and of the Urals. But so great has been the development of industry to meet war needs, especially in those districts of the Soviet Union that lie to the East of the Urals, that the coal obtained, eked out by such locally-won fuels as peat and wood, is still barely sufficient to meet industrial requirements. The main burden of the coal supply for the restored industries of the West, therefore, will fall on the Donbas.

Jan 1, 1945

By Arthur Notman

DESPITE the tremendous drop in the volume of domestic production of metals, their prices, and profits, the world as a whole has managed to produce and consume nearly as much as in 1937. Measured by production, 1937 was the record year for copper, lead, and zinc. The Copper Institute figures for 1938 (estimating December as equal to November) show that although apparent domestic consumption declined 309,422 tons, foreign consumption increased 133.035 tons. The total for 1938 was 1,971,790 tons compared with 2,148,177 tons for 1937. The domestic decline was 38.5 per cent, the foreign increase 9.9 per cent, and the total decline 8.2 per cent.

Jan 1, 1939

By Geo. W. Bain

PRODUCERS of building stone have had to seek new and attractive uses for their output to supplement the diminished orders for standard products. Lunar is the direct result of the need of new outlets for marble and is. probably the most ingenious and attractive type to reach the market in a quarter of a century. It is a highly translucent stone which retains the same glistening sparkle in transmitted light that marble exhibits by incident rays. This sparkle sets it apart entirely from translucencies made of glass or even onyx, alabaster, and the distinctive exceedingly fine textured calcite marbles produced in Alabama and quarried formerly in northern Vermont and Quebec.

Jan 1, 1936

By Harrison Souder

MAGNETITE mining and milling in the Eastern States showed continuing improvement during the year. Some of the smaller mines remained idle, but the larger operations responded promptly to the improved situation in the iron and steel industry. The output of ore for 1936 was over twice that for 1935. A number of improvements were made in mine plant and equipment, and operating forces were increased and maintained at near normal. The coming year should see additional mines started up and production increased at the larger properties.

Jan 1, 1937

By AIME AIME

COAL preparation will be the main topic discussed at the first fall meeting of the Coal Division at Pittsburgh, Sept. 11, 12 and 13, though valuation, mergers, safety, stream pollution and other topics will not' be neglected. It is particularly appropriate that the great changes taking place in preparing coal for the market should be discussed at length where in the plants of the Pittsburgh Coal Co. and others the opportunity is afforded to see on a large scale just what is being accomplished. In wartime, the United States broke all records in coal production, but, as the late Franklin K. Lane pointed out, every fifth car shipped consisted of dirt. Obviously that constituted a big bur- den on industry and, in the remaking of the business which is now taking place both in the anthracite and bituminous fields, clean coal has properly enough be- come a watchward. Central coal-cleaning plants are being erected as a part answer to the puzzled inquiry of those familiar with metal mining as to why miners of coal have so long been content with what are relatively small units of production. Gradually big collieries comparable in tonnage output to the biggest copper mines are being built, and excellent examples are to be seen near Pittsburgh. Even the age-long tradition of the coal operator in favor of the single shift is

Jan 1, 1930

James DouGlas, New York, N. Y. (communication to the Secretary*):—In my paper on the Conservation of Natural Resources, I referred to the slow replacement of bee-hive ovens by the by-product ovens as a most notable instance of waste. And I quoted from Mr. Parker's report for 1906 an explanation given by him in accounting for the small production of by-product coke. It was that the market for the by-products of the coke-ovens was so limited that some of the ovens constructed were out of operation. His report on the manufacture of coke in 1908' does not record an improvement, and attributes the strange fact that we alone, of all the industrial peoples, delay the adoption of this cardinal improvement from the continuance of the same almost inexplicable cause. To quote again from his report, he says (p. 241): "The year 1908 was not marked by any notable gain in the construction of byproduct coking plants, though some new work was done. There was a net increase

Jan 1, 1910

R. W. Raymond, New Pork City: It seems questionable to me whether Mr. Mezger's identification of the rock-structure he describes, as the Augengneiss of previous authors, is warranted by the definitions given by them. Naumann (1854)t describes Augengneiss as a porphyry-like variety, " which has assumed, by reason of single large kernels or granular concre-

Jan 1, 1896

By H. C. Babbitt

The Effect of Arsenic.—A question involving the temperature of precipitation of ammonium phospho-molybdate, which was brought to my attention some time ago, led to the following experiment :*

Jan 1, 1893

By A. Henry

THE manufacture of wheels of metal for locomotives and cars constitutes an important branch of the iron industry, and one closely related, moreover, to many of the conditions of railway practice, such as speed, safety of passengers, and economy of working. It has been, also, since the introduction of iron roads, a subject of constant study on the part both of engineers of construction and iron manufacturers. The car-wheels at first used in Europe had spokes of wrought iron and a hub of cast iron. Subsequently endeavors were made to make the wheels entirely of wrought iron, by forging successively the different parts which constituted the hub, spokes, and rim. By this treatment the expansion of the heated portions at the last forgings gave rise to interior ruptures in the already cold and finished parts. The metal was thus strained before use, and the wheels broke frequently in service. It was in consequence of these failures, doubtless, that the engineers of this country were led to employ exclusively wheels of cast iron. The railway companies are nevertheless greatly interested in the reduction of the weight of rolling stock, while preserving abundant strength, and by the employment of wrought-iron wheels one may attain this double end if the defects of manufacture which we have just mentioned are avoided. This may be accomplished by making the wheels in such a manner that the different parts are welded at the same time, whereby the interior strains which so frequently give rise to ruptures in wheels successively forged are avoided. This result has been attained by what is known in France as the Arbel process, of which I will give you a short description if you will kindly give me a few minutes' attention. The process may be briefly summed up as follows : A pile of puddled bars of the general form of the wheel to be made is prepared,

Jan 1, 1877

By Adolph Henry

The manufacture of wheels of metal for locomotives and cars constitutes an important branch of the iron industry, and one closely related, moreover, to many of the conditions of railway practice, such as speed, safety of passengers, and economy of working. It has been, also, since the introduction of iron roads, a subject of constant study on the part both of engineers of construction and iron manufacturers. The car-wheels at first used in Europe had spokes of wrought iron and a hub of cast iron. Subsequently endeavors were made to make the wheels entirely of wrought iron, by forging successively the different parts which constituted the hub, spokes, and rim. By this treatment the expansion of the heated portions at the last forgings gave rise to interior ruptures in the already cold and finished parts. The metal was thus strained before use, and the wheels broke frequently in service. It was in consequence of these failures, doubtless, that the engineers of this country were led to employ exclusively wheels of cast iron. The railway companies are nevertheless greatly interested in the reduction of the weight of rolling stock, while preserving abundant, strength, and by the employment of wroughtiron wheels one may attain this double end if the defects of manufacture which we have just mentioned are avoided. This may be accomplished by making the wheels in such a manner that the different parts are welded at the same time, whereby the interior strains which so frequently give rise to ruptures in wheels successively forged are avoided. This result has been attained by what is known in France as the Arbel process, of which I will give you a short description if you will kindly give me a few minutes' attention. The process may be briefly summed up as follows: A pile of puddled bars of the general form of the wheel to be made is prepared,

By EDBIUND U. NORTH

IN making a glass model of mine-workings, each mine will present some little individualities, to meet which will call for the exercise of special ingenuity. Having made several models, I offer the following details of the model of the Montana-Tonopah mine-workings, believing that with small changes for different conditions the method described can be successfully used in making a glass model of the workings of any mine. The model, Fig. 1, has the top, one end, and the front removed. The case is made of kiln-dried pine, painted with several coats of dead-white paint. It is made to take sheets of glass 24 by 42 in. in size, and is 18 in. high, the workings shown being on a scale of 1 in. = 40 ft., or 4800 : 1 scale. The base is made of four pieces of 2-in. material, well pinned and glued together. The back, of material 1 in. thick, is secured rigidly to the base by screws and countersinking. The four posts, 1.5 in. square, are so cut that. the front and two ends of the model fit in flush with the outside edges of the posts. The top rails, 1 in. square, are fastened rigidly to the front and back posts by means of small iron braces. The ends, front, and top of the case are of 0.5-in. material; the ends and front are held in place at the bottom by pegs fitting into the base ; at the top the ends are held by buttons and the front by cupboard-hooks on the inside. Hinged hasps on the cover, fitting over staples in the end-pieces, make it easy to lock the entire case. Before the back is fastened to the base, it is cut with horizontal and vertical grooves to receive the horizontal and vertical sheets of glass, shown clearly in Figs. 1 and 2. The horizontal grooves, spaced to scale, represent the vertical distances between the levels at the shaft. The vertical grooves are placed wherever cross-sections of the workings are desired.

Jan 1, 1910

G. A. Burr, Parral, Chihuahua, Mexico (communication to the Secretaryt): I regret that Mr. Norris did not give more attention to the hoisting of water in inclined shafts or slopes: the only slope mentioned being Hickory Ridge Slope, No. 4, of the Union Coal Co. The surface arrangement, illustrated in Fig. 12 of his paper, if not unpractical, is at least unscientific and cumbersome. It is my opinion that the back- and sideguides shown in Fig. 12 are not only unnecessary where rails are used as a track, but are unsafe, excepting in the case of a very firm hanging-wall, or roof, and sides of vein-matter, having absolutely no tendency, either to settle from the back, or to squeeze from the sides, an effect which would inevitably force the guides out of alignment. The accompanying illustration, Fig. 1, shows what I consider a better method of hoisting water than that described by Mr. Norris. This method is based on the general practice in metalliferous mines of the West, where skips are used in slopes; and, while it is not original with me, I have frequently used it with very satisfactory results for dumping both ore and water.

Jan 1, 1904

By Charles Fettke

IN 1914, the officials of the Brundred Oil Corpn., faced with the problem of introducing new methods to increase production in the old and nearly depleted pools of Venango County, became interested in the Smith-Dunn (Marietta) process which was at that time being tried out in southeastern Ohio and which was already yielding very encouraging results. A license to use the process in Pennsylvania was secured from the owners of the patents. These patents were later declared invalid. The method was first used in Pennsylvania on a property consisting of about 434 acres, of which 300 are productive, at Hamilton Corners, 15 miles northeast of Oil City, in Cherry Tree and Oakland Townships, Venango County. The producing horizon is the First Sand of the Venango Group. A small oil pool was opened up in this vicinity in 1904. By July, 1916, when the compressed air was first introduced to restore pressure, the production had dropped to a point where it was no longer possible to continue profitable operation. From that time until March, 1927, over 100,000 bbl. of oil have been recovered from the tract. The property is being operated at present by the Brundred Oil Corpn. and Lux. The 1926 production, amounting to 10,650 bbl., was only 400 bbl. short of the maximum reached during any year of the 10-year period that the process has been in operation. Inasmuch as the Hamilton Corners pool is the first one in Pennsylvania in which the Marietta process was tried out, and the one in which it has been longest in continuous operation, considerable interest attaches to the results obtained. Through the courtesy of H. D. Brown and W. J: Brundred, officials of the Brundred Oil Corpn., all their data on this operation were made available to the writer in connection with an investigation of rejuvenation methods in the State for the Pennsylvania Geological Survey.

Jan 1, 1928

G. M. TAYLOR,* Colorado Springs, Co1o.-I do not think the plan outlined in this paper would work at Cripple Creek. Most of our men have had a pretty good education. The Cripple Creek district is a lessee district-I do not think there is one mine operating in Cripple Creek to-day that does not have the leasing system. We have as many men leasing on our property as we have mining and every plan who is working for wages is looking for n lease-everyman has mined for him- self, he has been his on7n boss on n lease, either on our own property or

Jan 1, 1919