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By Joshua E. Clayton

This remarkable gold and silver bearing district is situated on the middle fork of Boise River, in Alturas County, Idaho Territory, about eighteen miles north of Rocky Bar, and sixty-five to seventy miles, as the crow flies, east of Boise City, the capital of the Territory. This district lies in the very heart of one of the most wild and mountainous regions of Idaho. For many miles in every direction nothing can be seen but bold granite mountains, with deep narrow gorges cutting into their sides in every direction, rendering them almost inaccessible except to .the hardy mountaineer and adventurous prospector. The mountain sides are covered, in most part, by dense forests of pine, fir, and spruce timber. In every canon there are clear streams of pure running water that empty into the principal forks of Boise River. The only line of approach to this mountainous region at present is from the southwest, by way of Rocky Bar, the county seat of Alturas County, to which place there is a good wagon-road. From thence to Atlanta City, eighteen miles, the road, or pack-trail, passes over the high, steep range that separates the south and middle forks of Boise River. During severe winters this line of approach is closed up by deep snows for months at a time, thus leaving the district isolated, in the bosom of the grand old mountains. The geological formation is granite, of a coarse, friable texture, and in many places is traversed by numerous dikes of syenite, and three or four varieties of porphyry, which cut through the granite in easterly and westerly directions. The metal-bearing reins also have an easterly and westerly trend, bat are occasionally intersected by the dikes. The largest number of the gold and silver lodes are confined to a

By A. S. Eve

This paper gives a brief summary of theory on radiation waves and describes experiments by the United States Bureau of Mines and by the Canadian Geological Survey at the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. Dr. D. A. Keys, Dr. F. W. Lee and the writer did the experimental work, and Dr. L. V. King some of the theoretical work. In prospecting for orebodies underground it is a usual practice to employ a loop of wire carrying an alternating current that induces an electromotive force in good conductors beneath the earth. The conduc-tars are usually of such low resistance and impedance that currents of considerable magnitude may result in these orebodies or conductors, and these currents in turn induce an electromotive force in a detecting coil placed near the surface of the ground. By using amplifiers it is possible so to enhance the effect of this electromotive force in the detecting coil that the currents in the underground conductors are detected in spite of the powerful effects coming directly to the coil from the primary loop. In such cases distance or depth has primary importance, for the effects have to pass down to the orebody and the secondary effects induced therein have again to pass back through the ground to the observer's detection coil on the surface. However, there is another factor to consider—absorption of the electromagnetic disturbances by the intervening soils and rocks. This absorption will vary with their composition. Thus the main factors that determine the possibility of detecting ore underground are: 1. Its depth beneath the surface, 2. The magnitude of the conducting orebody, 3. The excellence of the conductivity of the orebody as compared with that of the surrounding strata, 4. The frequency of the alternating current,

Jan 1, 1932

By B. O. Pickard

WITH more than a score of shafts and numerous stope openings to the surface, all inter-connected underground; with underground temperatures high, often exceeding 100° wet bulb; with an ore presenting a dust health-hazard; with certain rocks giving off inert gases; with an altitude of 6000 ft. above the sea level and a dry desert climate, the Tonopah mines offered an interesting, problem to the student of metal-mine ventilation. Tonopah is not an old mining district relatively speaking. It was discovered in 1900 and Tonopah soon was a boom camp. By 1910 the mines of this district had paid many millions of dollars in dividends. At the time of the 1921 ventilation study, mining had passed its peak of production and the operators were striving to reduce costs, to discover new ore bodies, and to attract desirable workmen. In 1925, the camp was operating on a still less prosperous basis, but the several managements had not relaxed in their efforts to keep the mines on a paying basis, neither had they lost their faith in the ability of the mines and the price of the silver to "come back." Early in the fall of 1921 the Bureau of Mines was invited by the mine operators at Tonopah, Nevada, to make a detailed study of the under-ground air conditions in the Tonopah silver district. D. Harrington,? who was then directly supervising the ventilation studies of the bureau, detailed district engineer B. 0. Pickard, mining engineer E. D. Gardner, surgeon C. E. Kindall, and petrographer H. Insley to carry on the study. G. S. Rice, as chief mining engineer of the Bureau of Mines, was in general charge of the work. Upon the completion of the study each operator was furnished a report on conditions in his mine.

Jan 2, 1927

Such are the rigors of climate and topography of western Tasmania, that much of the area has remained uninhabited. The mountains, rising to peaks above 5000 ft high, receive the winds out of the west and precipitate 110 in. of rainfall a year on this coast. The drenched forests have a primordial look with such unfamiliar trees as the tru-sassafras, blackwood, cheesewood, ti tree, and man tree ferns. Prospectors speak of the "horizontals," trees which, in the dense foliage, grow out flat. When the explorer climbs over them he does not come back to the ground but continues forward on dense vegetation with the ground many feet below. Gold was discovered by the intrepid prospectors of the late nineteenth century and stamp mills were erected in the vicinity of Zeehan and Queenstown. At Mount Lyell, mining began for gold in the ironstone capping. The familiar story, of course, is that copper was found beneath the gossan and it was this mineralization that lead to permanent mining operations. Two companies began mining at Mount Lyell and their history from 1893 to 1902 was marked by an unreasonable competitiveness, human perversity and technical difficulties. The North Lyell and Mount Lyell companies were mining copper ores within one mile of each other separated only by a ridge. Each company built its own railroad and harbor. For six years of struggle both companies tried to work out the metallurgical problem which was the key to profit. Although they didn't know it, the two ores were complimentary and could have been smelted together. North Lyell ore was strong in silica and weak in iron, whereas Mount Lyell was fortunate in having a first-class metallurgist in Robert Sticht, from Brooklyn, N. Y., who in 1902 successfully achieved pyritic smelting without the use of carbon fuel.

Jan 10, 1964

By V. W. Buys, R. E. Havener

11.3-1. Basic Principles. Communications systems available for application to surface mining operations can be divided into basic categories. These are: 1. Wired systems requiring some type of metallic conductor 2. Nonwired systems, or those commonly referred to as space-radio systems. Under the heading of wired systems, telephones of the ringer type utilizing magnetos were used in the early pit operations. These are still being used in underground mining operations where calling is accomplished by ringing a code made up of short and long rings. While the standard Bell Telephone Systems have not been applied extensively in underground mining, they have been used in open pit operations but have the disadvantage of using multiple pair cables which must be installed and maintained as the mining operations proceed. They have the advantage however, that when a Bell System is installed in a surface mining operation, communication is available not only within the operation but to any point in the world through the facilities of the world-wide Bell Systems. A second type of communication available is the audio system or public address system requiring the use of a special audio cable made up of shielded pairs for the loudspeaker and microphone circuits. Audio systems have one outstanding advantage over most telephone systems in that, with a high-powered amplifier, a paging call can be heard over and above the high ambient noise conditions usually found at a surface mining operation. However, they have the disadvantage of requiring special cable which must be installed and maintained. Another type of wired communication system available for surface mining is that of carrier frequency equipment similar to that used in underground mining operations. In this system, transmission is accomplished by means of a frequency modulated carrier that travels over the underground trolley wire, the rail on which locomotives travel, and adjacent telephone wires.

Jan 1, 1968

By John C. Smock

The ten years, 1879 to 1888, inclusive, have been notable in the history of iron-making for the great rise during the latter part of 1879 and the earlier half of 1880; for the maximum of production in 1882 ; for the gradual decline and the reduced product through 1883,1884 and nearly to the end of 1885; then, for the recovery through- 1886 and 1887; and the extraordinary outputs of our iron furnaces during the last three years. The price of pig-iron might be taken as an index to the condition of the iron-mining industry, and if represented graphically, they would shorn approximately parallel curves. The mining industry cannot always respond quickly to a rise in price and an increased demand for ore; nor can its production drop simultaneously with sudden falls in price of iron and of ore. Hence, the irregularities of the one are not reflected in the other. The statistics of the iron mines collected by the United States census, for the year ending June 30, 1880, exhibit admirably their condition at that time. The reports received from mine owners and managers, of the production for the year 1888, furnish the basis for a comparison and supply data for some notes on the changes in the iron-mining industry in New York which have taken place in this period of time. The iron-ores of New York may be grouped in the following districts: I. The Highlands of the Hudson (magnetites). II. The Lake Champlain and Adirondack Region (magnetites). III. St. Lawrence and Jefferson Counties (red hematites). IV. Clinton and Wayne Counties (fossil-ores of the Clinton Group). V. Dutchess and Colnmbia Counties (limonites). VI. The Hudson River (carbonates). VII. Staten Island (limonites). The ores of the first and second districts, as enumerated, are almost exclusively magnetites; those of the third and fourth are hematites;

Jan 1, 1889

By James Douglas

I had the good fortune to visit the Stockholm Exposition just before its close in October last, and to get a glimpse of the methods used in Sweden in making the wonderful steel and iron for which its furnaces are so famous. My time and opportunities for observation were limited, but some points which I noted may be worth bringing to the notice of the Institute. The Exposition itself was confined to the natural and artificial products of Scanclinavia, and therefore iron and steel held a very prominent place in it. There was a complete collection of the rocks and ores of the Peninsula made by the Geological Survey; and every iron-mine of note exhibited a glass model of its workings, as well as classified specimens, accompaniecl by thorough analyses of the ores. Another feature of interest was the display of models of the old mining-machinery, in the invention and introduction of which Sweden led the way, and of the old and new surveying-instruments and compasses devised for the exploration of the Swedish iron-ore bodies, all of which are more or less magnetic. The magnetometric collection and exhibit of methods of operation made by Prof. Nordestrijm were supremely instructive. The larger metallurgical works, such as those of the Kopparberg and Sandvik companies, exhibited their wares in separate pavilions, in which crude and manufactured objects were arranged most eflectively and tastefully; while the smaller companies erected in the Industrial Arts Building trophies, every one of which was an object of beauty. One was struck on all sides by the fine asthetic feeling exhibited in the ingenious installation of materials and objects not easily lending themselves to artistic treatment. Hammers, picks and drill-steel were grouped into mural designs which it was a delight to look at.

Jan 1, 1899

ANDES, lying south of Chuquicamata and north of Braden on the western slope of Chile's cordillera, can best be described as a big well-managed copper-mining enterprise without any peculiarly outstanding features. In point of copper produced, since output started in 1927, it ranks fifth among the Porphyries, being exceeded only by its two Chilean contemporaries and by Utah Copper and Morenci in the United States. Even so, there is little to distinguish it from other properties. It does not have the phenomenally rich ore (better than 2 per cent copper) that characterizes Braden; and it is not in the same class as Chuquicamata whose ore has the excellent tenor of around 1.7 per cent, nor has it Chuqui's immense tonnage of proven ore reserves and potential ore resources. One might say the operations are standard in that there are no basic or radical departures from established practice. A letter from New York supplying me with sundry pertinent facts for which I had asked, makes this comment regarding the answer to one inquiry: "omitted because it is the ordinary equipment found in any well-run mine." The substance of that remark applies generally to the other operations, plants, and facilities. One interesting fact that helps explain this situation should not be overlooked. Until the "new" Morenci in 1942, Andes was the last of the Porphyry copper mines to come into production. It did not do much pioneering because other companies had, of necessity, charted the way in many particulars. The company was organized by the Anaconda Copper interests in 1916 to take over a, group of claims held under option by William Braden who, a few years earlier, had interested

Jan 1, 1957

By Erwin Zodrow, De Verle P. Harris

The Smallwood mine, owned and operated by the Iron Ore Co. of Canada, is one of the largest ore producers in Canada, producing about 15 million tons of crude ore per year. Located in the Labrador Trough near, Labrador City, Newfoundland, the open-pit operation has ore consisting chiefly of specular-hematite, with some magnetite. The magnetite content of the ore as a mineral percentage is small, but it is of considerable importance in ore grading because of its effect upon milling. Being harder than specular-hematite, magnetite increases grinding time and milling costs. Specifically, higher grade magnetite (greater than 15%) usually occurs as fine grains in a fine grained siliceous rock matrix (also as larger octahedra in carbonate bands). This tends to increase the overall breaking strength in the crude ore; consequently, the hourly mill rate and the weight recovery decrease. At the same time, because of its relatively high iron content, the magnetite does contribute to the amount of iron in a block of ore. Were the concentration of the magnetite relatively constant, its presence would be of less consequence, for appropriate adjustments could be made in the milling operations. However, the quantity of magnetite present for any run of ore varies considerably; it is the magnetite prediction for a block of ore that constitutes the greatest problem in grading. THE PRESENT ORE GRADING METHOD Ore for the Smallwood mine is graded by a computerized block grading routine (using 50 x 50 x 45-ft blocks) that applies simple weighted (inverse-distance) averaging to ore grades. The results of the block grading program are not reliable with respect to magnetite concentration. Factors responsible for this poor estimation are (1) the structural setting of the deposit, and (2) mineralogical relationships. Neither of these general factors are given adequate consideration by present methods.

Jan 8, 1967

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

1. THE SCIENCE OF MINERALOGY treats of those inorganic species called minerals, which together in rock masses or in isolated form make up the material of the crust of the earth, and of other bodies in the universe so far as it is possible to study them in the form of meteorites. 2. Definition of a Mineral. - A Mineral is a body produced by the proc¬esses of inorganic nature, having a definite chemical composition and, if formed under favorable conditions, a certain characteristic molecular structure which is exhibited in its crystalline form and other physical properties. This definition calls for some further explanation. First of all, a mineral must be a homogeneous substance, even when minutely examined by the microscope; further, it must have a definite chemical composition, capable of being expressed by a chemical formula. Thus, much basalt appears to be homogeneous to the eye, but when examined under the microscope . in thin sections it is seen to be made up of different substances, each having characters of its own. Again, obsidian, or volcanic glass, though it may be essentially homogeneous, has not a definite composition corresponding to a specific chemical formula, and is hence classed as a rock, not as a mineral species. Further, several substances, as tachylyte, hyalome¬lane, etc., which at one time passed as minerals, have been relegated to petrology, because it has been shown that they are only local forms of basalt, retaining an apparently homogeneous form due to rapid cooling. Again, a mineral has in all cases a definite molecular structure, unless the conditions of formation have been such as to prevent this, which is rarely true. This molecular structure, as will be shown later, manifests itself in the physical characters and especially in the external crystalline form.

Jan 1, 1922

By John Porter

THE requirements of the standard specifications under which Portland cement is sold have materially increased within the past 10 years, but practically all companies are now furnishing cement better than these requirements; in some cases exceeding them by nearly 100 per cent. From a sales standpoint, it is desirable to have a product that is uniform to a high degree and free from occasional quality troubles. A failure in quality, even if it affects only a few hundred barrels out of a yearly output of a million or more, is apt to be talked about in the trade and to affect the salability of the entire output. For these reasons, there has recently been great activity along the lines of quality control and improvement; and some of the most interesting problems of the industry are in this field. From the manufacturing standpoint, the quality of cement is chiefly a matter of uniform and proper chemical composition of the raw mix fed to the kilns plus proper burning in the kilns; the fineness to which the cement is ground, the proportions of gypsum, the method of seasoning, and the like are contributory factors. Uniform chemical composition of the raw mix has been one of the most difficult problems to solve. Most plants will use from 1000 to 3000 tons of rock per day and in but few cases is this material as it lies in the quarry even approximately uniform in composition. The problem, then, is to quarry and mix this raw material in such a manner that every handful passing through the kilns will have practically the same analysis as every other handful. To accomplish this purpose there are two methods of preparation: the wet process and the dry.

Jan 1, 1925

By Henry Howe

(New York Meeting, February, 1913.) THE transformation which steel undergoes in glow cooling, from the condition of austenite when above the transformation range into that of pearlite plus either ferrite or cementite below that range, is subject to great lag. This transformation is essentially the pearlitizing of the austenite. Indeed the hardening of steel is due to this lag, which is made so great by extremely rapid cooling that a very large part of the transformation itself is restrained, so that the rapid cooling catches the metal in an only partly transformed state, that of martensite, and under favorable conditions even in an almost wholly untransformed state, as in the cases of Maurer's austenitic manganese steel. Hadfield's austenitic manganese steel, 25 per cent. nickel steel, and other austenitic alloy steels, are austenitic even after slow cooling. It has long been known that this- lag increases (1) with the rapidity of cooling, (2) with the presence of certain retarding elements, notably manganese and nickel, and (3) with the temperature from which cooling starts. The present inquiry touches the last. of these influences, but incidentally it throws light on the first also. This influence of higher heating in increasing lag manifests itself in different ways which, though they may at first seem unrelated, are in fact but different, aspects of one and the same thing. Thus, among heatings to different high temperatures, all of them above the transformation range, the higher the temperature to which the steel is heated (1) the lower is the temperature it which the transformation occurs in cooling slowly down, (2) the shorter is the time occupied in the actual cooling from above the transformation range to the room temperature under given external conditions, whether of slow or

Jan 3, 1913

By M. A. Mallinger

A series of laboratory tests was conducted to determine the limits of practicability in regulating the weights of various cement slurries. It was found that slurry weights of 12 to 19 lb per gallon could be obtained by adding bentonite to decrease the weight and barytes ore to increase the weight. It was also found that barytes ore was not usable in all cements. LIGHTWEIGHT CEMENT SLURRIES INTRODUCTION During the drilling and completion of oil wells the magnitude of the hydraulic pressures exerted on certain formations is critical. In many cases considerable care must be exercised to prevent drilling mud weights from becoming too high, and in those wells where loss of circulation is a problem, the use of normal weight cement slurries will generally result in lost returns during casing cementing operations. While mud weights can easily be controlled, it is necessary to exercise care in the selection of weight reducing additives for cement slurries in order that slurry weights may be reduced sufficiently to prevent the loss of a large portion of the cement to the thief formations without seriously affecting the setting properties of the cement. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS An extensive search revealed that a large number of materials .that might have been otherwise practicable as a weight reducing additive were not acceptable for use with oil we cements because the imposition of pressure on the slurries caused the additive being tested to be compressed or to absorb water from the slurries, resulting in negligible decrease in the slurry weight. This search for lightweight additives disclosed that bentonite, a material very commonly used for reducing the weight of drilling muds and cements, produced the best results without undue harmful effects on the properties of oil well cements. It was found that there was a limit to the amount of benton-

Jan 1, 1950

By Brigitta Hassler

INTRODUCTION In the early 1960's research was begun in Sweden to improve the agglomeration of our domestic iron ore concentrates (5). Different agglomeration methods that were used in the building material industry were studied under the economic support from the Swedish Technical Council, the Swedish Board of Technical Development and by the Swedish industry. The research work was performed at the Division of Mineral Processing at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. All known agglomeration methods were reviewed and the methods were developed to produce superior quality agglomerates (6). The term cold bonding (in contrast to sintering) was introduced to describe the induration operation in these processes and this has been accepted internationally. Even though we used it mostly for steam autoclaving methods, it has come to describe a class of processes that use binding methods by pore filling. Schumacher in Germany discovered around 1907 that a strong material can be produced by mixing slaked lime with fine ground quartz and subjecting to a steam atmosphere under pressure at about 185ºC. This started development of lime-sandstone building materials and later on, in Sweden, the light-weight concrete. Schumacher also used the same reaction for briquetting iron ore concentrates by adding silica and lime, and autoclaving. The product seems to have been accepted for blast furnace burden and the process was used on an industrial scale until the 1920's. The sintering method has a small melting phase as diffusion medium and in the steam-autoclaving method a small quantity of water condensate at about 200°C serves the same purpose. Thus the induration process by the hydrothermal hardening methods is similar to that of sintering or heat treatment.

Jan 1, 1977

By A. L. Field

WOOLSEY McA. JOHNSON, Hartford, Conn. (written discussion).¬When ;we regard the number of British thermal units running into the billions that-must be applied to metallurgical slags in the United States, we cannot but conclude that the physical chemistry of-slags is a very important subject when measured in dollars and cents. A further contemplation of the subject shows us that it has been hitherto treated in too purely a practical manner. It is needless to comment at length on the cost of these heat units and on the cost of fluxes to produce these metallurgical slags, for, it amounts to tens of millions of dollars annually. Accordingly, this research is of value to the country. But we must,all balance our results against our efforts. Therefore, while the speaker is unwilling to criticise unduly this meritorious research, lie does criticise it in the interest of the profession for the reason that it seems to him too highly theoretical. The article is much too, scientific to produce results at a minimum cost. Let us explain our meaning. It has been said that there are always two sides to a question. It may be further said that there are always three sides to a question, the two extremes and the middle ground. In any industrial research there are the highly theoretical side, the purely practical side, and the theoretico-practical side. To study a slag and be practical in the studying, there is something needed that represents in the laboratory (or in microcosm) what actually happens macrocosmically in the blast furnace. There is such a thing as the art of metallurgical research occupying the middle ground between theory and practice.

Jan 4, 1917

By R. H. Sweetser

At the Buffalo meeting in October, 1898 (Trans., xxviii., 865), our Secretary, Dr. Raymond, in speaking of the obstacles he had encountered in securing contributions to the Transactions from members in practice, said : " It is the disinclination of many members to communicate incomplete or partial or preliminary results. They are going to write, ' some day,' a thorough and monumental paper; and meanwhile they prefer to communicate nothing.... It is the difficulty to which I have just referred that I have encountered in a wide correspondence with members, undertaken for the purpose of securing contributions of fact and opinion concerning the special subject of this discussion.... Almost none of them seem to recognize the value of preliminary, incomplete and indecisive reports of practice, as laying the foundation for a thorough' inquiry." This remark was made in immediate reference to a discussion concerning blast-furnace tuyeres; but, notwithstanding this appeal from the Secretary, little has been recorded regarding the distribution, the penetration, and the pressure of the blast at the tuyeres and inside the iron blast-furnace. I am therefore encouraged to contribute the following incomplete and crude observations of the blast-pressure inside the hearth. At the suggestion of J. H. Frantz, the general manager of the Columbus Iron & Steel Go., a test was made at the East furnace of the company to determine whether there was any difference in blast-pressure at the different tuyeres. The apparatus used for this test was not sensitive enough to give accurate results. It consisted of a small pressure-gauge mounted on a 3/8-in. gas-pipe. A hollow plug, fitting into the peep-hole of the tuyere-cap, prevented the blast from blowing-out during the test. The test-pipe was held in place by means of the handle on the outer end.

Jan 1, 1910

By James Norman, Oliver C. Ralston

DIATOMACEOUS earth occurs in deposits widely distributed throughout the nation. The chief producing areas are in the Western States, where many high-grade deposits are known. Eastern deposits of diatomite are unsatisfactory for many purposes either because of impurity or because of the extremely fine particle size. Eastern users of diatomite, on the whole, must pay for transportation of the material from the west coast. The freight rate is necessarily high because of the great bulk of the diatomite. A satisfactory process of purifying the diatomaceous earths of Maryland and Virginia, which are unsuited for wide use only because of impurities, should be of value to eastern users. In the past, benefication of diatomite by wet processes has been limited to classification or sedimentation for the removal of sand from diatoms. Calcination with salt is used to produce a white diatomite when iron is present in the impurities, and small amounts of clay are rendered inactive in the process. No treatment has been developed whereby a large proportion of clay can be removed from a low-grade diatomaceous earth to give a diatomite of very high purity. In August 1937 the Federal Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with Dr. R. C. Williams, of Baltimore, undertook the problem of purifying low-grade Maryland diatomite by Froth flotation. Work was done at the Eastern Experiment Station, College Park. Unless otherwise stated, the crude diatomite used was from the Patuxent River deposits near Dunkirk. This material, consisting of roughly one-third each or clay, quartz sand and diatoms, was representative of the usual low-grade marine diatomite found in the Coastal Plain Miocene beds of Maryland and Virginia and sporadically in other Atlantic coast states. As received, it contained 50 to 60 per cent moisture and probably had been wet since its formation.

Jan 1, 1942

W. ROWLAND Cox,* New York, N. Y. (written discussion?).-The process described by Mr. Malcolmson undoubtedly represents a great stride toward conservation of our natural resources. Without discussing the subject from an economic standpoint, I wish further to emphasize the fundamental principles of the Smith process in order that its economic value may be fully appreciated. The process is essentially a means of producing an ideal fuel, as regards its combustion qualities, by the removal of the so-called volatile matter from the coal, in the form of byproducts, which have value for other purposes far in excess of their fuel value. In other words, coals which contain. large amounts of gas, tar, and ammonia, and are not suitable for domestic or industrial fuel, or for treatment in byproduct coke ovens or gas retorts; because they possess poor coking qualities, can he prepared for commercial use by the. Smith process with a very high degree of efficiency. Much work has been done along this line, both in this country and in Europe, in developing a means of preparing coal, as the economic advantages have long been recognized. To the best of my knowledge, the Smith process is the only one that has proved its commercial adaptability. Distillation of coal at 900° to 1000° F. (480° to 540° C.) yields a large amount of tar and oils. The residue of the distillation, however, is a very friable semi-coke, wholly unsuitable for use as a fuel, unless it can be charged directly into a byproduct gas producer. The problem which confronted the inventor was then to convert this carbon residue into a commercial product, and it is in this step that the Smith process has overcome the obstacles which prevented a number of other methods from becoming commercially practicable.

Jan 10, 1918

By Rossiter W. Raymond

The formal outline of Mr. Hague's life and work is embraced in the following statement, chiefly based upon data furnished by him, at my request, shortly before his death. At that time the probability that I would survive to record his death was apparently small; but I urged upon him the duty of providing, whether for me or for my successor as Secretary of the Institute, trustworthy material for the notice which somebody would some day have to write—and which might otherwise be incomplete or incorrect. Mr. Hague, with characteristic promptness and freedom from affectation, did what I asked of him; and I am therefore able to present an authoritative sketch—concerning the details of which I shall add my own comments, and some particulars obtained from friends. James Duncan Hague was born Feb. 24, 1836, at Boston, Maes., where his father, Rev. William Hague, D.D.,an eminent clergyman, then resided. After a preliminary education in private schools, he studied in 1854 at the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University; in 1855 and 1856 at the University of Göttingen, Hanover; and from 1856 to 1858 at the Royal Mining Academy of Freiberg, Saxony. In 1859-1861 he was attached as chemist to a South Sea exploring expedition, sent by W. H. Webb, of New York, to examine Jarvis, Baker, and other islands for phosphate-deposits. After the outbreak of the Civil War, he entered the U. 5. Navy, serving for a year as Judge Advocate to the fleet stationed at Port Royal, S. C. In 1863 he became Superintendent of the Albany and Boston copper-mine, in the Lake Superior region, where he was also connected with the earliest development of the Calumet and Hecla property. In 1867 he became the First Assistant Geologist in Clarence King's famous Exploration of

Jan 1, 1909

By Fred T. Greene

(San Francisco Meeting, September, 1915) MOST of. the recent discussion of the mineral land law published in the Transactions is in the abstract-an exception being Mr. Goodale's paper, The Apex Law in the Drumlummon Controversy,1 which illustrates in concrete instances many of the practical disadvantages of what Dr. Raymond has. called "The Law of the Apex." The present paper, it is hoped, may serve a similar purpose, emphasizing the necessity for a change in our mining laws, and bringing home to mining engineers some of the defects and dangers of our present code. There are many storm centers of "apex litigation" in the Rocky Mountains; and not the least of them is the Wardner camp, where such litigation has been almost continuous since 1892, and the end is not yet. In their decisions, the courts have accepted the claims of the litigants that the " Wardner vein" is a broad zone varying from 250 to 500 ft. in width at the surface. This is the simplest theory which could have been advanced, and probably decreased, rather than augmented, the number of contests; in fact, every one of the claim owners seemed to feel that the greatest advantage would accrue to him if this theory were adhered to. The dominant structural feature of the Wardner vein is a persistent fault, striking N. 40° W., clipping about 40° to the southwest and called the "Wardner foot wall." Fig. 1 is a composite of two adjacent cross-sections of the vein and is a fair representation of the relative size and shape of the orebodies and their relation to the "Wardner foot wall." The country rock is a comparatively thin-bedded sericitic quartzite which has an average strike of N. 80° W. and clips at high angles to the north and south.

Jan 5, 1915