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By Brandon H. Grove

The rapid development of the Budafa-Puszta field during 1938 advanced Hungary a considerable distance along the road to self-sufficiency in domestic crude-oil supplies. Seven wells were completed in the field during the year, at depths averaging 4100 ft., and there have been no dry holes. Initial productions have ranged from 150 to about 400 bbl. per day. At the end of the year daily average production amounted to about 1400 bbl., which is equivalent to 33 per cent of Hungary's daily internal consumption. Production increased somewhat in the Government-controlled oil field at Bükkszek, also discovered in 1937, but nothing occurred to alter previous indications that this field would be capable of only relatively insignificant development. A further test of the Miocene-Oligorcene basin containing the Bükkszek field is being made by a well now drilling

Jan 1, 1939

Iraq Petroleum Co. together have produced more than 2,000,000 bbl. from all areas since 1927, most has been returned to the reservoir through the wells. Iraq Petroleum Company's small skimming plant at kirkuk supplies its operating requirements. Drilling Operations The Iraq Petroleum Co., since 1930, has discontinued exploratory drilling and concentrated on the exploitation of the Kirkrik field preparatory to filling its 84,000 bbl. pipe line. Drilling operations are on schedule and the I.P.C. expects to have its initial producing wells ready to turn into the line by April of this year. The Mosul Oil Fields Ltd., holding company of all the shares in the British Oil Development Co., after acquiring the "West Tigris Concession" in May, 1932, has completed a geological survey of its 46,000 square miles and is entering upon an exploratory drilling program with three cable-tool rigs. Petroleum in Iraq Transferred Territories in 1933* The Khanaqin Oil Co., which operates the Naft Khaneh field in the so-called Transferred Territories, has continued to supply the Iraq market with petroleum products during the period under review. The output of it's refinery at Alwand during the past three fiscal years ending March 31 has been as follows:

Jan 1, 1934

There have been no major field developments during 1935. Operations have proceeded normally on the company's three producing fields, Masjid-i-Sulaiman, Haft Kel and Naft-i-Shah. The refinery at Kermanshah was commissioned in September, 1935, with a rated throughput capacity of 75,000 tons a year of topped crude to meet local requirements. Crude production from the Masjid-i-Sulaiman and Haft Kel fields is tabulated below: Masjid-i-Sulaiman Field.—The flowing lives of wells have been extended by (I) a process of acid treatment, thereby reducing the bottom-hole pressure differentials, and (2) by reducing the back-pressure. Optimum producing conditions for individual wells have been determined as a result of an experimental study of the amount of available energy in the reservoir crude and of energy losses in flowing wells. The return of surplus products to the reservoir has continued to be a satisfactory economic operation and the crude throughput capacity of the topping plant has been increased. The viscosity of residue returned to the reservoir is reduced before injection by regassing at 35 lb. per sq. in. absorption pressure with surplus gas. The pressure in the gas dome is falling at the low rate of one pound per annum. Haft Kel Field.—The delimitation of the main structure has proceeded; the oil-bearing area so far proved being about 50 square miles.

Jan 1, 1936

There have been no major field developments during 1935. Operations have proceeded normally on the company's three producing fields, Masjid-i-Sulaiman, Haft Kel and Naft-i-Shah. The refinery at Kermanshah was commissioned in September, 1935, with a rated throughput capacity of 75,000 tons a year of topped crude to meet local requirements. Crude production from the Masjid-i-Sulaiman and Haft Kel fields is tabulated below: Masjid-i-Sulaiman Field.—The flowing lives of wells have been extended by (I) a process of acid treatment, thereby reducing the bottom-hole pressure differentials, and (2) by reducing the back-pressure. Optimum producing conditions for individual wells have been determined as a result of an experimental study of the amount of available energy in the reservoir crude and of energy losses in flowing wells. The return of surplus products to the reservoir has continued to be a satisfactory economic operation and the crude throughput capacity of the topping plant has been increased. The viscosity of residue returned to the reservoir is reduced before injection by regassing at 35 lb. per sq. in. absorption pressure with surplus gas. The pressure in the gas dome is falling at the low rate of one pound per annum. Haft Kel Field.—The delimitation of the main structure has proceeded; the oil-bearing area so far proved being about 50 square miles.

Jan 1, 1936

By Charles W. Carter, Alfred H. Bell

In 1943, Illinois produced 82,256,000 bbl. of oil, or 5.5 per cent of the total for the United States, and ranked sixth in the nation in oil production. This represents a decline of 23 per cent from 1942, when the total Illinois production was 106,ggo,o~~ bbl. and Illinois ranked fifth. The daily average production for 1943 was approximately 225,000 bbl. Daily averages by months were as follows: Jan......... 238,000 July......... 218,000 Feb......... 240,000 Aug......... 216,000 Mar......... 237,qoo Sept........ 220,ooo Apr......... 230,000 Oct......... 220,000 May....... 221,000 Nov......... 223,000 June......; . 222,000 Dec......... z18,ooo This shows that most of the decline during the year took place between March and May, and that for the last eight months of 1943 production has been essentially steady. This means that there has been enough production from new wells drilled to balance the natural decline of the Older wells. The trends of drilling and production are shown in Fig. I and Table 3.

Jan 1, 1944

By Alfred H. Bell, Charles W. Carter

In 1943, Illinois produced 82,256,000 bbl. of oil, or 5.5 per cent of the total for the United States, and ranked sixth in the nation in oil production. This represents a decline of 23 per cent from 1942, when the total Illinois production was 106,ggo,o~~ bbl. and Illinois ranked fifth. The daily average production for 1943 was approximately 225,000 bbl. Daily averages by months were as follows: Jan......... 238,000 July......... 218,000 Feb......... 240,000 Aug......... 216,000 Mar......... 237,qoo Sept........ 220,ooo Apr......... 230,000 Oct......... 220,000 May....... 221,000 Nov......... 223,000 June......; . 222,000 Dec......... z18,ooo This shows that most of the decline during the year took place between March and May, and that for the last eight months of 1943 production has been essentially steady. This means that there has been enough production from new wells drilled to balance the natural decline of the Older wells. The trends of drilling and production are shown in Fig. I and Table 3.

Jan 1, 1944

The following table summarizes the information on the Hurghada field. which is still the major producing field in Egypt. Age of field to end of 1937. years..................... 24 Producing area for gas and oil. acres.................. 1.050 Babbels Total oil production to end of 1937................... 30.188.500 Total oil production during 1936..................... 1.219.406 Total oil production during 1937..................... 1.141.230 Average oil production per acre to end of 1937.......... 28.750 Average oil production per acre-foot to end of 1937.... 2.359 Daily average production (Nov. 1937)................ 3.162 Daily average production per well (Nov. 1937)........ 41.88 MillionB Cu. Ft. Total gas production (Aug. 1925 to end of 1937)....... 4,189 Total gas production during 1936.................... 281 Total gas production during 1937.................... 222.5 Maximum daily average in 1937 (July)............... 0.7 Number of producing wells completed to end of 1937... 97 Number of producing wells completed during 1937..... 3 Number of wells abandoned during 1937.............. 1 Producing wells at end of 1937....................... 78= Total number abandoned wella at end of 1937......... 19 Total number dry wells at end of 1937................ 20 Average depth of bottom of producing horizon, ft...... 1,720 Average depth of top of producing horizon, ft.......... 1,598 Character of oil, approximate average in 1937: gravity at 60" F., 0.900; base, mixed. Character of gas, approximate average during 1937: gallons gasoline per 1,000 cu. ft., 6.9. Producing rock (main): Nubian (?) sandstone. Cretaceous (?); character, sand rock and sandstone. 1 Figures were given in E. tons. A conversion factor of 6.98, based on 0.900 sp. gr., was used to obtain the number of barrels.—Ed. *All pumping.

Jan 1, 1938

By Guillermo Hileman

In March the President approved the new oil bill, .which became effective as Law No. 12161, providing among other things a contribution or tax on all producers varying from 8 to 12 per cent payable monthly. The new regulations, for chapter VI bearing on the tax feature, of this

Jan 1, 1936

By Guillermo Hileman

In March the President approved the new oil bill, .which became effective as Law No. 12161, providing among other things a contribution or tax on all producers varying from 8 to 12 per cent payable monthly. The new regulations, for chapter VI bearing on the tax feature, of this

Jan 1, 1936

By C. P. Williams

THE lead-bearing area of Missouri has been subdivided, geographically, into the Southeastern, the Central, and the Southwestern

Jan 1, 1877

By William B. Hughes

The rubber-sleeve core barrel was developed to improve core recovery from unconsolidated sands, where it is most difficult to obtain cores with conventional barrels. The use of a rubber-sleeve core retainer, together with other departures from clsual design, has required a considerable amount of testing to prove its op-erability. Tests run in shallow experimental holes and in drilling wells in the U. S. and Vemzuela have, to a large extent, proved the operation of the barrel. Internal mechanism troubles, such as sandbinding of the sleeve, have been largely overcome. Cores have been recovered from completely unconsolidated sands where conventional coring has almost been abandoned because of poor recovery. In addition to retaining the core until brought to the surface, the barrel gives a "packaged-ar-cut" core, which is coilverzient for handling and transportatiorz. In the initial work, drag blade cutters, roller cutters, and tungsten carbide insert cutters were usrd for cutting unconsolidated sands. Further bit head development is presently being conducted using diamond heads in unconsolidated sands where shaler, hard sands, and limestones are encountered in adjacent formations. Thir work should render the barrel capable of cratting and recovering most types of formations, possibly including broken and frac- tured fornlations. This development is being carried on in cooperation with a diamond bit manufacturer. INTRODUCTIO N For many years the oil industry has needed greater recovery of cores from unconsolidated formations. Conventional equipment has been used to core unconsolidated sands with little success. Specifically, a core barrel was needed which would recover unconsolidated sands in a condition that would give useful reservoir information. DEVELOPMENT OF 'THE RUBBER-SLEEVE CORE BARREL Basic Requirements of Unconsolidated Sand Corino The basic need was defined as a core barrel that would obtain a continuous unconsolidated core with sand grains in place as deposited in the formation. A preliminary survey of coring equipment and search of the literature pointed out the weaknesses of conventional core barrels. Laboratory tests using unconsolidated sand in a metal tube simulated actual sand movement into the core barrel during conventional coring. In conventional barrels the core sometimes crumbles and bridges, or fails under compressive column action, becomes oversize, and wedges against the walls of the inner barrel. The core barrel requirements established by the surveys and preliminary tests are as follows. 1. The core should be held to- gether as it is cut so it cannot crumble and bridge against the walls of the coring tool, care being taken not to permit damage from fluid circulation. 2. The core should be continuously supported as it is cut so it will not have to support itself in compression. 3. The core should be packaged in the barrel to retain an undisturbed condition during the trip out of the well. The packaging should be such that the core can be removed from the barrel and shipped to the core analysis laboratory without physical disturbance or alteration of fluid content by exposure to the atmosphere. Operation of the Rubber-Sleeve Core Barrel The rubber-sleeve core barrel (Fig. 1) meets the basic requirements for the recovery of unconsolidated sands.

By Sydney H. Ball

I. INTRODUCTION. DURING the past 50 years the attention of mining-men has been turned to Africa, and within the past decade prospecting-expeditions sent into Central Africa have resulted in the opening-up of several mines. Having recently spent two years in the Belgian Congo for the Société Internationale Forestiere et Miniere du Congo, it is our purpose to outline briefly the mining-conditions in that part of Central Africa. Before it became, in 1908, a Belgian colony, this region was known as the Congo Free State. II. LOCATION AND AREA. The Belgian Congo lies in southwestern Central Africa, west of the continental divide, is illustrated in Fig. 1. It has a coastline of but 20 miles on the Atlantic, but widens rapidly eastward to points 5° north and 14° south of the equator. Its area is 908,000 sq. miles, which is almost one-quarter that of the United States and Alaska, or more than one and one-half times that of Alaska. Stated in other terms, its area is nearly one-third that of the United States, exclusive of Alaska and the insular possessions, or more than that of all the United States east of the Mississippi river. III. TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE. From north to south, Africa is made up of three topographic elements: 1, the Atlas mountains, a highly-accentuated region

Apr 1, 1910

By F. J. Chernosky

Most previous studies of coal flotation utilized chemically pure reagents. Since such reagents are not available in quantity, a study of various wmmercially available reagents as frothers was undertaken. Flotation procedures similar to those used in a large number of commercial coal flotation plants were employed. The reagents used were compared on yield-selectivity-wst basis. The selectivity was found to be relatively constant with yields above 70% but the reagent cost varied greatly. The types of reagents available were compared. In the past, a number of papers have been written on the use of various reagents as coal flotation frothers. For the most part, these have been an attempt to correlate the intrinsic chemical and physical proper- ties of the reagents or reagent groups to the floata-bility of various fine coals. Because of the type or nature of evaluations made, chemically pure reagents were normally used. Generally, these reagents are unavailable in commercial quantities. Therefore, the results obtained with these reagents were usually limited in usefulness to the plant operator or metallurgist. This paper presents the results of a study in which commercially available forms of various reagents were used as flotation frothers. Flotation procedures which would conform in general to those employed in a large number of commercial coal flotation plants were utilized. The objective of the test was to compare these reagents on yield-selectivity-cost basis, that is, 1) the yields obtained, 2) the ash levels obtained and 3) the reagent cost relating to these results. REAGENTS The reagents employed have been grouped into the following chemical classes: 1) aliphatic alcohols, 2) terpines, 3) glycols (synthetic water-soluble

Jan 1, 1963

By J. B. Morrow

BITUMINOUS COAL production for 1937 up to Nov. 27, was 400,000,000 ions, an increase of 3.43 per cent over the comparative period in 1936. The in- crease in consumption, however, was not so great as the increase in production. Stocks of coal, mostly in the hands of consumers, on Nov. 1 were 57,000,000 tons, compared to 44,400,000 tons at the same periods in 1936. The prospects were that both production and consumption for December, 1937, would be lower than for the corresponding month of 1936. , Anthracite production for the period ending Nov. 20 was 43,900,000 tons, com- pared to 48,500,000 tons for the corresponding period in 1936, or a decrease of 9.5 per cent. Production of mechanically loaded coal in. 1936 was approximately 57,000,000 tons, an increase of 17.5 per cent over

Jan 1, 1938

By H. D. Hoskold

I. Instrument-Parts and Implements. Cross-hairs ; Stadia-measurement; Fineness of Graduation ; Cylindrical Gradu ation ; Nonius; Vernier ; One Vernier or two ; Leveling-Screws ; Troughton & Simms' Shifting Tripod-Head ; Hoskold's Shifting Tripod-Head; Hoskold's Extensible Tripod ; Electric Lamp ; Plumb-lines; Chain. II. Instruments. Compass (Mine-compaes of 1518, Compass of 1541, and Agricolals of 1556, Voig tel's Setz-compass, Circumferentor, Stanley's Hedley Dial, Compass on Tele scope, Hanging Compass, Lack of Precision) ; Plane-table; Octant and Quadrant; Theodolite and Transit (Evolution of the Theodolite, Scott's Tachymeter, Hoskold's Engineer's Theodolite, Angleometer, Precision of Mine-Theodolites). I. Instrument-Parts and Implements. Cross-Hairs.—Mr. Scott‡ says Lean's dial " might also have been provided with a diaphragm and cross-hairs; for Huygene discovered that any object placed in the common focus of the two lenses of a Kepler telescope (1611)- appeared as distinct and well defined as any distant body. Following this established theory, in 1669 Jean Picard, Marquis Malvasia and others crossed silken fibers in the mutual focus of their astronomical instruments." If by this Mr. Scott means that Huygens and Picard first devised and applied cross-hairs to the focus of the telescope, the writer cannot agree with him. Huygens did not describe " his telescope without tubes until 1684, in his Astroscopia Compendiaria."§ Moreover, it is recorded that the English astronomer, Gascoigne,?

Jan 1, 1902

The income of the Institute is derived from dues, subscriptions to MINING AND METALLURGY and sale of publications. These sources are fortunately supplemented by the interest from invested funds now amounting to over $500,000, a considerable portion constituting endowments for especial purposes. Aside from the medal funds the principal endowments are the James Douglas Fund for support of the Library, the Rocky Mountain Fund and the Seeley W. Mudd Memorial Fund. The income from the two last named is available for the support of research and a variety of other purposes. It is allocated by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of standing committees in each case. An active effort is being made to increase the endowments of the Institute, it being felt that unusual opportunities exist for research and public and professional service through the organization.

Jan 1, 1936

By H. F. Beardmore

PETROLEUM consumption during 1946 broke all previous records and further increases are expected during 1947. U. S. consumption amounted to an average of 5,280,000 bbl a day, of which 4,745,000 bbl was domestic crude oil, with the rest from natural gasoline production and crude oil imports. World consumption during the past year, excluding Russia, is estimated at 7,200,000 bbl daily. Forecasts for 1947 indicate a U. S. consumption of 5,425,000 bbl daily of petroleum products. This is expected to be made up of 4,655,000 bbl of domestic crude oil production, 340,000 bbl of natural gasoline production, 400,000 bbl of crude oil imports, and the rest from stocks. Petroleum's principal use is still as a fuel. The field remains highly competitive, but petroleum has been continuously progressing. Less than fifty years ago, oil supplied only one twentieth as much of the nation's total energy as coal, but today it supplies over half as much.

Jan 1, 1947

SME-AIME Fall Meeting and Exhibit

Jan 9, 1979

By R. P. Harvey, J. E. Walstrom, A. A. Brown

In view of the large number of wells directionally drilled from offshore platforms and urban drillsites, greater interest is being focused on the directional survey and on the uncertainty inherent in calculating the position of the bottom of the hole, or other benchmarks in the wellbore. Of the two methods presented here for evaluating this uncertainty, the first is analytical and uses the principles of probability and statistics. The second method uses Monte Carlo simulation to generate a pattern of the scatter of possible bottom-hole locations. Both methods are based on a model for which the usual assumption is made that the curvilinear axis of the wellbore is adequately represented by a large number, M, of linear segments joined end to end from the top to the bottom of the hole and closely following the course of the hole. The errors due to this approximation are assumed to be negligible and are not studied here. One form of the model is to consider that for a given hole there exists a perfect set of data describing it, of the above form. Each linear segment has an angle of inclination with the vertical 7, in radians, an azimuthal angle from true north xi in radians, and a length Si, in feet. The subscript variable, i, extends from 1 to M. Each of the M linear segments representing the axis of the wellbore has three components in the X, Y, and Z directions. These components are calculated from the equations: The bottom-hole coordinates as determined from the reference set of data for the wellbore are given by the following for i = 1 to M: X=SX, Y = Sy, Z=SZ; . (2) A directional survey instrument, lowered into the wellbore to the M segments, or stations, measures the values of the 7; and the 3,. In general, because of errors from various sources, the resulting angular measurements will not be precisely equal to the 7" and xi. Random variables l, and Ai are therefore considered with associated probability density functions fi(li) and gi(Ai), respectively, which represent the distributions of potential survey measurements for this hole. Since it is assumed that the values Si are accurately measured they are treated deterministically. The random variables corresponding to the surveyed bottom-hole coordinates are given, for i = 1 to M, by:

Jan 1, 1970

By J. H. Swisher

An experimental study has been made of the possible mechanisms for foam stability in the system CaO-SiO2-Cr2O3, where Cr2O3is the foaming agent. The degree of lowering of surface tension by Cr2O3 was determined at 1600 "C for high -silica melts. Measurements were also made of foam stability under standardized conditions. The results of the two sets of measurements then were correlated by applying the Gibbs and Marangoni theories of film elasticity. It was demonstrated that the Marangoni elasticity effect is probably the largest single contributor to foam stability, although the high uiscosity of' silicate melts makes some contribution in controlling the rate of drainage of liquid from bubble lamellae. ThE tendency of metallurgical slags to foam has frequently been observed during steel-refining operations. In the open-hearth furnace,this tendency is considered undesirable because it slows down the rate of heat transfer from the burners to the molten-metal bath. On the other hand, it is sometimes desirable to have a "foamy" slag in the basic oxygen converter.' A more effective blanket over the steel bath is made by a "foamy" slag, and loss in yield of metal due to splashing is minimized. In addition, a flush slag can be removed more easily in this condition. Since slag-foaming problems in the field have been attacked largely on an empirical basis, it appeared desirable to obtain a better basic understanding of the mechanism of foam stability. The experimental work was directed almost entirely toward the behavior of Cr2O3 as the foaming agent in CaO-SiO,-Cr2O3 melts. In the first stage of the investigation, the degree of lowering of surface tension by Cr2O3 was determined at 1600°C. The second stage consisted of measuring foam stabilities under standardized conditions. The two sets of experimental results then were correlated by applying various theories of foam stability. For convenience in interpreting the surface-tension and foam-stability results reported here, a portion of the CaO-SiO2-Cr2O3 phase diagram2 is reproduced in Fig. 1. EXPERIMENTAL 1) Surface-Tension Measurements. Very little information is available in the literature on the lowering of surface tension of slags by foaming agents. Kozakevitch 3 mentioned that the addition of 1.5 pct Cr2O3 lowered the surface tension of FeO slightly. In another system, some data on the lowering of surface tension of foaming slags by P2O5 were reported by Cooper and Kitchener.4 The technique used for the surface-tension measurements was the maximum bubble-pressure method,' using a single tube immersed to various depths in the melt. This method has been used extensively in high-temperature systems, such as in liquid metals, slags, and glasses.6,7 It has the advantage that the contact angle between the liquid and the tube material need not be known. The equation used for calculating surface-tension values from maximum bubble-pressure measurements is the Schroedinger equatioq5 which can be written as follows:

Jan 1, 1964