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By K. M. Fagin, D. W. Carter

Six new oil fields were discovered in the East and East Central Texas district during 1942. The Coke and Quitman fields, in Wood County, at this time appear to be the two most important oil discoveries for the year. The. four other oil fields discovered were Concord, in Anderson County; Kildare, in Cass County; Weiland (ClubLake), in Hunt County; and Larissa, in Cherokee County. The Rodessa lime in the Chapel Hill field, Smith County, provided the only new oil zone in older fields. The Hawkins field, Wood County, was the most active in drilling operations, 125 new wells being completed during the year. The Chapel Hill field tied the Coke field for second place with 30 completions each. The third most active field was Kildare, with 10 completions. Like the other oil-producing districts of the country, wartime restrictions reduced the number of oil and gas-well completions to 265 in 1942, compared with 964 completions in 1941. This represents a drop of 72 per cent and only a little more than one half enough to replace the 437 producing wells abandoned in the district during the year. Tn addition, the number of producing wells temporarily shut down nearly tripled, far two principal reasons: (I) the rule of the Petroleum Administration for War preventing operators from equipping more than, one well on each 10 surface acres with pumping or artificial-lift equipment, and (2) the Railroad Commission's issuance of various orders permitting the transfer of allowable for wells having high water-oil ratios and high gas-oil ratios to other wells capable of producing the same with less waste of reservoir energy. No changes were made in prices of crude oil in the district during 1942. Production and Probation The district produced 158,928,281 bbl. of oil and distillate during 1942, compared with 163,566,695 bbl. during 1941, which represents a decrease of 3 per cent. The East Texas field produced 120,680,595 bbl. of oil, compared with 130,377,793 during 1941; a reduction of 9,697,198 bbl., or 7.4 per cent. The production of this field represents 75.9 per cent of the district total, compared with the 79.7 per cent that it furnished in 1941. The district had an estimated basic daily oil allowable of 623,242 bbl. on Dec. 31, 1942. Approximately 31.8 per cent of the production in Texas during 1942 was supplied by this district, compared with 33 per cent during 1941- Changes in the annual production of newer and flush fields in this district are attributable either to a difference in the number of wells producing during the year or to changes in basic allowable and number of shutdown days due to shifting market dconditions brought on by the war. All regularly prorated fields in the district were shut down 123 days. Major exceptions were the East Texas field, closed128 days; Hawkiis, shut down 106 days; and Cayuga, Sulphur Bluff, Talco, and Rodessa, which

Jan 1, 1943

By D. W. Carter, K. M. Fagin

Six new oil fields were discovered in the East and East Central Texas district during 1942. The Coke and Quitman fields, in Wood County, at this time appear to be the two most important oil discoveries for the year. The. four other oil fields discovered were Concord, in Anderson County; Kildare, in Cass County; Weiland (ClubLake), in Hunt County; and Larissa, in Cherokee County. The Rodessa lime in the Chapel Hill field, Smith County, provided the only new oil zone in older fields. The Hawkins field, Wood County, was the most active in drilling operations, 125 new wells being completed during the year. The Chapel Hill field tied the Coke field for second place with 30 completions each. The third most active field was Kildare, with 10 completions. Like the other oil-producing districts of the country, wartime restrictions reduced the number of oil and gas-well completions to 265 in 1942, compared with 964 completions in 1941. This represents a drop of 72 per cent and only a little more than one half enough to replace the 437 producing wells abandoned in the district during the year. Tn addition, the number of producing wells temporarily shut down nearly tripled, far two principal reasons: (I) the rule of the Petroleum Administration for War preventing operators from equipping more than, one well on each 10 surface acres with pumping or artificial-lift equipment, and (2) the Railroad Commission's issuance of various orders permitting the transfer of allowable for wells having high water-oil ratios and high gas-oil ratios to other wells capable of producing the same with less waste of reservoir energy. No changes were made in prices of crude oil in the district during 1942. Production and Probation The district produced 158,928,281 bbl. of oil and distillate during 1942, compared with 163,566,695 bbl. during 1941, which represents a decrease of 3 per cent. The East Texas field produced 120,680,595 bbl. of oil, compared with 130,377,793 during 1941; a reduction of 9,697,198 bbl., or 7.4 per cent. The production of this field represents 75.9 per cent of the district total, compared with the 79.7 per cent that it furnished in 1941. The district had an estimated basic daily oil allowable of 623,242 bbl. on Dec. 31, 1942. Approximately 31.8 per cent of the production in Texas during 1942 was supplied by this district, compared with 33 per cent during 1941- Changes in the annual production of newer and flush fields in this district are attributable either to a difference in the number of wells producing during the year or to changes in basic allowable and number of shutdown days due to shifting market dconditions brought on by the war. All regularly prorated fields in the district were shut down 123 days. Major exceptions were the East Texas field, closed128 days; Hawkiis, shut down 106 days; and Cayuga, Sulphur Bluff, Talco, and Rodessa, which

Jan 1, 1943

By E. R. Borcherdt

METHODS and equipment are subject to study in the Butte district at all times in order that advantage may be taken of any new developments that might serve to increase efficiency and lower costs. Detailed time studies of each operation involved in the entire mining process have been of invaluable assistance in analyzing the individual operation for possible improvement. In other words, the fact that a practice has been in vogue for many years does not exempt it from change provided an easier and cheaper method can be found. EXPLORATION Ore occurs in the Butte district in such manner that structures must be drifted on, no matter how small or unimportant they appear when intersected by a crosscut. Parallel structures also add to the crosscut requirements. This prospecting work, which formerly was done entirely by drifting and crosscutting, is now being supplemented by diamond drilling, to aid in greatly decreasing the amount of waste. In long-shot prospecting, or in second or third class prospecting, where the chances of developing commercial ore are not very great, diamond drilling is of particular value. In prospecting where chances of encountering commercial ore are certain or where crosscuts can be used later for haulage or ventilation, drilling obviously is not applicable. Improvement in drilling machines and bits has contributed greatly to the present success of diamond drilling. STOPING For many years square-set filled stoping was the principal mining method used in the Butte district. Later timbered and untimbered rill stopes were used, also some horizontal cut-and-fill stoping where both ore and walls were particularly strong. Because of the amount of timber required for square-set stoping, and the relatively low production per stope unit, experiments with horizontal cut-and-fill stopes were begun in ore bodies of which many had fairly weak walls. It was felt that increase in the speed of the stoping operation, followed closely by filling, to avoid weight being produced by permitting ore and walls to remain insufficiently supported over comparatively long periods, would maintain the walls and backs in safe condition without the use of timber and without ore dilution from wall slough. Cycles of drilling, scraping ore, and filling were devised, which have materially increased stope production and decreased timber consumption, so that both stope labor and supply costs were lowered appreciably without materially affecting grade control. In the larger mines of the district, where wide veins favor this stoping method, half of the total production is now being mined by horizontal cut-and-fill stopes (Fig. I). The increase of the filling rate demanded by the increased stoping rate was the greatest obstacle encountered in the accelerated stoping operations. Finally this problem was solved by replacing the time-honored method of transferring filling waste by small cars, which were hoisted or lowered in the auxiliary shaft, by a transfer

Jan 1, 1941

By C. E. Dobbin

THE identification of rock formations by a study of certain physical characteristics of burned samples was introduced in Wyoming in 1,926, when W. G. Buckles, superintendent. of the brick department of the Parco Development Co., reported to officials of the Producers & Refiners Corpn. that shales from the Cretaceous and older formations exposed between Parco and Rawlins exhibited distinctive coloration and textural features when burned in a standard brick kiln at temperatures ranging between 1000° and 3000° F. In collaboration with Elfred Beck, chief geologist of the Producers & Refiners Corpn., Buckles later burned cuttings and cores from several Wyoming wildcat wells in a standard kiln and successfully identified certain subsurface formations which had not been satisfactorily identified by other means. The results of their investigations were outlined in papers presented by Beck before the American Association of Petroleum Geologists at San Francisco in March, 1928, and by Buckles at. a joint meeting of the Rocky Mountain Oil and Gas Association and the Production Division of the American Petroleum Institute at Casper in November, 1928. These papers have not been published. The investigations set forth in this paper were carried out for. the purpose of determining the value of certain ceramic tests in assisting the petroleum engineers of the U. S. Geological Survey to identify well cuttings that represent Cretaceous shales penetrated beneath unconformable Tertiary formations in central, and eastern Wyoming, but that yield neither lithologic nor paleontologic criteria for satisfactory correlations with distinctive weathered outcrops. The investigations were made in the chemical laboratories of the Geological Survey at- Midwest, Wyo., and consisted of studying certain physical characteristics of burned bricks from representative outcrop samples of unweathered Cretaceous shales and of similarly burned cuttings of the same shales collected from wells in the Salt Creek oil field.

Jan 1, 1931

By C. E. Shoenfelt

Wildcat drilling in the Rocky Mountain region did not suffer as large a decline in 1942 as was anticipated. The drilling program laid out by the Government at the beginning of the year stressed wild-catting operations and called for reduction of drilling in proved fields. The increased wildcatting campaign did not yield a great many new discoveries, nor important extensions to old fields. Several interesting wildcat wells were drilled in Colorado in 1942 but no new fields were discovered. The Wilson Creek field was extended and about 400 acres added to its reserves. In Montana two new oil fields and two small gas fields were discovered. The developments in the marketing situation had improved, however, making the prospects especially bright for 1943, as will be shown presently in the section on Montana in this report. In New Mexico eight wells were completed, which constituted discoveries ol either oil or gas but none of these was of major proportions. In Wyoming one new oil field and one new gas field were discovered, and one old oil field and one old gas field were extended. Most important was the disco-very of prolific oil producers in deeper sands in three old oil fields, of which one at least, Elk Basin, probably is of major proportions. Government Action On Dec. 26, 1942, President Roosevelt signed the O'Mahoney bill, calling for a flat 12.5 per cent royalty on lands in the public domain. It is expected that the enactment of this bill will encourage wildcatting in the public land states. Opportunity for a full discussion of the problems of reserves and production was afforded at the hearings conducted on the O'Mahoney bill by the minerals subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Public Lands and the statements submitted at these hearings last fall placed the situation, its causes and the logical remedy, clearly on record. It was established at the hearings that for several years the volume of oil discovered per wildcat well drilled has steadily declined; new fields discovered have not been of major proportions; drilling costs have advanced rapidly; a sharp decline in exploratory drilling took place in 1942, while the proportion of dry holes increased; the inescapable conclusion is that to find new reserves the search for oil must be intensified and much more wildcat drilling ' must be done. To ensure an adequate drilling campaign, the Petroleum Industry War Council, the Interstate Compact Commission and other representative oil organizations have voiced by resolution their opinion that an upward revision of crude prices is necessary to provide an incentive to the prospector to undertake the hazards of wildcat drilling, since statistics prove that only ope in five or six wells drilled results in actual production. Former Price Administrator Henderson rejected the recommendations for price increases and declared himself unalterably opposed to a general price advance, On the ground that such advances would contribute to inflation. Now that Mr. Hender-

Jan 1, 1943

By C. E. Shoenfelt

Wildcat drilling in the Rocky Mountain region did not suffer as large a decline in 1942 as was anticipated. The drilling program laid out by the Government at the beginning of the year stressed wild-catting operations and called for reduction of drilling in proved fields. The increased wildcatting campaign did not yield a great many new discoveries, nor important extensions to old fields. Several interesting wildcat wells were drilled in Colorado in 1942 but no new fields were discovered. The Wilson Creek field was extended and about 400 acres added to its reserves. In Montana two new oil fields and two small gas fields were discovered. The developments in the marketing situation had improved, however, making the prospects especially bright for 1943, as will be shown presently in the section on Montana in this report. In New Mexico eight wells were completed, which constituted discoveries ol either oil or gas but none of these was of major proportions. In Wyoming one new oil field and one new gas field were discovered, and one old oil field and one old gas field were extended. Most important was the disco-very of prolific oil producers in deeper sands in three old oil fields, of which one at least, Elk Basin, probably is of major proportions. Government Action On Dec. 26, 1942, President Roosevelt signed the O'Mahoney bill, calling for a flat 12.5 per cent royalty on lands in the public domain. It is expected that the enactment of this bill will encourage wildcatting in the public land states. Opportunity for a full discussion of the problems of reserves and production was afforded at the hearings conducted on the O'Mahoney bill by the minerals subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Public Lands and the statements submitted at these hearings last fall placed the situation, its causes and the logical remedy, clearly on record. It was established at the hearings that for several years the volume of oil discovered per wildcat well drilled has steadily declined; new fields discovered have not been of major proportions; drilling costs have advanced rapidly; a sharp decline in exploratory drilling took place in 1942, while the proportion of dry holes increased; the inescapable conclusion is that to find new reserves the search for oil must be intensified and much more wildcat drilling ' must be done. To ensure an adequate drilling campaign, the Petroleum Industry War Council, the Interstate Compact Commission and other representative oil organizations have voiced by resolution their opinion that an upward revision of crude prices is necessary to provide an incentive to the prospector to undertake the hazards of wildcat drilling, since statistics prove that only ope in five or six wells drilled results in actual production. Former Price Administrator Henderson rejected the recommendations for price increases and declared himself unalterably opposed to a general price advance, On the ground that such advances would contribute to inflation. Now that Mr. Hender-

Jan 1, 1943

By T. Egleston

DURING the year 1873, my attention was called to the frequent accidents, resulting from the breaking of rails, on the different railroads in this country, and I was requested to investigate the subject. The plan of investigation I proposed was to ascertain, in as many cases as possible, the exact history of broken rails, both in this country and in Europe; to collect information in Europe relating to the tests which rails used there were required to undergo, and to experiment upon the pieces of rails broken on the road, with a view to ascertain whether their fracture was due to their chemical constitution, bad manufacture, to a reduction in strength owing to temperature, or to physical changes in the constitution of the rail. The investigation was commenced by the collection of statistics, and for this purpose I spent several months in Europe, collecting information on the subject of broken rails, as well as the life of iron and steel rails generally, and inquiring into the systems of purchasing and of testing them employed by the railroads there, intending, on my return, to make a series of analyses of rails broken, both in this country and in Europe; to ascertain, if possible, how far great cold had an influence on the fracture ; to examine whether the rail broken, either on the road or afterwards, underwent, at or about the fracture, any physical change, and to make a series of experiments on the strength of rails manufactured in the United States or sold in the American market. Unfortunately, the panic of 1873 came on, just before my return from Europe, and prevented the carrying out of the larger part of the plan proposed ; as, however, I had collected in the meantime, a large number of statistics of different kinds from all parts of Europe, and had made a number of interesting experiments and investigations, I have thought it would be worth while to communicate some

Jan 1, 1875

By Jeffrey N. Schuyler

In order to implement the most efficient and cost-effective hydraulic fracturing stimulation treatment within a particular region, a thorough understanding of the in-situ stress state and rock properties is paramount (Smith et al., 1978; Warpinski et al., 1982). Several studies conducted in order to "characterize" formations have provided invaluable insight into the relationship between lithologic properties, depth, in-situ stress magnitude and hydraulic fracture orientation. These studies have substantiated that at shallow depths, rock properties such as tensile strength and permeability can exert a substantial influence on the geometry of an induced hydraulic fracture. In turn, these "directional properties" can be related to existing geologic conditions during the time of deposition or major diagenetic alteration of the rock body. As the depth of the "payzone" increases, the role of the in-situ stresses and therefore the prevailing tectonic conditions becomes the dominant factor in determining fracture geometry. However, reservoir properties cannot be ignored. The porosity, permeability, pervasive fabric element and directional elastic properties can have a significant influence on the success of those tests conducted to measure the in-situ stresses either directly or through secondary observations... for instance, pore-pressure effects on measurements of in-situ stress. The purpose of this paper is to provide, through the use of appropriate field and laboratory examples, a more thorough understanding of in-situ stresses, rock properties and their integrated effect on hydraulic fracture properties. In addition to highlighting and expanding the wide body of existing literature, the case studies cited are designed to encourage mutual transfer of technology from petroleum-related, rock-mechanics efforts to other disciplines.

Jan 1, 1984

By Curtis L. Graversen, J. H. Hamilton, John C. Nixon, John R. Lewis

RECENTLY there has been much speculation concerning the advantages of using oxygen enriched air or pure oxygen in pyrometallurgical processes. The advantage of using oxygen in the iron blast furnace and elsewhere in ferrous production metallurgy has been given careful consideration and, as a result, several experiments have been tried and a number of papers have recently appeared on this subject.1.2 The use of oxygen in nonferrous smelting likewise poses interesting problems, therefore any experimental data obtained in this area should likewise be of general interest.3 Ashcroft4 in 1933 claimed to have obtained improved results when copper concentrates were roasted in pure oxygen. However, his' paper gives neither data nor experimental details. A few years ago a research program was started in this laboratory which had for its objective the determination of the mechanism of oxidation of metallic sulfides under varying conditions. To date we have studied the oxidation of galena, 5 sphalerite, and chalcocite. It is a well known fact that copper sulfide minerals are oxidized slowly by weathering agents, so that the sulfides of copper which find their way into a tailing pond are gradually changed into watersoluble and acid-soluble compounds. Commercially, the oxidation of copper sulfide minerals is accomplished by roasting them at elevated temperatures in air using a suitable (usually multiple-hearth) roaster. Most copper smelters are equipped with such roasters. In this phase of the study we were especially interested in determining the effect of temperature on: (I) the air oxidation of chalcocite and (2) the oxidation of chalcocite using commercial oxygen. The amount of sulphur removed as sulphur dioxide, the percentages of water-soluble copper, and of acid-soluble copper were determined for the air oxidation tests. In the tests using commercial oxygen, the percentages of sulphur dioxide, water-soluble copper, acid-soluble copper, water-soluble sulphur and acid-soluble sulphur were determined. For these experiments the temperature was varied from 250 to 700°°C. EXPERIMENTAL Preparation of Chalcocite (Cu2S) Natural chalcocite is not pure. Minerals such as bornite, covellite, and chalcopyrite may be present. It was decided, therefore, to prepare some chalcocite in our own laboratory. An intimate mixture of sulphur and finely divided metallic copper in the ratio of 4 g of copper to I g of sulphur was prepared. To this was added a slight excess of

Jan 1, 1948

Primarily, 1961 was a year for widespread application of tools and techniques which have become operational in the past several years • • • Raising --Raise climbers and climber raising techniques have been improved; narrow veins as low as 55° dip are now being mined from climber raises. Climber modifications include: larger motors, tighter radius curves negotiated, improved lubrication and new methods of stowing the climber during a blast. Climber raises are now ventilated in several ways: a 12-in. diam flexible vent tube behind the climber rail; a 6-in. diam pipe behind the climber rail (with fan); or a 6 to 8-in. diam drill hole along the axis of the raise. In hot raises, these ventilating techniques have resulted in more rounds per shift. When driving raises from crosscut and lateral development, mucking machine loading of raise rock is preferred over slusher ramp loading for the following reasons: a) faster set-up and teardown of climber facilities; b) easier access for climber maintenance, repair and loading of raising supplies; c) area at the bottom of the raise can be kept cleaner. Both wide and narrow veins are mined from 7 x 7-ft climber raises at Butte and at Republic, Wash. At Republic, climber rollers have been modified to support increased weight when driving 55°dip raises • Drilling-The new largebore, short-stroke push feed drills are much faster drilling than previous models and are most satisfactory in hard ground. Although reports on maintenance studies of the new drills are not yet available, increased steel and bit wear and breakage, and increased drill maintenance are seen as potential problems. Mines in Montana and Idaho continue to test rubber-collared drill steel. The fabricating methods used are successful but advantages in increased steel life have yet to be proved. Underground applications of down-the-hole drills continue. Drilling speed and accuracy are reported as the outstanding advantages. Manufacturers are now hopeful of making drills which will operate in any direction. Present applications are for ventilation holes (to 8 in. diam) for climber raises, holes for hydraulic fill distribution, drain holes and "predrilled" raises. Good drilling accuracy has been reported to a depth of 200 ft. Cutting holes in drifting is seen as a future application

Jan 2, 1962

By M. L. Holzworth, Joseph C. Kremer, Paul A. Beck, L. J. Demer

FOR alloys which are in practice heat treated to obtain increased strength, such as steels, duralumin, copper-beryllium, and others, the treatment usually involves heating to a relatively high temperature. At such temperatures the grain size of the product is largely determined by grain growth. Even in metals and alloys annealed merely to relieve work hardening, recrystallization is generally followed by a certain amount of grain growth. Thus, effective grain size control, which is often of great practical importance in manufacturing processes, depends on the grain growth behavior of the material used. Despite its importance, grain growth has been the subject of few investigations of a fundamental nature. The term "grain growth" has been used to designate a group of related, but distinctly different, phenomena. The two most important and best known of this group are illustrated by the following example. Curve a in Fig r shows the increase of the average grain size of a copper-beryllium alloy, containing 2 pct Be and 0.15 pct Co, with increasing annealing temperature. The time of annealing was 2 hrs. The grain size was quite uniform in all specimens. The results of a similar experiment with an alloy containing 2 pct Be and 0.31 pct Co are shown by curve b. It is seen that for any annealing temperature below T. the grain size was smaller than in the previous case. Grain growth became slower with the higher Co content. This "inhibiting" effect of the higher Co addition was associated with the appearance in the microstructure of fine, light blue particles of the CoBe phase. Up to temperature T. the structure of the inhibited alloy (curve b) was just as uniform as the structures represented by curve a. However, after annealing at T, or at higher temperatures, the inhibited alloy showed some extremely large grains (much larger than the grain sizes developed by the uninhibited alloy with low Co content) mixed with the small grains according to curve b. The presence of these mixed or "duplex" structures is indicated in Fig 11 by the vertical lines branching off curve b. The type of grain growth occurring in uninhibited Cu-Be alloys (curve a) has has been most frequently and best investigated in brass. This type has been designated as "normal grain growth," while the grain growth phenomena occurring in inhibited materials were, at times, referred to as "abnormal grain growth." However, since the latter term has been applied occasionally to the phenomenon of critical recrystallization, which also results in large grains although by an entirely different mechanism, in the present paper a different nomenclature has been adopted in order to avoid confusion. Typical of the grain growth in uninhibited metals and alloys is the continuous

Jan 1, 1947

By David W. Brunton

The list of our past-Presidents comprises the names of many who, in their official addresses, have sketched the current progress of the arts and professions with which they were familiar. Such addresses are, in my judgment, highly useful, setting forth the results of our own work as a society, and recalling to our minds the particular lines in which discussion would prove most fruitful. Following this course with some hesitation, I venture to offer an outline of the recent improvements and the present situation in mining and metallurgy in the Western United States. The wonderful advances in mechanics, chemistry, and electricity have all combined to aid these arts to such an extent that progress during the last decade has undeniably been more rapid than ever before in the history of the profession. In all mining countries improved transportation-facilities, in many instances called into existence by the traffic created by the mines themselves, have done much to enlarge the field of operations by the reduction of freight-, operating- and living-expenses, thereby bringing lower-grade properties into the producing class. Under normal conditions, as the age of a district increases, all these different factors should combine to off-set the augmented costs attendant on deep mining, and greatly tend to prolong the profitable life of the mines. The more recent and important improvements in our Western mining-practice which have contributed most towards the advancement of the art may be briefly summarized as follows; but, before beginning this portion of my address, I wish to thank most heartily the many engineering friends who have so

Jan 1, 1910

By G. C. Bateman

THE Workmen's Compensation Act of Ontario was passed in 1915 and Miners' Phthisis was added to the list of compensable industrial diseases in 1916. Under this provision of the Act only about two cases were compensated per year. In 1924, The Department of Public Health made a survey of miners in the four principal camps-Sudbury, Porcupine, Kirkland Lake and Cobalt--and the survey indicated that an alarming proportion of the men exposed to dust had silicosis in one or other of its several stages. A number of conferences were held between representatives of the Department of Mines, the Department of Public Health, the Compensation Board and the mine operators. The operators were advised that in the earliest stages of silicosis there was no physical disability and if men in that stage were removed from underground there would be little danger of permanent disability. They were further advised that if active steps were taken at once to compensate men that had some real disability and remove from the mines men in the early stages of silicosis, the first cost would be the greatest and thereafter their liability should decrease. As a result of this advice, and having at that time no reason to doubt the findings of the survey, the operators agreed to do all that was asked of them and cooperate with the Government in the steps believed necessary to meet the situation, and to provide compensation for the men affected. Amendments In 1926 Arrangements were made for the necessary amendments to the Mines Act and the Workmen's Compensation Act and these amendments were passed in 1926. The Amendment to the Mines Act provided that all underground employees must be the holders of certificates certifying that they were free from tuberculosis of the respiratory organs and further provided that the certificates must be renewed annually. The Government, however, at that time refused to adopt a form of certificate for applicants certifying as to their physical fitness for underground work. The Amendments to the Compensation Act defined both silicosis and

Jan 1, 1937

By Arthur C. Simmons

The area that produces Pennsylvania grade, which includes New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and a part of Ohio, increased its production in 1942 about 1,580,000 bbl. over that attained in 1941. Such an increase is substantial for this area, and measured in terms of increased output of lubricants, for which the crude is particularly suitable, it represents a needed arid worth-while addition to the lubricant resources of the United States. The year 1942 was a difficult operating period for most of the petroleum-producing areas in the United States, but the Appalachian region, owing principally to its location, type of operations, and crude value, suffered less from war influences than other areas. The state of Pennsylvania produced 17,823,870 bbl. of crude oil, which is approximately 63 per cent of the total production of Pennsylvania grade in the entire area. Production Bradford Field The Bradford field, which produces almost wholly by water-flooding methods, increased its production nearly 4000 bbl. per day over 1941 despite a very slight reduction in total number of wells completed. Well completions in the Bradford field (in both New York and Pennsylvania) includc both producing oil wells and water-intake wells. About half of the well completions are producing oil wells and the remaining half are water-intake or injection wells. About 10 per cent of the total well completions of the Bradford field were in Cattaraugus County, New York. No segregation of well completions is available, so that precise statistics cannot be given for New York and Pennsylvania.

Jan 1, 1943

By Arthur C. Simmons

The area that produces Pennsylvania grade, which includes New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and a part of Ohio, increased its production in 1942 about 1,580,000 bbl. over that attained in 1941. Such an increase is substantial for this area, and measured in terms of increased output of lubricants, for which the crude is particularly suitable, it represents a needed arid worth-while addition to the lubricant resources of the United States. The year 1942 was a difficult operating period for most of the petroleum-producing areas in the United States, but the Appalachian region, owing principally to its location, type of operations, and crude value, suffered less from war influences than other areas. The state of Pennsylvania produced 17,823,870 bbl. of crude oil, which is approximately 63 per cent of the total production of Pennsylvania grade in the entire area. Production Bradford Field The Bradford field, which produces almost wholly by water-flooding methods, increased its production nearly 4000 bbl. per day over 1941 despite a very slight reduction in total number of wells completed. Well completions in the Bradford field (in both New York and Pennsylvania) includc both producing oil wells and water-intake wells. About half of the well completions are producing oil wells and the remaining half are water-intake or injection wells. About 10 per cent of the total well completions of the Bradford field were in Cattaraugus County, New York. No segregation of well completions is available, so that precise statistics cannot be given for New York and Pennsylvania.

Jan 1, 1943

By M. Tanaka, S. Kita, Y. Jinnouchi, Y. Sawada

This paper generalizes the results of the recent theoretical and experimental investigations on the air-pulsated jigs in Japan. The pulsating mechanism is analyzed as a special vibratory system, and the jigging mechanism as a mass system subjected to the law of hindered settling. The results of investigations on the following items are reviewed: dynamics of the pulsating mechanism; pulsation in a practical TACUB jig development of a new type of air valve; uniform pulsation in a large Baum jig; motion and mobility of bed particles; separating speed in hindered conditions; and standard deviation in practical jigs.

Jan 1, 1985

By E. M. Wise

THE properties required of gold alloys for jewelry are not well standardized, due in part to problems peculiar to certain branches of the jewelry industry, in part to the individual preference of the fabricator and to his willingness to cope with certain difficulties in manufacture, which arise with the use of certain alloys. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS In general, the properties desired may be classed as follows: 1. Color should conform to the dictates of good taste and smart style. 2. Corrosion resistance and tarnish resistance should be good. This is to a considerable extent determined by the carat. Resistance to such corrosive agents as mercuric chloride as well as certain depilatories is unreasonable to expect and difficult to meet. 3. Strength and hardness must be adequate to maintain the delicate contours of finely modeled jewelry. 4. Wear resistance must be great enough to resist abnormal wear, such as is encountered by a wedding ring in a lifetime of wear. 5. Ductility must be sufficient to permit the fabrication of drawn shells, tubes and difficult shapes. Material having a yield point of not less than 60,000 lb. per sq. in., an ultimate strength of 100,000 lb. per sq. in., and an elongation of 40 per cent. is desirable. 6. Melting point should be between 800° and 1200° C.

Jan 1, 1928

By Robert Goodrich

THERE is a small area about Murray where bedded gold quartz veins occur in Prichard slate. The ore taken from the upper levels, during the early days, was free milling and was treated by stamp milling and amalgamation. There was likewise a considerable placer working. The report is current that tungsten (scheelite) was encountered, which interfered with the amalgamation in the stamp mills and which, in placering, collected in the riffles in the sluice boxes and. clogged them. Consequently, in the quartz mines, the scheelite, when encountered, was rejected, being thrown into the waste, sometimes inside the mine and at other times outside on the clump. The free surface ores became worked out and as the ore in depth became pyritic and rebellious to amalgamation the mines closed down. Last spring tungsten ore brought a high price, near $80 per unit, 60 per cent. W03 and up. This so stimulated the output of tungsten ore that old clumps were explored and waste stored in the mines was gone over. Tungsten was likewise mined from virgin ground. So the district produced quite heavily for a time. The condition now is different. The price is not so high, about $20 per unit W03, which makes profits questionable when mining in new ground. The accumulations from early clay mining have been exhausted and the output has greatly declined. The Golden Chest mine was the heaviest producer of tungsten. The months of June and July were spent at this mine studying the problem. Since the mine had produced both gold and tungsten, we looked forward to the problem of recovering both from what might be called a gold-tungsten ore. A study of the Golden Chest vein showed this not to be so there. While gold ore and tungsten ore come from the same vein, the tungsten ore is confined to a more or less disturbed or distorted portion

Jan 8, 1917

By B. A. Wilcox

ThERE are several reports in the literature which indicate that both solid-solution hydrogen and hydride precipitates can promote low-temperature em-brittlement of tantalum.1-3 For example, Imgram et al.2 showed that hydrogen additions in the range of 140 to 580 ppm promoted a ductile-to-brittle transition at slightly above room temperature in both wrought and recrystallized tantalum. This contrasts with the observation that tantalum of norma1 purity is very ductile, even at liquid-nitrogen temperature. Imgram et al. also found that hydrogen additions caused a deterioration of notch tensile properties of tantalum. The purpose of this communication is to present some limited evidence that hydrogen can also cause fatigue embrittlement of tantalum. The material used in this investigation was wrought, stress-relieved (1000°C, 1 hr), are-melted tantalum rod (5/8-in. diameter) containing the following impurities in weight percent: 0.005 C, 0.007 02, 0.0005 H2, 0.003 N2, 0.08 Cb, 0.01 W, and 0.01 Fe. Hydrogen charging was done in an atmosphere of flowing dry hydrogen for 3 hr at 600°C, followed by an homogenizing anneal in purified argon for 15 min at 600°C, and cooling in an argon atmosphere. Typical micro-structures of the hydrogen-free and the hydrogen-charged materials are shown in Fig. 1(a) and Fig. 1(b), respectively. Fig. 1(b) shows the appearance of hydride precipitates which, in many cases, formed preferentially parallel to the rod axis. The hydride dispersion was uniform across the diameter of the specimen. The fact that the precipitate was a tantalum hydride was tentatively confirmed by X-ray diffraction on a metallographically prepared surface. After hydrogen charging, chemical analyses by vacuum fusion revealed the hydrogen content to be 0.0295 wt pct. In addition, the oxygen and nitrogen contents were slightly raised to 0.0095 O2 and 0.005 N2.

Jan 1, 1964

By L. P. Teas

Although 1927 in the Arkansas-Louisiana territory will probably pass into history as a year of small profits and little new production, nevcrtheless during this period two large gas fields were developed; two new oil fields were discovered, and two new oil horizons, hitherto of minor annual production Fig. 1.—Production of North louisiana and ARkansas by fields, for 1926 and 1927. (Upper blocks represent 1926 production; lower blocks, 1927 production ) importance, were developed. In spite of the "hard times" some of the leading supply houses did more business this year in this district than in any year since 1920.

Jan 1, 1928