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By J. A. Fulton

GOLD was discovered in the Sierra Nevada by J. W. Marshall on Jan. 2, 1848. The town: of Grass Valley soon sprang up and contained several stores in 1849; but the population of the town has always reflected the fluctuations in quartz mining. Gold-bearing quartz was found on Gold Hill in September 1850, and in the next two years most of the quartz bearing veins in the vicinity were located. At first, the quartz was crushed in mortars with spring poles; the Huff Co. took out $20,000 in this manner during the winter and spring of 1851. The first mill was put up in January, 1851. In 1866, there .were in Grass Valley 248 stamps, crushing 71,420 tons of ore with an average yield of $30 to $35; in Nevada City, there were 142 stamps, crushing 14,200, tons, with an average value of $25. But in 1918, only two properties in. this region, the Empire and the North Star, were producing. Since then, there has. been a revival of mining in the district and the following properties are being opened up: The Golden Center, Grass Valley Gold. Mines CO , Idaho-Maryland Mines Co., while the Sultana is kept unwatered and work is going on in a half dozen small properties.

Jan 2, 1926

By S. W. Miller

MOST of the steel welding done at the present time is in material containing not over 0.3 per cent. carbon, and the tests here described were in similar material. These tests are not as yet completed but it is hoped that more results and more reasons for the conclusions may be presented at the meeting in February. From the time the author found the peculiar structure in electric welds referred to in a previous paper,1 that is, needles or plates in the grains and similar material, in larger spots, at the grain boundaries, he has felt that these plates which may be iron nitride and probably contain some carbon, were at least partly responsible for the brittleness of electric welds. He has found but few traces of similar lines in oxyacetylene welds until the last 2 mo., when he has found them in large numbers under certain conditions. In the top of these welds, they are quite numerous. In the body of heavy oxyacetylene welds, they appear at times, but not nearly to the extent that they do in electric welds; the author has never seen them in the body of welds in material less than ;3/4 in. (19 mm.) thick. They are shown in Fig. 82. The reason they were not noticed before is undoubtedly due to the fact that in making tests of welded pieces the weld was always ground off level with the plate, and as this structure only appears in the top ;1/16 in. (1.5 mm.) of the weld, they were removed by the grinding or machining; also, welds ¾ in. thick had not been examined. It did not appear, in making bending tests, that this structure had much influence on the strength of oxyacetylene welds; while electric welds are noticeably brittle. Further, oxyacetylene welds made with certain special materials were exceedingly brittle even after the tops of the welds were removed; this was true in cases where there was no sign of the plates whatever and where the welds were remarkably free from oxide and the other usual defects. It appeared, therefore, that this brittleness did not depend on any variable that had been noticed so far, and it was

Jan 2, 1919

By John C. Calhoun, Frank T. Bethel

The application of a method for analyzing pressure build-up curves to determine the effective permeability in the Spraberry is presented. Sixteen upper Spraberry wells of the Driver area arc analyzed and show variations in the in-place effective permeability of 2 to 183 md. Since these value- are much larger than the .5 md. or less reported for the matrix rock. a large part of the vertical fractures noted in Spraberry cores- must be considered native to the formation. The effectiveness of the well fracture treatment in connecting the well bore to the native fracture system is analyzed by comparison of the effective permeability as determined from the PI test to that obtained from a pressure build-up curve. These results show that the fracture treatment is sufficiently effective in connecting tile well bore to the native fractrure system to yield a flow capacity within about 50 per cent of that dictated by the native fracture system About two-thirds of the wells show some degree of local blockage. INTRODUCTION Fractured reservoirs have been known in the past.' However, during the past two years the Spraberry formation has directed the attention of the petroleum industry to a study of the performance of a fractured reservoir. The large variation in the number of fractures noted in Spraberry cores rile large variation in the producing ability of offset well.. the dramatic effect of well treatment on well ,productivity. the unknown quantity of oil stored in the fractures and matrix rock. and the unknown oil to be recovered were part of the initial Spraberry puzzle. In this type reservoir where the well treatment is an important factor in determining the productivity. it i- particularly desirable to determine the in-place flow capacity of the drainage area at distance* far removed from the well bore. This value. when compared to the flow capacity obtained from a PI measurement, will show the effectiveness of the well treatment (completion. fracture treatment, acidization. etc. in establishing a flow capacity in the vicinity of the well bore equal to that in the more remote region. The object of this paper i.; to show the application of a method of pressure build-up analysis for this purpose in studying the Upper Spraberry formation in the Driver area. STATEMENT OF THEORY The theoretical basis for the application of a pressure buildup curve to show the effective permeability of the rock at distances far removed from the well bore has been presented in detail in earlier publications.', in the previous development it was shown that pressure build-up behavior of all wells could be reduced to the same dimensionless build-up curve of Fig. 1. This mean.; that the bottom hole pressure of a well after hut-in will rise in such a manner that a plot of pressure against the logaritllm of time yields a straight line. The slope of this linp can be rlzed to calculate the effective permeability as expressed by the following equation: where: effective oil permeability md oil production rate prior to shnt in. STB/I) In practice the flow which occurs into the well bore after shut in and the variation in flow capacity in the immediate vicinity of the well bore usually cause the early part of the build-up curve to be unsatisfactory in the determination of permeability. In general the effect of these factors on the straight line section will become negligible after a time when the of the following equation is equal to 0.1. and the preferred section Of the curve for use in defining the slope lie-

Jan 1, 1953

By M. R. Geer

Coal washing assumed an important role in the mining industry of the Pacific Northwest long before washing practice became firmly established in the Appalachian field. A Scaife washer was operated in the state of Washington in 1887; and by 1927, the fist year for which complete statistics were compiled, nearly a third of the state's coal production was washed, in comparison with only about 5 pct for the country as a whole. Mechanical preparation was adopted in Alaska in 1922 in a plant constructed by the United States Navy at Chickaloon to provide bunker coal for naval forces operating in northern waters. Many of the coal beds mined in Washington and Alaska contained more impurities than those mined elsewhere, and this circumstance contributed to the early interest in mechanical cleaning. A much more important factor, however, was the inclination of the coal beds. With steeply pitching beds, hand sorting by the miner at the face is impossible; consequently, all material must be loaded and dealt with on the surface, just as is now proving the case with mechanical mining of flat beds. Thus "full-seam" mining afforded the same stimulus to the early development of coal washing in the Northwest that - it is providing under mechanization in the rest of the country today.

Jan 1, 1949

By Lucien Eaton

THE accuracy with which detachable bits can be sharpened and gauged by grinding has made possible refinements in design that cannot be attained by forging. This applies particularly to gauging, where accuracy is of the greatest importance. Gauge changes of 1/32 in., and even 1/64 in., are now feasible, whereas 1/16 -in. changes are about the limit in accuracy for forged bits. These small changes in gauge are feasible, however, only with certain fundamental principles of design. Within reasonable limits the depth to which a hole can be drilled is dependent primarily upon the loss in gauge, or diameter, of the bit. In drilling there is always a certain amount of "overdrilling"-the bouncing of the bit in the hole and its rotation wear away the walls-so that the actual diameter of the hole is greater than the diameter of the bit. The amount of this overdrilling depends upon the kind of rock being drilled, and is sometimes sufficient to permit the use of the same diameter of bit for the full depth of the hole. If, for instance, a 1 3/4-in. diameter bit overdrills 1/32 in. in diameter, and loses 1/64 in. in gauge in drilling 2 ft. of hole, the bottom of the hole is still 1/64 in, larger than the original diameter of the bit, and a new 1 ¾ -in. bit can be used to drill the next 2 ft. If, however, the overdrill is less than the loss in gauge, the next bit must be of smaller diameter. The first requisite in reducing loss of gauge in drilling is to have the points and corners of the wings of the bit cut circles of the same diameter, thus producing a reaming surface with continuous bearing on the wall of the hole. The greater the reaming surface, the less the gauge loss that is to be expected. If the reaming surface, however, is too large, it may impede the rotation of the bit through excessive friction. This principle was probably first recognized in the design of the Carr bit (Fig. 1), a bit with a single cutting edge of wide angle, a definite reaming edge, and a large center hole. The same idea was followed in designing the double-taper cross bits, which are now standard almost everywhere.

Jan 1, 1939

By Alan Bauer

DRILLING CONSIDERATIONS In considering blasting it is necessary to consider the drilling and explosives since one is generally concerned with the total cost of muck of a certain size in the pit or through the crusher. To get a current idea of the drilling situation in open pit mines plotted in Fig. 1 are the drilling costs per ton of material vs. hole diameter for rotary drill holes in large limestone, iron ore and taconite operations. The exception is the 2-in. diam hole which was drilled with a percussion drill in limestone. Each curve in Fig. 1 represents a different operation and the data cover many months of production drilling. The costs are total operating and maintenance and do not include machine depreciation. As the hole size is increased so are the machine size and the investment. Providing the tonnage is available to be drilled, then as the machine size goes up so does the productivity-markedly-and this same shape of curve applies. In some instances it is even steeper. The interesting thing to note is that in each case studied there is a substantial drop-off in cost/ton as the hole size is increased. This is true for the softest material considered, limestone, through to the hardest, taconite. How has this come about? In going from 10-in. to 123-in. diam holes, the powder factors have generally stayed about the same and the same type of muck has been produced. To date this has been mainly in the softer materials but it has also been steadily taking hold in the harder ones. On this basis, then, patterns are generally expanded as the ratio of the hole diameters or close to it, if the explosive type is kept the same. In the harder rocks the cost per foot of hole has increased somewhat so that the overall reduction in drilling cost per ton is about 25 pct. In somewhat weaker rocks of about 25,000 psi compressional strength the drilling cost per

Jan 1, 1968

While coal was undoubtedly seen by the early travellers within the state, the first mention of it was in the late 1820's when hunters put some stones from a creek bed under the logs of a large camp fire, and awoke later to find the stones on fire. The stream was later named Coal Branch; the location was at the eastern side of the present Bibbs County.1 In the Louisville Daily Journal of Feb. 11, 1831, the following short editorial note appeared: "Tuscaloosa Coal.-A small quantity of this article has reached Mobile, and has been tried in the office of the Patriot; it is said to be an excellent article. We invite such of our friends as desire economy in fuel, love a cheerful and constant fire, or would eschew a smoky room, to call and examine." On a geological map published in 1832, the "Carboniferous group" is shown and a spot near Tuscaloosa indicated as showing bituminous coal,2 and this is again alluded to in Morton's Synopsis, 1834. A brief description of the coal fields in the state in 1834 said that in winter coal was brought down the. Black Warrior River to Mobile and sold there at the same price as Liverpool coal, $1.00 to $1.50 per barrel, ($10 to $15 per ton) and that the writer was using it in his laboratory.3 At that time it was in local use by smiths and an iron foundry was using it in Shelby County.4 In 1836 some coal was mined in the Birmingham district, chiefly in the northern portion of the Coosa basin, where it was loaded on barges and taken down the Coosa Rivers.5 "William Whitman dug coal out of Wolf Creek (Walker County) in 1837," and in the same county, in 1839, the first coal shaft in the state, was sunk. This was near the mouth of Lost Creek and was known as Frierson's Shaft. It was operated by a hand windlass, using two tubs.1

Jan 1, 1942

By WALTER B. JONES

IN ALABAMA there are three distinct groups of bauxite deposits, as follows: (1) Cambro-Ordovician contact with the principal-deposits located in Talla-dega, Calhoun, DeKalb, and Cherokee Counties, and in adjacent portions of the State of Georgia. (2) Midway-Nanafalia contact, with the principal deposits in Barbour and Henry Counties, and in adjacent portions of Georgia; also in North-eastern Mississippi. (3) Mississippian - Cretaceous contact, with a group of deposits centered around Margerum in Colbert County. For the purpose of more clearly describing bauxite mining in the state, past, present and possible future, these three groups will be described separately.

Jan 1, 1934

By YANG TSANQ WOO

THE method of making coke that has been adopted at the Kaiping and other collieries in northern China resembles, to some extent, the familiar bee-hive oven process of the United States, except that a kiln with permanent sides is used instead of a closed oven, and the products of combustion are drawn off at the bottom, In building coke-kilns in China, two circular holes, 8 ft. 6 in. in diameter at the bottom and 13 ft. in diameter at the top, are excavated in the ground, both being .connected at the bottom by a flue as shown in Fig. 1. The sides and bottom of the kiln are lined with fire-bricks, and covered with a layer of fire-clay, and a rectangular opening, 6 in. by 8 in., connects the bottom of each kiln with the main flue. Around the edge of the hole, and overlapping the lining, is a wall of fire-brick extending .2 ft. 6 in. above the level of the ground. An open space 5 ft. wide is left in this wall, through which the coal is carried into the kiln and the resultant coke removed. This space, of course, is bricked up during the time that the coking operation is being carried on. The wall is pierced with nine flue-openings uniformly placed around the circumference, each intervening space in the wall being strengthened with a brick buttress, as is shown in Figs. 2 and 4. The floor of the kiln, as well as the main flue, is lined with fire-brick. Before charging the coal, it is first placed in shallow bamboo sieves, 2 ft. in diameter, and immersed in a trough 10 ft. long, and 3 ft. wide, fed with pit-water; in which it is washed by hand. Fig. 3 shows the manner in which the washing is done. From 25 tons of good " dust" coal, 22.5 tons of washed coal are obtained. When ready to charge the coal into the kiln a temporary cone-shaped flue of fire-wood and lump coal is first built to a

Nov 1, 1905

By Allan B. Tanner

The effects of radon in drillholes on gamma-ray logs have been described by L. S. Hilpert and C. M. Bunker1 Since these effects may cause drastic error in the evaluation of uranium deposits, it is useful to know the conditions under which significant amounts of radon tend to accumulate in drill- holes. In the studies described here, atmospheric conditions were found to dominate in the control of the behavior of radon in drillholes in the vicinity of a uranium orebody. The site of the investigation was in McKinley County, New Mexico, about 12 miles north of Grants. Drillholes of 4 ¼ -in. diam, on 25-ft and 100- ft centers, penetrate ore in dry rock at a depth of about 100 ft. A geologic log of the drillhole of primary interest is shown in Fig. 1. Gamma-ray logs revealed three zones of ore-grade mineralization in the Todilto limestone. A 6-ft zone, the lowest of the three, assayed 0.20 pct U3O8 by chemical analysis. The limestone ores in this area contain disseminated uraninite and some yellow and orange secondary minerals.

Jan 7, 1959

By Horace Williams

IN VIEW of the frequent occurrence of petroleum in other parts of the world, it seems odd that so large an area as is contained within the borders of Brazil should be without this product. This apparent deficiency may be due, however, to our ignorance of the regions in which-it, may exist. In some places, indications point to the probable existence of petroleum in ages gone by; and while the presence of petroleum pools may be problematic, in several regions conditions not unfavorable to their occurrence exist. Yet, Brazil has enormous oil resources in the rich oil-shales in different parts of the country. Many of these shales are very rich and only suitable processes for the extraction of the oil are lacking. At the present time, only a few small experimental plants are producing oil by distillation from these shales. These plants have been the subject of recent investigations by the Geological and Mineralogical Survey, a. pre-liminary report of which is in the hands of the printer. The only regions where studies have not been made are the upper Amazon, the Acre, the Rio Negro, and the Peruvian frontier, which really seems to be the most promising field for, explorations of any in the country. In the vast plateau region of the interior north of the 20th parallel of latitude, granites, gneiss, mica schists, and, very old metamorphosed sedimentaries predominate. Later, sedimentaries occupy a minor position and, where found in the interior, represent a thin veneering resting on the older rocks. At several places near the coast they have a greater development and contain considerable beds of oil-shale and may, in some cases, offer conditions favorable for the occurrence of oil. Such deposits are found in the Permian rocks of central-and southern Maranhão; in the Tertiary and Cretaceous beds along the coast of Alagôas Sergipe, Bahia, and perhaps farther south in Espirito Santo; and in the Parahyba embayment north of Cape Frio and in the interior Tertiary basin of eastern Sao Paulo.

Jan 9, 1920

By Geo. H. Ashley

The following paper is intended to be suggestive only, and to open the way for discussion and further observation. Its preparation was requested only two days before the time limit set for the submission of the papers comprising this symposium. Thus no time existed for detailed studies, so it is largely a memorandum of such facts as have come incidentally to the notice of the writer in the study of coal in the field. The field study of sulfur in coal has received very little special attention or description from coal student's. The presence of sulfur concretions is noted in hundreds of descriptions, and certain benches of a coal bed may be described as "sulfury" or the presence and position of sulfur bands may be noted in coal sections in connection with sampling. It may be accepted that some sulfur is present in all coal. The amount varies greatly in different regions, in different beds, and in the same bed in different areas. The anthracite of Rhode Island comes the nearest of any coal known to the writer of being free from sulfur, several analyses of that coal showing less than 0.1 per cent. Subbitumi-nous coals in Colorado in a few places have close to 0.2 per cent. of sulfur on the dry-coal basis and in other states subbituminous coals approach this lower limit. Bituminous coals seldom run under 0.4 per cent. of sulfur on the dry basis, though in a few places dry bituminous coals in Colorado and Washington have between 0.3 and 0.4 per cent. The better known bituminous coals have almost everywhere over 0.4 per cent. The best of the Pocahontas and New River coals run close to 0.4 per cent., but there is very little commercial coal in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, or the other states, that runs under 0.5 per cent. on the dry basis. From these minimum figures, the amount will range up to 5 or 6 per cent. or higher if visible sulfur is not excluded. It must be remembered that the usual analysis of a coal bed is not intended to give the total proportion of sulfur in the bed but the amount in the coal after the removal of the more obvious and larger sulfur masses. Professor Parr has already pointed out that, chemically, sulfur occurs in several forms: as pyrite, organic sulfur, sulfates, and possibly as un-combined sulfur. Sulfur in the form of sulfates is commonly the obvious result of the weathering of pyrite and may be found in the coal within .

Jan 1, 1920

By James P. Dr. Kimball

SULPHUR is always present in mineral coal of every variety. In the oxidized state it may exist as sulphuric acid in combination with a base. In the unoxidized state it exists in combination with iron as bisulphide of iron. It is also supposed by some chemists to exist in unknown combinations with the organic elements of the coal. This supposition requires the demonstration as a fact that certain coals yield more sulphur than what may exist in a free state, or what belongs to recognized combinations, not only with the accompanying iron but with other inorganic bases abundantly occurring in coals, but which unfortunately are very rarely estimated. This practically as well as theoretically important question it is at present impossible to decide, simply for want of available thorough ultimate coal analyses including the ash. Such analyses, at the best imperfect, are laborious and intricate, and therefore seldom made, the much simpler proximate analyses, so-called, being resorted to by most chemists for technical purposes, and commonly substituted for more scientific work even in the laboratories of government surveys. And it is unfortunate enough that few ultimate analyses are extended to the composition of the ash, much less to its relation to the original constitution of the coal. Sulphur chiefly occurs in most coals in the form of yellow pyrites (pyrite) and white pyrites (marcasite), both minerals, characterized by differences in crystalline form and in physical properties as well as in color, but having the same chemical composition (FeS2). No coal is entirely free from one or both of these dimorphous forms of bisulphide of iron. It may be disseminated through the mass so as to be invisible, in plates or scales between the laminæ of the coal, or in conspicuous segregations or nodules, sometimes of considerable dimensions. Coals greatly differ as to the proportion of sulphur which they contain. They also differ as to the relative proportion in which its several forms of combination occur. Such qualitative and quantitative disparities are scarcely, if at all, more marked in separate coal seams of a uniform type than in different parts of one and the same coal seam, whether it be considered locally as constituted of several

Jan 1, 1880

By Lloyal O. Bacon

In the spring of 1952 Calumet and Hecla Inc. began a geophysical program near Shullsburg, Wis., in the Wisconsin-Illinois lead-zinc district, to assist the geological and drilling exploration programs. Sphalerite, the ore mineral in this area, occurs with a considerable amount of marcasite. In general the higher the percentage of sphalerite in the ore, the higher the percentage of marcasite; however, there may be mineralized zones high in marcasite but low in sphalerite. Orebodies in general are relatively narrow and elongated.

Feb 1, 1956

By L. O. Howard

WHAT was perhaps the first attempt at basic converting in the Southwest was made by the late Charles F. Shelby at Cananea early in 1907, when he removed the acid lining from one of the 8 by 12-ft. barrel-type converters then in use at the reduction works of the Cananea Consolidated Copper Co. and substituted a lining of one course of magnesite brick. In this shell, he blew 21 taps (about 180 tons) of matte to white metal before the brick gave out along the tuyère line. In every case, the white metal so made was transferred and blown to copper in other converters. The cost of the lining was $700 and Mr. Shelby gave up the experiment as impracticable. No further serious effort to bessemerize copper mattes in a vessel having a more or less permanent lining of basic brick was made by any of the large copper smelters in the Southwest until some months after Messrs. Peirce and Smith had brought the question permanently before the public, and had proved it to be a metallurgical and financial success by their work at Baltimore and Garfield. Early in 1911, the Cananea Consolidated Copper Co. had in operation at its reduction works at Cananea, Mex., several 8 by 12-ft. barrel-type converters lined with magnesite brick which had previously been operating with acid linings. In the 18 months following, these converters produced 50,000 tons of copper. In June, 1912, this company installed the first of its new equipment of six stands of electrically operated 12-ft. Great Falls type converters, and shortly afterward discontinued the use of the smaller shells. In September, 1911, the Consolidated Kansas City Smelting & Refining Co. had installed at its El Paso plant two 10 by 26-ft. Peirce-Smith converters. Later, in March, 1913, one standard Great Falls type converter was added. .About the time the Peirce-Smith converters were going in at El Paso, the Calumet & Arizona Mining Co. was experimenting with basic linings in 7-ft. by 10-ft. 6-in. barrel converters at its plant in Douglas, Ariz. These efforts were sufficiently successful to enable the plant to handle the total output of copper in these small shells until the standard. Great Falls converters were substituted in June, 1914.

Jan 9, 1916

By W. C. Wright

A PRACTICAL program of education for workers of the mining industries is being formulated by the Federal Board for Vocational. Education in cooperation with the States in which this industry is a dominant one. The Federal Government last year passed a law, known as the Federal Vocational Education Act, that provides for the promotion of vocational' education and for cooperation with the States in the promotion of such education in agriculture and trades and industries and in the preparation of teachers of vocational subjects. More than 1,000,000 men in the continental United States are employed in mines and quarries. The following table, from the-1910 Census Report, shows the relative importance of mining and manufacturing pursuits: Manufactures Mines and Quarries Employees 7,405,313 1,109,410. Capital $18,428,269,706 $3,380,525,841 Value of product $20,672,051,870 $1,238,410,322 Of the more than 1,000,000 men employed in mining, almost three-fourths are engaged in the, production of bituminous and anthracite coal; one-fifth, in the production of copper, iron, lead, zinc, and other metals; and the remainder in getting out structural and miscellaneous materials from quarries. The meeting of the needs of the coal-mining industry, therefore, is the problem of greatest importance in the point of numbers to be served. Moreover, the dangers in coal mining are greater than in metal mining. Practically all States have set up educational and technical standards , for the position of foreman, boss, superintendent, etc., and every applicant for these positions must have a certificate of competency. The qualifications, too, are becoming increasingly difficult in the field of technical information. In some States, every miner must have a certificate, which is issued by the mine examining board. only after an oral examination.

Jan 1, 1919

By P. H. Royster

SOMETHING of a mystery has attached itself to the production of ferromanganese in the blast furnace. This alloy has been produced on the Continent almost continuously since 1876 and in very considerable tonnages, but little definite information concerning the practice is to he found in technical literature, and almost nothing in the way of a theory of the manganese furnace. In this country prior to 1904, bit one company had attempted its production in a serious way, and none of the operating data or other information from this company has been, or is, available to the public. In the last 5 years, as a result of the restriction of imports, a number of furnaces have been blown in on this alloy, with the result that in 1918 as many, as 18 furnaces were in blast. The majority of the men in charge of these furnaces had had little previous experience in such operations. Realizing the advantages both to the country and to the industry from a pooling of operating data and experiences, the Bureau of Mines, in the summer of 1918, undertook the collection of data from ferromanganese furnaces. Although the results of this investigation have already been reported to the companies cooperating, they may he of permanent metallurgical interest, so this paper attempts to give, briefly, the more important points brought out in the investigations. OPERATING DATA IN FERROMANGANESE PRACTICE Operating data were collected by the Bureau from 11 ferromanganese furnaces, which will be referred to throughout this paper as furnaces A, B, C, F, G, I, J, K, L, M, and P. The dimensions, of seven of the furnaces are given in Table 1. The companies from whom this infor-

Jan 2, 1919

In 1910, he was with the Hidalgo Guadalupe, Pachuca, Mexico, and in 1911 was engineer with the Gualcola Mines Co., at Tuquerres, Colombia. In 1913, he returned to the Sout.hwest, and was employed for that yea.r by the Inspiration Cons. Copper Co. at Miami, and in the middle of the following year he became engineer with the Detroit Copper Co., at Morenci. In the autumn of 1914, Mr. Reece, stirred by his English blood, resolved to return to England to take part in the war. At this time he wrote "I think it will be better for me to resign my membership. If I come through all right, I will apply for re-election." The Institute, however, instead of accepting Mr. Reece's resignation, voted him an indefinite leave of absence, and this precedent soon crystallized into the regular procedure, now in force, of remitting the dues of members in active service. On Dec. 17, 1914, he wrote from Montreal that he fully expected to go over shortly in the second contingent from Canada, with Borden's Armored Brigade, operating with armored motor cars. As he said "this will be active enough service to satisfy any enthusiast, as they are used generally for reconnaissance duty." Soren Ringlund Soren Ringlund died suddenly on July 24, 1918, at Fort Logan, Colo., where he was engaged in service with the Medical Department of the U. S. Army. Mr. Ringlund was born in Denmark in 1875. He came to the United States in 1902, and became a citizen in 1908. He graduated as

Jan 1, 1920

SUGGESTIONS that existing schools give instruction bearing on the mineral industry, or that schools for that purpose should be established in the United States, began to be made early, and it would require too much space to catalogue them all. Some of the more important may be mentioned to indicate their general character. In the "advertisement to such parents as have now (or expect to have) children prepared to be educated in the College of New York," which appeared in the New York Mercury of June 3, 1754, Samuel Johnson, the first president of King's College, the predecessor of Columbia, said that it was the "design of this college to instruct and perfect the youth," among other things, "in the arts of Numbering and Measuring of Surveying, and Navigation and Geography. . . . and in the Air, Water and Earth around us, and the various kinds of Meteors, Stones, Mines and Minerals, Plants and Animals; and in the knowledge of all Nature in the Heavens above us, and of everything useful for the Comfort, Convenience and the Elegance of Life . . . " Though the concept that natural science should be used to enlarge the bounds of human life was thus implicit at Columbia from the , very beginning (John Stevens graduated from it in 1768, James Renwick in 1807, Horatio Allen in 1833, and A. W. Craven in 1899), it was only during the period of Renwick's professorship of Natural and Experimental Philosophy and Chemistry (1830- 1853) that much attention was given to applied science.* Among the Austin papers, published by the American Historical Association,~ there is a draft in Stephen F. Austin's handwriting of a proposed memorial from the legislature of , Missouri to Congress, not only urging "the propriety and utility * See chapter 4 for early interest in this subject in Philadelphia.

Jan 1, 1941

By Thomas L. Watson

My thanks are due to Mr. Frank Firmstone, Easton, Pa., who has called my attention to the statement in my paper' that " Barite, fluorite and quartz, thougll not observed in the Tennessee area," ... as possibly misleading to the reader, if construed to mean that such a discovery had never been made. Mr. Firmstone is correct in assuming that this statement referred only to the study of the worked areas of the metallic ores, especially zinc, made in the course of the survey upon which my paper was based. The occurrence of barite and fluorite with lead-ores in Tennessee was reported by Prof. Safford? in 1869, and by Safford and Killebrew? in 1887, with the further statement that about 1,000,000 lb. of barite were annually mined in Greene, Washington and Jefferson counties, Tenn., and that considerable deposits occur also in McMinn, Smith and other counties. It is also noted that the barite " usually occurs in veins, associated with galena." The present worked areas of barite are, however, distinct barite propositions, without workable quantities of either lead or zinc, so far as mining operations have gone, and the areas are more or less removed from the present areas of zinc-ores. Mr. Firmstone informs me also that, in 1892, he observed, in the magnesian limestone at Watauga Point, in Carter county, on the left bank of the Watauga river, a little below the mouth of Buffalo creek, small quantities of galena and some fluorite.

Jan 1, 1907