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By R. W. Raymond

THE sudden death of Dr. Drown, on Nov. 17, 1904, brought to multitudes the pang of personal loss. Of all those who, as students at Lafayette College, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Lehigh University, were brought under his influence, not one can have forgotten him, and all will now acknowledge, with an unfading gratitude, what they owe in professional equipment to his wise, clear, skillful guidance, and in character to his sympathetic, stimulating personality. Outside of this wide circle, the experts of both hemispheres will lament the departure of one who, in his department of scientific inves¬tigation, both knew what work was needed, and how to do it so that it needed not to be done again. The older members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers will remember with gratitude the part he took, as Secretary from 1873 to 1884, in promoting the interest of that organization, and in shaping the plan and policy which it has followed with such noteworthy success. And, in addition to all these (though partly included among them), there are a host of friends; who can scarcely think of the public loss by reason of their own. Thomas Messenger Drown was born March 19, 1842, at Phil¬adelphia, Pa. His parents were natives of New England; and. he was the youngest of their three sons. He received his preliminary education in the public schools and the High School of Philadelphia, from which he was graduated in 1859. Be-

Jul 1, 1905

R. W. Raymond, New York City: From a study of Mr. Johnson's paper, I conclude that his apparatus is simple in construction and operation, and imitates in a revolving machine the movements of hand-shoveling. It does what a man would do in removing sand from the waste-water with a perforated shovel. I am sorry to say that I fear the present condition of the brown-ore mining industry in the East, as long as

Jan 1, 1899

E. G. SPILSBURY, New York, N. Y.-I would like to ask Mr. Wemple what is the total loss in redistillation; not merely the weight of the lead removed, but also the loss clue to rehandling of a large amount of blue powder, and that clue to the final remelting in the tank furnace? LELAND E. WEMPLE.-The loss of zinc by redistillation, on the first operation, is approximately 5 per cent. This loss does not cover the lead

Jan 4, 1918

R. W. Raymond, New York City: From a study of Mr. Johnson's paper, I conclude that his apparatus is simple in construction and operation, and imitates in a revolving machine the movements of hand-shoveling. It does what a man would do in removing sand from the waste-water with a perforated shovel. I am sorry to say that I fear the present condition of the brown-ore mining industry in the East, as long as

Jan 1, 1899

By Frederic A. Delano

The subject of the wear of rails seems to have attracted an unusual amount of interest in the last six months, and in the bope of doing my share to direct opinions in what seems to me the right direction, I will attempt to discuss briefly the several ways in which the shape of the rail-section may affect the life of rails. In a paper presented at the Boston meeting of the Institute (Trans., xvi., 594),

Jan 1, 1889

By John A. Church

The operations of the Tombstone Mill and Mining Company, in Arizona, have been extensive and interesting; and I will eudeavor to describe what is novel in their work, without attempting to go over the well-known facts of silver milling, concentration and smelting which are the general branches of their business. Their mines are at Tombstone, and their mills at Charleston, ten miles distant. The ore has been mined only above water-level, and at first was

Jan 1, 1887

By Bruce A. Kennedy

Lufthansa flight 497 roared down the runway and climbed rapidly through the early morning mist hanging over Pudahuel airport and the city of Santiago, Chile, into the brilliant sunlight above the clouds. As the plane banked onto course for Lima, Peru, we got what was possibly our last look at the beautiful snowclad mountains that ring Santiago. To the northeast was the massive hump of Aconcagua, the highest mountain in the Southern Hemisphere, wreathed in clouds and virtually looming over Rio Blanco, the new mine put into production by Cerro de Pasco just one short year before. Almost a thousand miles to the north lay the massive open pits of Chuquicamata and Exotica, and a little closer to Santiago the El Salvador mine. Behind to the southeast, clinging to the steep slopes of the Andes, was the large and awe-inspiring El Teniente mine at Braden. These mines, once the bastions of such companies as Anaconda and Kennecott, had a new owner-the Government of Chile. On the plane were a number of people who had spent a large part of their lives in Chile operating these mines and plants, and who now were suddenly faced with the necessity of starting new lives somewhere else. To them, this was their last look at the country which not too long ago was their home, a bittersweet moment of reminiscence and a time for questioning what the future held.

Jan 1, 1971

By H. J. Beattie

R. L. Stegman and M. R. Achter (U.S. Naval Research Laboratory)—In a study of the surface structures developed in the fatigue of nickel at low strains as a function of temperature, we have obtained similar results.3 As our apparatus permits fatigue tests to be conducted in vacuo, there was no masking of the surface at high temperatures by oxidation so that the structures there could be observed directly. The relatively few broad slip bands observed at room temperature gave way at 300°C to a large number of uniformly distributed and narrower slip bands. At 550°C deformation began to concentrate around the grain boundaries and progressively increased up to 800°C. In addition fatigue strength was observed initially to increase with increasing temperature up to about 600°C due to the effectively increased ductility caused by the dispersal of fatigue damage. The fatigue strength then decreased at higher temperatures as grain boundary cracking dominates. Maria Ronay, W. H. Reimann, and W. A. Wood (authors' reply)— The authors are pleased to note that R. L. Stegman and M. R. Achter reach similar conclusions from their study of surface slip on nickel. However, they would emphasize that their own conclusions are based on what is shown by study of specimens that have been sectioned and that this study also shows that surface slip is not necessarily representative of what happens below the surface.

Jan 1, 1965

By Frederick Laist

F. N. FLYNN, Clifton, Ariz.-I would like to ask Mr. Mathewson what percentage of his leaching liquor is wasted at this time? It has a bearing on the question in connection with the New Cornelia, and I think it is a very important question. E. P. MATHEWSON, Anaconda, Mont.-I am not sure what the percentage is now, but we don't discard the strong liquors. Something like 25 per cent. of the wash water taken out each day is sent over a special set of scrap iron tanks, and the copper recovered there. We had a little trouble at first. We did not proceed to use the sponge iron for the reason that the plant we originally contemplated was abandoned for flotation. Our original idea was to use a leaching process on all the tailings of the mill, but we found it would take a great deal of time to build a plant; and the cost of operating the plant we estimated to be about the same and the recovery the same. It was a question of time with us, and we decided to adopt flotation. That changed our plans. We now have the leaching plant, treating the tailings of the old dump, and the flotation applied to the current tailings. The sponge iron was figured for the large plant. We can get all the scrap iron necessary for the small plant-plenty from the scrap produced in the main plant of the smelter.

Jan 12, 1916

By R. L. Stegman, M. R. Achter

R. L. Stegman and M. R. Achter (U.S. Naval Research Laboratory)—In a study of the surface structures developed in the fatigue of nickel at low strains as a function of temperature, we have obtained similar results.3 As our apparatus permits fatigue tests to be conducted in vacuo, there was no masking of the surface at high temperatures by oxidation so that the structures there could be observed directly. The relatively few broad slip bands observed at room temperature gave way at 300°C to a large number of uniformly distributed and narrower slip bands. At 550°C deformation began to concentrate around the grain boundaries and progressively increased up to 800°C. In addition fatigue strength was observed initially to increase with increasing temperature up to about 600°C due to the effectively increased ductility caused by the dispersal of fatigue damage. The fatigue strength then decreased at higher temperatures as grain boundary cracking dominates. Maria Ronay, W. H. Reimann, and W. A. Wood (authors' reply)— The authors are pleased to note that R. L. Stegman and M. R. Achter reach similar conclusions from their study of surface slip on nickel. However, they would emphasize that their own conclusions are based on what is shown by study of specimens that have been sectioned and that this study also shows that surface slip is not necessarily representative of what happens below the surface.

Jan 1, 1965

GERARD B. ROSENBLATT,* Salt Lake City, Utah (written discussion?). -Mr. Eschholz attacks this problem from what appears to me to be the proper angle. He does not limit his viewpoint to the attainment of ideal results under conditions approximating laboratory practice, but rather discusses actual commercial conditions that must be maintained in large-scale operations, where continuity of service without expert attendance is one of the prime considerations. I am of the opinion that Mr. Eschholz has not given sufficient consideration to the commercial possibilities of what he describes as System B, the use of low-tension a.-c. industrial or lighting circuits for supplying power to Cottrell treaters through the medium of a step-up transformer and a synchronously driven rectifier, without the use of motor-generators. It is true that, to date, few installations on a large scale have used this system, but I believe that when the conditions of power supply are suitable, and when proper precautions are taken, this system can be used successfully and to advantage. where at present it is considered necessary to use motor-generator sets. In the average commercial Cottrell installation of any size, the motor-generator set is used for two purposes: (1) To isolate the industrial supply circuit from the Cottrell circuit. (2) To. afford, an easily operated and smooth system of control for the Cottrell treater voltage With proper engineering, both of these objects can be accomplished without the use of motor-generator sets.

Jan 10, 1918

By William Garrett

I have heard it said that the late Mr. Holley made use of this remark: " There is an inherent, cussedness about rolls which, so far, no man has been able to find out." I think this can be safely claimed in reference to steel, as there are certain peculiarities about it that are pretty hard to account for. Previous to the introduction of the Bessemer process there was, as it were, a great chasm between iron and crucible steel; and, outside of what futile attempts had been made in puddling steel, nothing had been done to fill this gap. The Bessemer steel struck a medium between the two, the softest of it not being able to take the place of good iron, while the hardest was not suitable to encroach very far upon the crucible-steel trade. The open-hearth process made quite an inroad into the latter, but only for the lower and cheaper grades; and, beyond a doubt, for the finest grades of tool-steel, the cruciblesteel business has a long life before it. On the other side of the line comes the " basic " process, which brings us a step nearer iron ; but to fill up the gap completely, comes the Clapp-Griffiths process, which makes a grade of material—call it what you will—that is as soft as iron, welds as readily, and is in a fair way to supersede iron altogether. For fifteen years, I was in the employment of the Cleveland

Jan 1, 1886

"The earth is the Lord's and the fullness thereof." Science knows no national boundaries, knows no country. These views might be taken as premises for a discussion of the development of the mineral resources of the world. Yet how far man is removed from such broadminded ideals! In this day of jealousy and dread, of political machinations and statesmen's maneuverings, of rantings and crass ravings against fellow-beings, man's attitudes towards God's gifts are but the measure of the smallness of man. That the exploitation of mineral wealth should be for the common good, none will deny, but what is meant by "common"? Is it for the common good of The Pennsylvania State College, Pennsylvania, the United States of America, or the world? If man is big enough and honest enough to state categorically that by "common," as used in the context above, is meant that the utilization of the mineral wealth should be for the mutual benefit of all mankind, and that all concerned strive to see that such a viewpoint is executed, then there is brighter hope for the future. It is to be hoped that the world may have at least a few years or possibly a generation of peace. What can be done in these years to work towards the ultimate goal of human improvement? The work of statesmen in the drafting of international agreements and the easing of small frictions which appear between nations, as they

Jan 1, 1950

By Charles Weaver

DURING the past few years there has been considerable activity in prospecting for oil and gas in several parts of western Washington. From time to time seepages of oil or emanations of gas have been reported from various places. Several companies have been organized for the purpose of drilling, but only a part of these have actually begun operations. In certain localities very small seepages of oil occur, but up to the present time no oil or gas in commercial quantities has been obtained. In order to determine the conditions which may be favorable or unfavorable 'to the occurrence of petroleum it becomes necessary to know the character and extent of the geological formations in which such deposits might occur. In other regions where producing wells have been developed it is possible to know what formations contain the oil mind what structural conditions influence its concentration in reservoirs or zones. It is usually possible to determine those strata which contained the a materials from which the petroleum may have been derived and also the position and distribution of the more porous sandstone belts into which it may have collected. Detailed stratigraphic surveys, may even determine the depth at, which a certain known oil-bearing zone may be tapped at any particular place. It is also possible to recognize those formations which are presumably barren of oil, as well as those which are absolutely so.

Jan 7, 1915

By R. W. Raymond

The sudden death of Dr. Drown, on Nov. 17, 1904, brought to multitudes the pang of personal loss. Of all those who, as students at Lafayette College, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Lehigh University, were brought under his influence, not one can have forgotten him, and all will now acknowledge, with an unfading gratitude, what they owe in professional equipment to his wise, clear, skillful guidance, and in character to his sympathetic, stimulating personality. Outside of this wide circle, the experts of both hemispheres will lament the departure of one who, in his department of scientific investigation, both knew what work was needed, arid how to do it so that it needed not to be done again. The older members of the Amierican Institute of Mining Engineers will remember with gratitude the part he took, as Secretary from 1873 to 1884, in promoting the interest of that organization, and in shaping the plan and policy which it has followed with such noteworthy success. And, in addition to all these (though partly included among them), there are a host of friends, who can scarcely think of the public loss by reason of their own. Thomas Messenger Drown was born March 19,1842, at Philadelphia, Pa. His parents were natives of New England; and he was the youngest of their three sons. He received his preliminary education in the public schools and the High School of Philadelphia, from which he was graduated in 1859. Be-

Jan 1, 1906

COMPLYING with your frequently expressed wish and, your persistent request, I have decided to prepare a brief little book on metallic ores, based on ,the books of the ancient philosophers and on the experience of practicing miners, that will instruct you how to judge from promising indications which rock forma¬tions, which veins, stringers, or mineral matter are likely to bring. forth metallic ores so that it would be promising and gainful to work them. It explains according to the best of my ability, in separate chapters, as much as you need to :know for your, chosen profession or business, about such things as the favorable characteristics of the terrain, the strike, and dip* and outcrop of veins in general, and also about each metal in particular. Young Knappius: † Then it will be explained to me logically in. this little book and I shall be given a reasonable understanding which mines can be worked gainfully so that my investment will not be wasted but will show a profit. Daniel: Everybody should, of course, use his intelligence and should educate himself well and diligently to become able to understand, [2]‡ as far as that is. possible, from what matter, by what means, and where metals are generated by. Nature; and as a mere side issue he should not spurn the profit that ensues there from. But if his aim is solely and predominantly profit and gain rather

Jan 1, 1949

By W. Hurst, R. E. Leeser, W. C. Goodson

Three aspects of gas deliverability are presented in this paper. The first treats with the gas deliverability or availability of a normal depletion-type dry gas field. Such encompasses not only the period of stabilized constant rate, but more so, the "tailings" when a fixed abandonment pressure is reached and the rate by necessity must decline. A comprehensive work plot is offered, developed from mathematics herein included, that removes the triai-and-errnr computations that attended such undertakings in the past. The second part treats with the discount factor of the open flow potential constant from what is observed initially in testing a gas well to what is evidenced when stabilization is reached. This prevails in tight formations, such as the Kansas Hugoton field which is offered as the example. The means of establishing this factor are pressure build-up curves which, as sustained by analytical deductions, reproduce this entire period of transient flow under conditions of a constant rate influx. Finally, what is offered in this paper is the deliverability performance of an exceedingly rich gas condensate field producing from a tight formation. The example shown is the Knox Bromide field in Oklahoma, producing from the Bromide formations. The results are ominous, showing early reduction in permeability to gas pow, due to the retrograde condensate forming in the pore space, with the attending early logging-up of these wells. The analytics of lowered permeability are incorporated in the gas deliverability formula along with the PVT data that gives the increased condensate liquid saturation as the gas flows to the well bore. This paper would not be complete without a critique oflered at the end. With the many gas wells now in production and those that have completed their life, there has been no factual information collected by any source as to what constitutes that permeability range where a gas well would be unimpaired in its gas deliverability by the presence of rich condensate content, and the lowered range where such would be harmful. This question confronts all producers. INTRODUCTION Various aspects of gas deliverability are presented in this paper that includes depletion-type reservoirs, deteriora- tion factor of the gas deliverability constant, and the performance of a rich gas condensate reservoir producing from a tight sand. With respect to the presentation of gas deliverability and its tailings for depletion-type gas reservoirs, one notes that this is essentially the information offered by every gas transmission company and producer appearing before the Federal Power Commission for Letters of Conveyance in the dedication of reserves. In the ordinary procedure, as many engage upon this study, trial-and-error calculations are included, particularly as apply to the tailings. For many years one of the writers has employed mathematical analyses to perform this step and avoid the complexities so associated. In the preparation of this paper these analyses have been amplified to include any slope n for the open flow potential relationship for which the tailings can be determined from Fig. 1. With reference to the deterioration or discount factor of the open flow potential constant as such occurs in the gas deliverability formula, this for the most part has been an unexplored subject. Although the issue first appeared in the Kansas Hugoton field, where such was surmised but only recently resolved, this situation of a deterioration of the gas deliverability constant can occur wherever dry gas production from a tight sand is encountered. The first concerted attacks upon this problem were the presentations of Hurst' and Goodson' before the Kansas Corporation Commission to show that transient fluid flow and unsteady-state flow formulas prevailed. This was amplified later before the Federal Power Commission3 to show that this deterioration factor could be identified from pressure build-up curves. This has been reported by McMahon.4 Its importance to the industry merits the review of these essential features in completing the program on the aspects of gas deliverability. Finally, as illustrated here, for a low permeability formation such as the Knox Bromide field where the gas is rich, representing some 165 bbl of condensate per MMcf of effluent gas, the gas deliverability can be of limited extent in the life of the field, leaving substantial amounts of condensate and gas unrecovered. In cases such as this, gas cycling is mandatory. This is particularly revealed by the fluid mechanics introduced here, employing factual field as well as laboratory data, to show this-restriction upon gas deliverability. PRESSURE DEPLETION What will now be offered is the study of gas deliver-

By J. W. Graham

For many years the author has been cognizant of the difficulty encountered by some in treating with the water influx formulas for unsteady-state fluid flow as pertain to the material balance equation. This has particularly applied in establishing reservoir performance and identifying reservoir pressure, which to the practicing engineer has entailed a trial-and-error procedure, and for others has necessitated resorting to computing devices and reiteration processes. In retrospect this difficulty stems from the fact that reservoir pressure in the material balance formulas, as well as associated with the water influx equations, is an inexplicit term, and the work reported in the past is irrefutable. However, what will be presented in this paper is another approach to the problem, whereby the entire material balance equation will be treated by the Laplace transformation, and reservoir pressure which hereto has been inexplicit, can now be isolated by mathematical procedure to relate that parameter with all the factors contributing to its change. This is the simplification entailed, that treats first with an undersaturated oil reservoir as an integrated effect from the inception of production. The second phase pertains to saturated oil reservoirs that encompass a survey traverse. Although both methods of approach are necessarily different in aspect, the most interesting fact is that the mathematics so deduced are identical. Both the linear and radial water-drive systems are incorporated. for which an illustrated factual example is offered for the latter, treating with a saturated oil reservoir. INTRODUCTIO N What is performed in this work is the simplification of an involved computation by advanced analysis. Although such may be construed as a contradiction when one treats with higher mathematics; nevertheless, when direction is given to such an undertaking the results car. be most revealing. Likewise, it is to be mentioned that the bases for these mathematics have been developed on the expediency of the occasion. This is not to be inferred as a qualification of this work, but rather the demands frequently placed upon the author in his private prac- tice in meeting a time limit. A situation, instead of being fraught with hazards, often has given emphasis to creative thought. What will be entailed in this work is the simplification of the material balance formulas by the Laplace Transformation., Although this reveals entirely new horizons that will be given expression in a forthcoming tract, it suffices in the present instance to limit our attention to this phase of the development that treats both with an undersaturated and saturated oil reservoir. To orient the reader's thoughts as to what is involved in this simplification is the recognition that reservoir pressure, as such, is an inexplicit term in the material balance equation. This is the independent parameter that defines the total history of performance in the author's' unsteady-state water influx formulas, as well as the basis for the physical dependency of fluid behavior within the formation as prescribed in the Schil-thuis' material balance equation. Therefore, to isolate reservoir pressure, which is the most essential factor in any reservoir study, is rather a cumbersome procedure entailing either a trial-and-error calculation for the engineer; or as some prefer, a reiteration process performed on a computing device. However, once such an equation can be transcribed as a Laplace transformation, this inexplicitness so expressed can be alleviated to identify reservoir pressure as an explicit function of all the factors contributing to its change. This is the simplification encompassed, that will treat first with an undersaturated oil reservoir as an integrated effect from the inception of production, and secondly, with a saturated oil reservoir as a survey traverse. Although the two approaches are necessarily different because of the uhvsics involved. it is an interesting commentary that the mathematics are identical, showing the interdependency of the two methods. In order to acquaint the reader with this development, the simplest case will be treated first; namely, an under-saturated oil reservoir subject to a linear water drive. However, what may be construed for this example as an idealistic case is actually a most practical application in certain parts of the world, where the size of the fields are so large that radial water-drive approaches the configuration of a linear drive. Further, to avoid the repetition of much symbolism, frequent references will be made to the work of the author and an associate on Laplace Transformations3,

By Prince Lazarovich, Hrebelianovich

I WAS asked by the chairman of one of the Sessions on Employment Problems to talk about the viewpoint of the foreign workingman. I am not a workingman. I have never done what a work-hand might call an honest day's labor; that is, I have never been in a factory or manufacturing plant or in a mine, though in truth, hard work and I are well acquainted. I was a soldier, am an engineer, have long been actively interested in the most important waterway construction in the near East, have served politics and diplomacy, written books and lectured at universities. My knowledge of the foreign workingman in this country comes from the fact that my own compatriots here at various times came to me and appealed for advice and help, and last year I was asked by the employment manager of a corporation to undertake a welfare job at one of their plants. I went out, saw the plant, talked with the superintendent and outlined certain of my ideas which he personally heartily approved, but which did not find favor with those higher up. I approach the subject of the foreign workman's point of view with the understanding that the industrial employer's effort is for the maximum of efficiency. I am conversant with labor conditions abroad both in industry and agriculture. What I have learned of industrial conditions in America as they affect the foreign immigrant has been chiefly gathered from the cases referred to of foreign workmen who from time to time have come to me with their troubles. In the course of those investigations, in order to give whatever help or advice was possible, I have been impressed with the fact that the great United States industries evidently had- pot yet sufficiently recognized the value of studying the conditions of the workingman in the lands of his origin across the seas. A careful study of that which could be called the moral element in connection with its foreign labor would give industry a knowledge of the man's reason for coming, what' grievances he brings with him, his hopes for a future, and the peculiar character of his capacities. The employer would thereby be enabled to meet the man, to be helpful to him, to aid him and at the same time promote industrial efficiency, inasmuch as a workman who believes that he is being dealt with humanly and squarely is contented and satisfied and will give willingly, and even with pride, the best that is in him; justice and a fair deal is all the man wants.

Jan 4, 1918

By Eugene Grace

IN THE careers of the men to whom I have referred we find typified the development of the chief prob-lems of engineering. The first is to shape and direct the forces of nature and thus to bring the world's resources to add to the comfort and welfare of man-kind. That, in a word, is the problem of production. Engineers have made a supreme contribution to the solution of that problem. But I feel that we have two somewhat newer branches of engineering which must command more and more of our attention. Those are what might be termed commercial and human engineering. Of what value is all our efficiency in pro-duction if we do not distribute efficiently, economically and effectively? And of what value is any of it unless we can add to the happiness and deeper satisfaction of those engaged in industry, as well as those who enjoy its -products? I predict that the outstanding advances in business over the next ten years will be in improved merchan-dising and distributing methods. Herein lies a wide field of opportunity for the engineer. We have briefly reviewed certain qualities of engi-neers who have become successful business executives. Is it possible for us to say that the material success of all these men was due to any one characteristic com-mon to each one of them? Indeed, I venture to assert that there is one quality which, in the last analysis, is determining as to whether any roan shall realize material success in this world of ours. That quality-so notable in the character of each one of the men I have named-is sound judgment. Moments arise in every life when it is necessary to say "yes" or to say "no" to a particular proposition or to a proposed line of action. It is the man who says "yes" at the proper time and "no" at the proper time who, in the final analysis, realizes business success. The ability to do this wisely is the mark of sound judg-ment, which is necessary in a business executive. I have known many business men seemingly slow in their mental processes, possessed apparently, of little imagination and of none of the flair which gives fasci-nation to so many characters, and yet who, when crises come-be they big or be they little-are able so to steer their business courses that they move in the right direction instead of into shallow waters or upon the rocks of trouble.

Jan 4, 1928