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By Clinton H. Crane

WHEN I agreed to accept your Committee's suggestion that I talk to you at this meeting on the future of copper, lead and zinc mining, I could not help wondering why I had been chosen to be a prophet. Knowing the pious nature of your committee, I thought I had better look up and see what the Bible says about being a prophet, and what the dictionary definition of a prophet is. The word "prophet" comes from the Greek and is defined as "one who speaks through a divine inspiration." Also, in the Gospel of Saint Matthew, Christ tells us that a prophet is "not without honor save in his own country and in his own house." That gave me pause until I remembered that after all, I had started my professional career as a Naval Architect, not as a Mining Engineer, and consequently, this might be a clue to the fact that the eminent geologists of this society, who know infinitely more about the world's crust than I do, were passed over in this assignment. In thinking back, I then remembered that the first really successful prophet was Noah and that Noah was a Naval Architect. Here then was the answer. One more quotation from the Bible I shall take as my text: In Ecclesiastes, chapter I, verse 9: "The thing that hath been is that which shall be." Now, with this preamble, and not being bound by anything save inspiration, I will proceed to prophesy: As far as the next 15 to 25 years are concerned, from the studies made by

Jan 1, 1947

By C. Dinis da Gama

In mining, all unit operations are closely interrelated, and the results of blasting are probably the key factor within that sequence. The drilling program prior to blasting is just as dependent upon the desired rock fragmentation as are the loading, hauling, and mechanical crushing operations which are economically and technically influenced by the results of blasting, namely, the size and scatter of the product. What is known today as optimum blasting is the process of designing a blast in order to obtain a certain degree of fragmentation so that overall mining costs are minimized. Applying this criterion often results in a different program than when an individual blasting pattern is chosen only on the basis of the lowest operational cost for that pattern, disregarding what comes before or after the blast. [Fig. 1] shows the characteristic variation of mining unit costs with the degree of fragmentation, or the maximum size of blocks obtained from blasting. From the figure, it can be seen that optimum breakage must correspond to the lowest total costs, but reducing drilling-blasting costs only does not achieve such an optimum solution. Methods of designing surface or underground blasting operations should comply with the optimization criterion, but this compliance is feasible only if a detailed mining system analysis is available. Therefore, predictions of costs of loading, transporting, and mechanical breakage of ore as a function of its size will define a narrow range of variation for drilling and blasting parameters in order to get the minimum total costs.

Jan 1, 1972

By Robert L. Bates

An industrial mineral, says the Glossary of Geologic Terms, is "any rock, mineral, or other naturally occurring substance of economic value, exclusive of metallic ores, mineral fuels, and gemstones; one of the nonmetallics." Probably most geologists and engineers would accept this simple and straightforward definition, at least as a general statement. On analysis, however, certain anomalies crop up. For example, it may be considered arbitrary to include industrial diamond and corundum, but to exclude their precious varieties, gem diamond and sapphire. So the present volume has a section on gems and gem materials, in spite of the definition. Another problem arises when we try to define precisely what is metallic and what is nonmetallic. Bauxite and ilmenite certainly qualify as metallic ores, but both are also raw materials of important nonmetallic substances; hence they are included in the book. A third anomaly is that, by common consent of geologists, engineers, mineral economists, and others concerned, the term industrial minerals may include not only rocks and minerals but also certain manufactured products like cement and lime, and even mixed groups of natural and artificial products, such as abrasives and refractories. Thus the central realm of the industrial minerals is clear enough, but its boundaries tend to be indefinable. Since a definition that allowed for every irregularity in the outer fringes would be excessively un- wieldy, the one quoted above may be considered satisfactory. The expression industrial minerals is commonly equated with nonmetallics, and with the somewhat more precise phrase industrial minerals and rocks as in the title of this book.

Jan 1, 1975

By Joseph Pogue

IN 1920, 531 million barrels of crude petroleum were consumed in the United States. As imposing as this figure is, the fact that the domestic consumption of crude petroleum has increased at an average rate of 10 per cent. a year for the past decade is more striking. Will this rate of increase in demand continue? If so, the year 1930 will call for 1260 million barrels of petroleum-a staggering volume. On the other hand, may we expect the demand for petroleum to grow as rapidly as it did when the automotive industry was having its most phenomenal expansion? If not, to what extent will the growth of oil requirements decrease? When and to what degree will the petroleum industry become affected by the economic law of diminishing returns? Obviously, this matter requires careful analysis, especially as both national and industrial planning must be predicated upon present estimates of the requirements of the future. The purpose of this paper, accordingly, is to project, as closely as present limitations of knowledge permit, the course of the demand for petroleum in the United States over the next ten years. At first, the problem of estimating the future of a demand as complex as that for petroleum might appear insoluble. Fortunately, however, there are several scientific methods of approaching the problem, centering around a study of rates of industrial growth, which lend considerable hope that the requirements of the immediate future in this field may be approximated with sufficient closeness to have practical value as a basis of action.

Jan 3, 1922

By R. O. Williams

A recent article by Chernock, Singer, Mueller, and Beck 1 which supports the use of the integral of I sin $ d$ for comparing fiber texture data does not settle what happens to I sin ø as ø approaches zero, where I is the diffraction intensity for poles oriented 0 deg from the fiber axis. They indicate that they believe that it should approach some constant value (that is, I increases without bound) and the fact that in reality it does not was a result of the diffraction

Jan 1, 1960

By AIME AIME

THE statements quoted below range widely over the field of contact between education and industry. 'Their sources are as indicated. True Education "Education must escape from its traditional warped and narrow views as to what constitutes life and preparation for life. It must train young men and women for vigorous, wholesome development of every important element of personality. It must build physical and mental health. For each student it must inform and discipline thinking in literature, in physical, bio- logical and social sciences, and in philosophy. It must awaken appreciation of beauty.

Jan 1, 1929

The Howe Memorial Lecture, in memory of Henry Marion Howe, Past President of the Institute, was authorized in April, 1923, as an annual address to be delivered by invitation under the auspices of the Institute by an individual of recognized and out standing attainment in the science and practice of iron and steel metallurgy or metallography, chosen by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of the Iron and Steel Division. The following were the Howe lectures and lecturers for the years indicated: 1924 What is Steel? By Albert Sauveur.

Jan 1, 1936

The Howe Memorial Lecture, in memory of Henry Marion Howe, Past President of the Institute, was authorized in April, 1923, as an annual address to be delivered by invitation under the auspices of the Institute by an individual of recognized and out- standing attainment in the science and practice of iron and steel metallurgy or metallography, chosen by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of the Iron and Steel Division. The following were the Howe lectures and lecturers for the years indicated: 1924 What is Steel? By Albert Sauveur.

Jan 1, 1934

The Howe Memorial Lecture, in memory of Henry Marion Howe, Past President of the Institute, was authorized in April, 1923, as an annual address to be delivered by invitation under the auspices of the Institute by an individual of recognized and out- standing attainment in the science and practice of iron and steel metallurgy or metallography, chosen by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of the Iron and Steel Division. The following were the Howe lectures and lecturers for the years indicated: 1924 What is Steel? By Albert Sauveur.

Jan 1, 1932

The Howe Memorial Lecture, in memory of Henry Marion Howe, Past President of the Institute, was authorized in April, 1923, as an annual address to be delivered by invitation under the auspices of the Institute by an individual of recognized and out standing attainment in the science and practice of iron and steel metallurgy or metallography, chosen by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of the Iron and Steel Division. The following were the Howe lectures and lecturers for the years indicated: 1924 What is Steel? By Albert Sauveur.

Jan 1, 1934

By Freeman Bishop

Nothing has disturbed the copper- lead-zinc producers in recent years more than smelter tolerances set by some states. What hurt most, copper spokesmen told the Government, was the Government's own erroneous estimates of smelter pollution controls. Government charts indicated that 23 firms smelting copper, lead and zinc may need to invest about $108 million by fiscal 1976 to control stack emissions. The copper industry's independent study, however, indicates that the required controls could cost as much as $550 million to install and $200 million a year to operate.

Jan 1, 1971

Howe Memorial Lecture The Howe Memorial Lecture, in memory of Henry Marion Howe, Past President of the Institute, was authorized in April, 1923, as an annual address to be delivered by invitation under the auspices of the Institute by an individual of recognized and outstanding attainment in the science and -practice of iron and steel metallurgy- or-metallography, chosen -by-the Board-of Directors upon recommendation of the Iron and Steel Division. The following were the Howe lectures and lecturers for the years indicated 1924 What is Steel'., By Albert Sauveur.

Jan 1, 1938

There is a basic need for the health and safety manager to know what work he or she is to do and how to do it in a more professional way. Peter F. Drucker in The Practice of Management said, "The ignorance of the function of management, of its work, of its standards and its responsibilities is one of the most serious weaknesses of an industrial society-and it is almost universal." The biggest need in mining today is for its managers to have a thorough understanding of the management control activity.

Jan 11, 1979

The Howe Memorial Lecture, in memory of Henry Marion Howe, Past President of the Institute, was authorized in April, 1923, as an annual address to be delivered by invitation under the auspices of the Institute by an individual of recognized and outstanding attainment in the science and practice of iron and steel metallurgy or metallography, chosen by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of the 11on and Steel Division. The following mere the Howe lectures and lectures for the years indicated: 1924 What, is Steel? By Albert Sauveu

Jan 1, 1944

The Howe Memorial Lecture, in memory of Henry Marion Howe, Past President of the Institute, was authorized in April, 1923, as an annual address to be delivered by invitation under the auspices of the Institute by an individual of recognized and outstanding attainment in the science and practice of iron and steel metallurgy or metallography, chosen by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of the Iron and Steel Division. The following were the Howe lectures and lecturers for the years indicated 1924 What is Steel? By Albert Sauveur

Jan 1, 1952

The surface area that mining requires is a minuscule fraction of the total land mass of the United States, according to the US Bureau of Mines' latest report "Land Utilization and Reclamation in the Mining Industry, 1930-71." During the 42-year period from 1930 to 1971, the mining industry utilized 3.65 million acres-only 0.16% of a total 2.27 billion acres of land-and reclaimed 1.46 mil- lion acres, or 40% of what it used. Which leaves, as still unreclaimed, 0.096% of the nation's total land mass.

Jan 10, 1974

Ocean engineers and technologists will assemble in Houston, Texas, during May 3-6, 1976, for the Eighth Offshore Technology Conference (OTC) . More than 50,000 members of industry, government, and academia from 94 nations will participate in what is generally acknowledged as the offshore industry's show-of-shows. A well-diversified 280-paper technical program has been divided into 42 general sessions that range from seafloor surveying and offshore mining to navigation systems and environmental issues. In addition, the largest technical- educational exhibition in the conference's eight-year history will augment the OTC '76 program.

Jan 4, 1976

By Barton K. Cross, Ronald J. Sparks

The question of' providing training for miners in the United States has been answered by Public Law 95-164, which stipulates not only that the mine operator will provide training, but generally how much and what material will be covered. At an operation employing 500 miners, the eight-hour refresher training requirement will necessitate an annual investment of over two man-years in labor, a figure that does not include the time spent in training new hires and job transfers. Such an investment can and should be cost effective, while catering to miners' needs.

Jan 6, 1979

W. O. OWEN,* Washington, D. C. (written discussion?). Few people appear to realize that the time to reach the crippled soldier is when he is first hurt. In my own judgment, the best time to reach him is before he is hurt, by showing him what other cripples have themselves clone of their own initiative, without Government-support, rendering themselves self-supporting, able to bear a little bit more than their own weight, so that they may lay aside a little bit for a rainy clay and some for a little fun in

Jan 5, 1918

By J. W. Snavely

THE high tension belt conveyor is introducing a new and tremendously expanded era of low cost bulk material handling. High tension belt conveyors are generally those installations involving very long centers, high lifts, or drops, in which the belts are stressed up to their maximum tension values, and further, where the belt construction provides tension capacity far beyond what is possible with conventional belt constructions. With these high tension installations, the magnitude of the forces involved demands careful refinement of accepted design practice in order to achieve optimum balance of all factors.

Jan 3, 1951