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By L. E. Young

GERMANY'S recent collapse and the occupation by the Allies of the coal fields of the Ruhr, the Saar, Silesia, Poland, and Czechoslovakia have focused attention on the postwar coal problems of Europe. American coal operators are interested deeply in what is happening in Britain, particularly in the discussion of plans to rehabilitate and reorganize the entire British coal mining industry, as such reorganization will probably determine the place Britain will occupy in the European coal markets for the next few decades. The continuing decline of British out-ut per man-shift, particularly during wartime, has resulted in a most serious effort to determine whether this unfortunate trend is due to the physical condition of the coal seams, poor management, poor engineering and planning, inadequate use of power and machinery, or failure of labor to co-operate with management.

Jan 1, 1945

By MAURICE ALTMAYER

M Y DUTIES, as a member of the Department of Franco-American War Cooperation of the French High Commission were to study the copper and brass industries of America from the mining of the various non-ferrous metals to the semi-finished, or finished materials. In the pursuit of these studies, it was my privilege to visit a number of industries and organizations in different parts of the country. I first visited most of the Eastern copper refineries that were supplying the Allies with vast amounts of metal. These works are producing their material by the multiple or the series process, although the first method predominates. But, regardless of the process employed all the plants attain an exceptionally high standard of quality in their production. One of the points that particularly attracted attention was the manner in which improvements could be traced from the older worlds to the more recent ones. The impression was that, thanks to a spirit of broad-minded cooperation between the principals of the companies and frequent exchanges of views between members of the staffs, all persons interested benefitted by the experience thus gained, to the advantage of the community at large.

Jan 1, 1920

By T. A. Rickard

The use of the verb in this mood is not as common as formerly: at the time, for' example, when the Bible was translated and the plays of Shakespeare were written. Nevertheless it is an essential part of literary English. In editing the `Mining and Scientific Press' I do not insist upon the use of the subjunctive in articles that are contributed from the outside, but it is deemed proper in all our editorial writing. To speak plainly, the subjunctive is I a mark of scholarship; it is ignored by those that are not particular in such matters, and unfortunately it is a source of perplexity to many that are entirely unfamiliar with the use of it. Therefore, as an editor, I think it well to allow the indicative mood to be used by contributors in sentences in which, to be strictly correct, the verbs .should be in the subjunctive mood. The fact that most subjunctives are indistinguishable in form from indicatives is another cause of trouble to the uninitiated.* For example, the verbs in such phrases as "Suffice it to say ", "So help me God ", and "God save the King" Fare in the subjunctive. One reason why the subjunctive is becoming uncommon is the growing habit of expressing the subjunctive meaning by aid of auxiliary verbs that are coupled with the infinitive; thus: "It will suffice' to say" and "May God save the King". The subjunctive is common in subordinate clauses, and that is how it obtained its name, `subjunctive', meaning * The student is referred to `A New English Grammar', by E. A. Sonnenschein, published by the Clarendon Press, Oxford. This textbook (see pp. 60-71 in Part III) discusses the subject luminously.

Jan 1, 1931

By Ian MacGregor

As I drove in from the airport on Sunday somebody said 'On the right you will see Duntroon, which is the military training school of Australia.' So I asked the driver, where did they get that name? 'Oh,' he said, 'from some people who built a house there. That was it's name- Duntroon.' It strikes a note with me because, that's the name of a 12th century castle on the west coast of Scotland where I spend what leisure hours I have and, therefore, it establishes the long connection between Australia and my native land. There is also a story I should tell you about the oil industry and its upsurge in Scotland recently which has resulted in great prosperity. And in Edinburgh, the walls of the banks are bulging-because of the incursion of foreign exchange and other resources. Charlotte Square, as some of you know, is the centre of the Scottish financial world and at one of the corners of Charlotte Square, where ho streets intersect, there are three stores-three emporia on the ground floor. Two of them at opposite corners are banks: The Royal Bank of Scotland, and not to be beaten by that, The Bank of Scotland. But the third building is occupied, or was occupied, by a furniture store over many years-very high-grade, high quality furniture that the elite of the Edinburgh society always supported. And suddenly, the store was cleared out and in came a bunch of carpenters and other people busily engaged in rebuilding the store, and finally the new tenants arrived on the scene.

Jan 1, 1978

By Scott, Turner

MY whole life has been spent in the mining business, PO I naturally tend to address my remarks particularly to the newly-graduated mining and metallurgical engineers among you. To a certain extent, all forms of engineering principles are involved in the training of the mining engineer, and most sorts of engineering are certainly utilized by him, so every one of this graduatins class is concerned with the field I propose to discuss.

Jan 1, 1932

By R. W. Raymond

The immense commercial value of the Gayley dry-blast process has been established beyond controversy. The testimony of practical blast-furnace managers, on both sides of the Atlantic, agrees that it reduces the cost of pig-iron about $1 per ton; but from the same testimony it appears that this direct economy does not by any means cover its commercial advantages—in fact, that under conditions frequently encountered in practice, it presents other benefits of even greater immediate financial importance. To this point I shall recur in a later part of the present paper. The history of the reception given to this invention, especially on the other side of the Atlantic, has repeated an experience familiar to American engineers. First, the reports of our practice were rejected as theoretically impossible, according to generally accepted notions and formulas; then the figures were reluctantly accepted; and finally the attempt has been made to explain how they could have been obtained. As to the Gayley dry blast, me Americans have been for several years in the last stage of the discussion, and the rest of the professional world is rapidly coming to it. Meanwhile, the remark has been repeatedly made that, whatever Mr. Gayley's process may turn out to be worth, it was not an invention on his part, but simply the energetic and persevering execution of a procedure already proposed by others. This question I wish to discuss first in the present paper. I. What Did Mr. Gayley Invent? Realizing that this is not the place for detailed argument on an issue of patent law, I shall not undertake to quote and criticise the publications prior to Mr. Gayley'a first patents. It may be admitted, without such critical analysis, that the possible advantages of removing moisture from the air forced into an iron blast-furnace were recognized and talked about a hun-

Jan 1, 1909

By Maurice E. Peloubet

This discussion of accounting will describe the statements and the information that the accounting system produces, from the point of view of those who use such systems rather than of those who prepare them and who do the detail and technical accounting work. In any well organized mine, quarry, or other enterprise exploiting a mineral deposit, no matter how small, some clerical and accounting work must be done. Miners and other employes must be paid, supplies must be purchased and issued, and various tax and information returns, which even the smallest enterprise must file, have to be prepared. In this chapter it is assumed that the enterprise has employes of this type and that they understand the fundamentals of record keeping and accounting. It would be impossible here to give sufficiently full explanations to enable a man with no previous clerical and accounting training to set up and operate an accounting and cost system for even the simplest extractive operation. Rather, we shall hope first, to tell the investor and the operator, from the chief engineer or president down to a subforeman, what to expect from the accounting statements and records and how to use this information in his daily work; and second, that it will enable the man with some knowledge of accounting or book- keeping, but with little or no experience in any extractive industry, to set up and operate a satisfactory system for a mine or other extractive enterprise. For readers who wish to go further, the bibliography at the end of this chapter contains many references. T he emphasis has, therefore, been placed on the statements to be produced and the purposes for which they are to be used rather than the underlying books and records. These are, with a few exceptions which will be described later, essentially what might be found in any industrial enterprise and would probably, in the extremely small enterprise, consist of handwritten journals, ledgers, analysis books, payroll books, and stores ledgers. In the larger enterprise, various types of mechanical accounting would be introduced in proportion to the complexity of the operation.

Jan 1, 1964

By AIME AIME

T HE new Secretary of the Institute has been asked to address the members through the medium of MINING .AND METALLURGY, and it is perhaps well that he should do this at the first opportunity after his election. The duty of the Secretary, as the present incumbent understands it, is that of attempting to carry on the functions of the Institute in a manner that 'will tend to make it serve its most useful purpose. What is its most useful purpose or purposes? This was concisely answered by Dr. Joseph W. Richards in the June issue of MINING AND METALLURGY under the title "Why is the Institute?" And yet its most useful purposes are not 'fixed ideals or definitely determined things, they vary from year to year, changing with the development of the nation, conforming to needs and anticipating future requirements. Many men of many minds cannot always see eye to eye. The ideas or ideals of one may seem trivial to another, an obvious necessity to one is an entirely useless activity to the minds of others. A number of the activities upon which the Institute is now engaged might have been looked won, a few years since, as uncalled for, unnecessary, and un- desirable. The participation in public affairs was one of these questions. The publication of three volumes in one year may have been a questionable thing to do, but it was an achievement. A monthly magazine that will pay for itself by carrying the Institute's message to its members has its detractors, and yet to many members it seems one of those things that are quite worthwhile. Fortunately, we have a large membership, and fortunately the majority of an intelligent body of such size is apt to have in common many ideas that are right and proper. If these ideas can be ascertained

Jan 1, 1921

By Walter Renton Ingalls

IN SEVERAL papers and addresses during the past two years, I have dwelled upon some of the economic consequences of the war. The fundamental thought that I have sought to convey is that the world became immensely poorer by the war, not only in material wealth and population, but also in the psychology and morale of the people. I do not see how there can be any intelligent dissent from that statement. All the ideas of post-war prosperity were manifestly fallacious, manifestly fallacious from the outset. If there had been any truth in them it would have followed logically that a great war, with all its destruction of wealth, health and life would be a good thing. Therefore, let us have a great war every ten years or so. Such an idea would be both monstrous and absurd. Assuming then the acceptance of my premise, I have tried to show that the losses by the war could be made good in a short time, i.e., in a relatively short time, only by doing things a great deal better than formerly, and that the accomplishment of such a result called for greater transparency in industry, for industrial cooperation, for thinking in terms of industries as a whole, and for the greater exercise of engineering functions. All of this introduced, of course, the position and psychology of labor. I say frankly that I do not look for labor to contribute any constructive thought to the upbuilding. I neither expect it nor hope for it. This is a pity, for it could do so much for its own economic advancement if it would. However, it never has done so, but rather has benefited only from the exercise of the talents of the few, and the main hope now is to bring it into a passive state, dispelling the resistive fallacies that developed during the war. Let us briefly examine the nature of these.

Jan 1, 1921

By Eugene McAuliffe

In the year 1581, the counselors of King Philip of Spain suggested to that monarch that a canal across the Isthmus of Darien would open the west coast of the South American continent to Spanish miners and explorers, enlarging and expanding the flow of precious metals then just beginning to trickle across the path cut by Spanish Conquistadors, from old Panama to Puerto Bello on the east coast. The King sent out a party of surveyors and explorers under the command of a young engineer, Savadaerro, who returned after two years, reporting upon a location for a canal which was virtually adopted by the French engineers employed by De Lesseps, who in 1877 commenced the work of constructing the Panama Canal-296 years after Sava- daerro's first survey was begun. The suggestion for an Isthmian canal, made to the king at a time when Spain was a proud, virile nation and when that country was contending with England in the fields of discovery and conquest, represents a measure of vision that has never failed to intrigue the imagination. That the young Spanish engineer recommended an undertaking so gigantic in conception that it took three and one-third centuries for its completion from the time it was first visioned matters little. In the day of Philip of Spain,

Jan 1, 1932

Andy H. Vassiliou – Introduction Ladies and gentlemen,.good evening and welcome to the Paul F. Kerr Memorial Symposium dinner. I believe we are all here to honor the memory of a great teacher and advisor, and a true friend -- Professor Kerr, or Dr. Kerr, or to most of us who were his students, "Pappy" Kerr. Most of us who attended the Paul F. Kerr Memorial Symposium earlier today at the New York Hilton had the opportunity to read, or listen to, or discuss scientific papers presented in honor of Dr. Kerr. In addition, all of the speakers had the opportunity to reminisce about their association with Dr. Kerr, who was credited as having contributed substantially to their graduate education and the development of their careers. Dr. Kerr's two daughters -- Ruth and Nancy -- who attended the Symposium at the Hilton are also here with us tonight. I think we should keep tonight's festivities on an informal basis since we are all old friends or former students of Dr. Kerr. Some of us may want to say a few words about our experiences at the time we were students at Columbia, and hopefully include some anecdotes relating to Professor Kerr. I would like to invite everyone to do so, but first we have arranged for two of us to be the lead speakers, whom I will introduce in a few moments.

Jan 1, 1985

By Harrison Souder

MAGNETITE mining and milling in the Eastern States showed continuing improvement during the year. Some of the smaller mines remained idle, but the larger operations responded promptly to the improved situation in the iron and steel industry. The output of ore for 1936 was over twice that for 1935. A number of improvements were made in mine plant and equipment, and operating forces were increased and maintained at near normal. The coming year should see additional mines started up and production increased at the larger properties.

Jan 1, 1937

F. E. Thompson, Pottstown, Pa.: If Mr. Webster's endeavor to open up the subject of cast-iron should prove as prolific of results as did the discussion on " The Physics of Steel," he must certainly feel richly repaid. His remarks concerning the secretiveness and conservatism of the average foundry-man recall to my mind an instance of a blast-furnace which, for the last year, has been producing much foundry-iron. The manager, believing that much more of his product could be used in the foundry than the foundry-men were will-

Jan 1, 1896

By C. K. Leith

WE face the postwar problem of the use of minerals as sanctions to control the armament and the re-armament of the Axis powers at the source, minerals being the raw material of armaments. That is the subject of today's discussion. It is one thing to talk about controlling minerals in the interest of rearmament, and it is another thing to put any such ideas into effect. A provision for min- eral sanctions-not by that name but under broader terms-was contained in Article 16 of the League of Nations, and an attempt was made to apply min- eral sanctions when Italy cut loose in Africa. That was a failure because the plan was badly thought out. They did not have the right minerals included in the list. Also, they did not have the machinery set up at all. Somebody said to the League of Nations: Let's apply the sanction, and it was assumed that that was all that was necessary. It turned out to be a rather sad perfor- mance. However, that certainly cannot be taken as an example of what will happen if a properly thought-out pro- gram is adopted.

Jan 1, 1944

By R. W. Raymond

(Pittsburg Meeting, March, 1910.) IN the long list of our illustrious and lamented dead, there are names which recall personality as well as career and achievement; social as well as scientific merit; devotion to the Institute itself as well as to some one of the professions which it represents. These men we remember because they did not forget us; besides our pride in their wider work and fame, we are proud of what they did with and through us; especially do we rejoice if our early recognition of them opened the way to a recognition by the world; and in their departure we claim to sorrow, not merely as members of an appreciative public, but also as. bereaved personal friends. In common with thousands, we regret our loss, but we do not regret only-we mourn and miss. To this group of those whose death has brought to us the double sense. of public and private grief belonged our strong, bright, dear brother, in whose memory this inadequate tribute is offered. Charles Benjamin Dudley was born July 14, 1842, at Oxford, Chenango county, N. Y. He came on both sides of New England blood, his father being from New Hampshire and his mother from Connecticut. Emigrating from the rocky hills of their native States, they. settled upon the more fertile soil of what was then regarded as the West, and, with thousands of other pilgrim sons, imitating the pilgrim fathers, contributed to the foundation of new commonwealths. The Empire State owes much to this element of its population. Dudley's early education was obtained, like that of the sons of the pioneers generally, by attending the village school and academy in the autumn and winter, while he worked upon the farm during the rest of the year. But his ambition looked forward to a college-course; and this was almost within his reach when a passion still stronger took possession of him. The out-

Jun 1, 1910

By Lucius W. Mayer

WHILE the mind of the financier does not normally run along channels similar to those of his technical adviser, engineers, because of their exactness, are ever more called upon to manage affairs where financial matters are involved. It is, true, not a relatively large number have thus far functioned in this capacity. It is also true that the essentially financial mind could not serve in a responsible engineering position; for to be a successful engineer one requires precise thinking, making due allowance for factors of safety. To be a financier seems to require less aptitude for exact thinking than of enthusiasm and confidence in capitalizing prospective possibilities. Both require imagination, the engineer being, more conscious of the limitations of natural conditions. It is to be regretted that the engineer' stands so far aloof from financial matters. Many consider them- selves successful, as did Steinmetz, as long as their reward is the consciousness that they are giving supreme service to mankind. They are 'generally happy in their work and, like our honored brothers who are teachers, gain their greatest satisfaction, not in the amount of their remuneration so much as in the service rendered society and in the excellence of results achieved. Indeed, these sentiments bespeak character and command respect.

Jan 1, 1924

By Augustus Locke

Jan 1, 1923

By Augustus Locke

Jan 1, 1923

By J. R. Finlay

BEFORE entering into the statistical part of this article, some general comments may be ln order. Each important war seems to introduce a new atmosphere and a new epoch. The Civil War led to the period of great interior development in North America, of the transcontinental railroads, and of large-scale manufactures. The first World War introduced the general use of the automobile, the building of a huge network of highways, the radio, and household engineering. Now I expect World War II also to introduce some new ways of living. Transocean aviation will become a commonplace; we shall probably have much more of an eye to our military and naval establishments and be more conscious of Eastern Hemisphere affairs instead of thinking so exclusively of the Western. Each war has also multiplied government expenditures and taxes; and to this rule the present one will certainly be no exception.

Jan 1, 1944

Jan 1, 1900