Search Documents

By G. F. Fix, R. E. Esarey

During 1939, Indiana experienced a grcat increase in prospecting and drilling for oil and gas. Major activity, as during the preceding year, was in the southwestern part of the state, the Indiana portion of the Eastern Interior Coal Basin. An increasing interest was evident during the year, however, in the entire state, chiefly in northern Indiana (on the south flanks of the Michigan Basin) and in the old Trenton field of east central Indiana. In the latter area several tests to deeper horizons in the Trenton and to the underlying St. Peter sandstone were completed. Results in this area have been discouraging, however, since these deeper horizons are very erratic. The regional structure in the Indiana portion of the Michigan Basin is generally favorable to oil accumulation, but the picture is complicated by a uniform mantle of glacial drift and a lack of subsurface information. Several wells were started during the last half of 1939 to test the Devonian and Trenton formations in this area. Production from these formations was found at several localities many years ago, hut, no sustained effort has been made to locate pools in this area, which covers perhaps 20 counties. There were 377 wells completed in Indiana during 1939, and 77 others were in various stages of drilling at the close of the year. Of the 377 completed, 255 were classed as field locations and 122 as wildcats. The field wells were divided as follows: 156 oil wells, 39 gas wells, and 60 dry holes; the wildcats: 98 dry holes, 19 oil wells and 5 gas wells (wildcat oil and gas wells include deeper production in oil fields and field extensions as well as new field discoveries). During the year 218 more wells were completed than during 1938. Outstanding developments for 1939 include the discovery of several new oil and gas fields. In the Griffin field, which was discovered during the closing days of the previous year, 103 wells were drilled, including field extensions. Of these, 97 were productive oil wells. This field now covers more than 2000 acres of productive area and has not as yet been defined. There are five producing horizons in the field, including the Waltersburg, Tar Springs, Elwren, and Aux Vases sandstones of Chester age and the McClosky horizon of the Ste. Genevieve limestone. Produe-

Jan 1, 1940

By G. F. Fix, R. E. Esarey

During 1939, Indiana experienced a grcat increase in prospecting and drilling for oil and gas. Major activity, as during the preceding year, was in the southwestern part of the state, the Indiana portion of the Eastern Interior Coal Basin. An increasing interest was evident during the year, however, in the entire state, chiefly in northern Indiana (on the south flanks of the Michigan Basin) and in the old Trenton field of east central Indiana. In the latter area several tests to deeper horizons in the Trenton and to the underlying St. Peter sandstone were completed. Results in this area have been discouraging, however, since these deeper horizons are very erratic. The regional structure in the Indiana portion of the Michigan Basin is generally favorable to oil accumulation, but the picture is complicated by a uniform mantle of glacial drift and a lack of subsurface information. Several wells were started during the last half of 1939 to test the Devonian and Trenton formations in this area. Production from these formations was found at several localities many years ago, hut, no sustained effort has been made to locate pools in this area, which covers perhaps 20 counties. There were 377 wells completed in Indiana during 1939, and 77 others were in various stages of drilling at the close of the year. Of the 377 completed, 255 were classed as field locations and 122 as wildcats. The field wells were divided as follows: 156 oil wells, 39 gas wells, and 60 dry holes; the wildcats: 98 dry holes, 19 oil wells and 5 gas wells (wildcat oil and gas wells include deeper production in oil fields and field extensions as well as new field discoveries). During the year 218 more wells were completed than during 1938. Outstanding developments for 1939 include the discovery of several new oil and gas fields. In the Griffin field, which was discovered during the closing days of the previous year, 103 wells were drilled, including field extensions. Of these, 97 were productive oil wells. This field now covers more than 2000 acres of productive area and has not as yet been defined. There are five producing horizons in the field, including the Waltersburg, Tar Springs, Elwren, and Aux Vases sandstones of Chester age and the McClosky horizon of the Ste. Genevieve limestone. Produe-

Jan 1, 1940

By Louis E. Toth, Alan W. Searcy

A modification of Le Claire's microscopic model for self-diffusion is developed in a form suitable for prediction of activation energies for diffusion in disordered substitutional solutions as well as in pure metals Bonding is considered as a localized interaction, and the energy of bonding between atoms of different types is taken as the arithmetic mean of the energies in the pure elements. The activation energies for vacancy formation and migration in substitutional alloys are shown to depend on the empirical constants developed for self-diffusion when the equations are adjusted for the mole fractions of the two elements. The differences in activation energies between alloys and pure metals are calculated and compared with the experimental differences. MaNY different correlations have been proposed for use in predicting activation energies for self-diffusion or diffusion in dilute alloys. Usually theories for self-diffusion cannot be applied to alloys nor can theories for dilute alloys be satisfactorily adapted to self-diffusion. We present here a correlation scheme which can approximate activation energies for diffusion, vacancy formation, and atom migration in substitutional-alloy systems of any concentration. The activation energy for self-diffusion QD has been correlated to the melting temperature Tm,1, 2 the sublimation energy L,,l the heat of fusion Lf,3 crystal structure, and valence.4 Working with mechanical parameters Le claire5 proposed that the activation energy for vacancy migration Qm could be related to appropriate shear moduli. He also proposed that the activation energy for vacancy formation 62, is proportional to Ls. THEORY We consider that Le Claire's expression for 4, is satisfactory. But an alternate expression for Qm in terms of the bulk modulus is just as satisfactory from a theoretical point of view for the prediction of the energy of vacancy migration in pure metals and can more easily be used for alloys. In order for Qm to be a minimum, not only the moving atom but also adjacent and nearby atoms must undergo distortions. These distortions are neither isotropic as is implied by a correlation with the bulk modulus nor unidirectional as implied by a correlation with a shear modulus, but are complex and multidirectional. A complete analysis in terms of the bulk modulus and all the shear moduli is not yet available. In a first approximation in which only one parameter is used, there is no obvious theoretical reason to prefer the shear modulus over the bulk modulus. The bulk modulus is a much more convenient parameter for use in predicting Qm. Shear moduli are known for less than half of the metallic elements while bulk moduli are usually available. Furthermore, because of the directional dependence of shear moduli, their estimation for alloys appears inherently more difficult than is the estimation of bulk moduli. We assume that the bulk modulus Bs reflects an average value of the shear moduli such that the strain energy at the point of maximum distortion of the lattice during vacancy migration can be expressed as

Jan 1, 1964

By Joseph G. Wargo

A meteoric rise in selling price has revived gold exploration activity throughout the world. In the United States the effort is, in large measure, channeled toward discovery of disseminated gold deposits such as the Carlin-type, i.e., with size and grade characteristics similar to Newmont's Carlin mine in Nevada. The subtle surface indications characteristic of Carlin-type gold mineralization have been examined by a number of geologists, and the more obvious prospects have been tested by surface sampling and drilling. It is likely that most of these readily recognizable deposits have already been found and, as a consequence, prospectors are now entering a new, second stage of exploration for Carlin-type and related disseminated gold deposits.

Jan 9, 1979

By F. W. Bloecher, A. M. Gaudin

THIS paper describes the results of a series of tests carried out to determine the partition of dodecylamine between distilled water and the surface of quartz at various concentrations of dodecylamine acetate in solution. An adsorption-column technique was utilized for this purpose. Ralston and Harwood, of Armour and Co., had synthesized marked dodecylamine acetate for us.' In their preparation which we employed, 0.0007 pct of the total carbon was the radioactive isotope, carbon fourteen. Unmarked dodecylamine acetate of high purity was also prepared by them for our use. The presence of carbon fourteen in the dodecylamine enabled us to analyze quantitatively for dodecylamine on the surface of quartz, using a radioactive-tracer technique. The method used was that known as internal gas counting of carbon dioxide, formed by oxidation of the amine. This method has already been described, "3 ' and the reader is referred to these papers for details of the analytical method and procedures. and surrounding liquor, a technique analogous to chromatographic columns was utilized. The experimental setup is shown in fig. 1. The dodecylamine-acetate solution was made up in a volumetric flask and poured into the glass funnel shown. It was allowed to drip slowly onto the quartz bed, the rate of flow from the funnel reser- voir being controlled by a hose clamp. The quartz column was contained in a small, fritted-glass filter (size 20 mm, C). The beaded top edge of the filter was cut off to enable the holder and contents to fit into the open end of the 30/45 joint on the combustion tube. This combustion tube is used in the analytical train described in a previous paper.' A piece of gum-rubber tubing joins the bottom of the fritted-glass filter to a filter flask, which in turn is connected to a vacuum line, or water aspirator. The rate of flow of amine solution through the bed was

Jan 1, 1951

By F. W. Bloecher, A. M. Gaudin

THIS paper describes the results of a series of tests carried out to determine the partition of dodecylamine between distilled water and the surface of quartz at various concentrations of dodecylamine acetate in solution. An adsorption-column technique was utilized for this purpose. Ralston and Harwood, of Armour and Co., had synthesized marked dodecylamine acetate for us.' In their preparation which we employed, 0.0007 pct of the total carbon was the radioactive isotope, carbon fourteen. Unmarked dodecylamine acetate of high purity was also prepared by them for our use. The presence of carbon fourteen in the dodecylamine enabled us to analyze quantitatively for dodecylamine on the surface of quartz, using a radioactive-tracer technique. The method used was that known as internal gas counting of carbon dioxide, formed by oxidation of the amine. This method has already been described, "3 ' and the reader is referred to these papers for details of the analytical method and procedures. and surrounding liquor, a technique analogous to chromatographic columns was utilized. The experimental setup is shown in fig. 1. The dodecylamine-acetate solution was made up in a volumetric flask and poured into the glass funnel shown. It was allowed to drip slowly onto the quartz bed, the rate of flow from the funnel reser- voir being controlled by a hose clamp. The quartz column was contained in a small, fritted-glass filter (size 20 mm, C). The beaded top edge of the filter was cut off to enable the holder and contents to fit into the open end of the 30/45 joint on the combustion tube. This combustion tube is used in the analytical train described in a previous paper.' A piece of gum-rubber tubing joins the bottom of the fritted-glass filter to a filter flask, which in turn is connected to a vacuum line, or water aspirator. The rate of flow of amine solution through the bed was

Jan 1, 1951

By Harry Roe

THE power drag scrapers and the slackline cableway excavator have been called "long-range excavators." Broadly, their field of usefulness is restricted to work in which their long range of action permits them to operate economically, and which other, possibly more conventional, excavating units cannot do. Both of these machines dig or lift material and transport it to a clumping point. They combine these two functions in a single machine, nearly always in a single straight-line motion. FIG. I.-SIMPLE FORM OF POWER DRAG SCRAPER. The purpose of this paper is to examine the important features that distinguish the machines in this group from each other, as well as from other groups.

Jan 1, 1937

By David A. Summers, John Corwine, Li-King Chen

The results from fracturing plexiglas beams are combined in eight existing equations to determine the surface energy of the material. The reliability of each equation is tested, and the equation in use to determine fracture toughness is found to be the most exact. This equation is then used in determination of the surface energy of Barre Granite.

Jan 1, 1971

By C. E. Cottrell, G. W. Preckshot, N. D. Delisle, D. L. Katz

Most crude oils contain asphaltic substances that may be naturally or artificially precipitated. In the Greeley field, California, this asphaltic bitumen is precipitated during the flow of the oil from the reservoir to the stock tank The mechanism of such precipitation is not well understood. This paper presents the progress that has been made by using the electron microscope as a new tool and by observing the effects of the streaming potential on the formation of bitumen particles. Crude oils at atmospheric pressure viewed in the electron microscope in very thin films under a vacuum showed no asphaltic particles. A technique of preparing slides of thin films by dilution of the oil with benzene and washing in petroleum ether was used at first, and these observations showed that the solvents caused the formation of the particles, varying from 0.01 to 0.2 micron in diameter. The electrical effects of fluids flowing through porous solid were studied, with emphasis on the formation of colloidal particles by the streaming potential. The streaming potential of crude oil flowing through sand was measured and was shown to be responsible for the formation of bitumen particles. These results bring out a new phenomenon, which may occur when crude oil flows through the porous oil reservoir. mechanisms. Asphalt has been the subject of widespread investigation but, owing to the complexity of the substances being considered, progress has been slow. Investigators working primarily with the asphaltic substances have treated the subject from the colloidal standpoint and have developed theories that picture the asphaltic particles as surrounded by adsorbed materia1s.14,15,17,24 The deasphaltization of lubricating oil by the use of solvents treats the subject primarily from the standpoint of liquid-liquid equilibria.'' A complete understanding of asphaltic substances would make possible the following of the material from its initial state in the crude oil through precipitation processes to the final plastic stage, the most common form of which is used in asphaltic pavements. Since these asphaltic particles are very small, it appears 'hat the electron microscope4 might be a useful tool in studying the precipitation processes. Specimens are examined by the electron microscope in a vacuum and as very thin films, requiring special techniques in preparation of samples. A brief description of the electron microscope and its operation will bring out the difficulties and advantages of its use for this problem. The first work was done with crude oils that had been diluted with solvents for the preparation of the film to be examined. Later a technique was developed by which the undiluted oil film could be made thin enough for direct examination. These two techniques show vastly different results Asphaltic particles have been precipitated from crude oils by a variety of

Jan 1, 1943

By G. W. Preckshot, C. E. Cottrell, D. L. Katz, N. D. Delisle

Most crude oils contain asphaltic substances that may be naturally or artificially precipitated. In the Greeley field, California, this asphaltic bitumen is precipitated during the flow of the oil from the reservoir to the stock tank The mechanism of such precipitation is not well understood. This paper presents the progress that has been made by using the electron microscope as a new tool and by observing the effects of the streaming potential on the formation of bitumen particles. Crude oils at atmospheric pressure viewed in the electron microscope in very thin films under a vacuum showed no asphaltic particles. A technique of preparing slides of thin films by dilution of the oil with benzene and washing in petroleum ether was used at first, and these observations showed that the solvents caused the formation of the particles, varying from 0.01 to 0.2 micron in diameter. The electrical effects of fluids flowing through porous solid were studied, with emphasis on the formation of colloidal particles by the streaming potential. The streaming potential of crude oil flowing through sand was measured and was shown to be responsible for the formation of bitumen particles. These results bring out a new phenomenon, which may occur when crude oil flows through the porous oil reservoir. mechanisms. Asphalt has been the subject of widespread investigation but, owing to the complexity of the substances being considered, progress has been slow. Investigators working primarily with the asphaltic substances have treated the subject from the colloidal standpoint and have developed theories that picture the asphaltic particles as surrounded by adsorbed materia1s.14,15,17,24 The deasphaltization of lubricating oil by the use of solvents treats the subject primarily from the standpoint of liquid-liquid equilibria.'' A complete understanding of asphaltic substances would make possible the following of the material from its initial state in the crude oil through precipitation processes to the final plastic stage, the most common form of which is used in asphaltic pavements. Since these asphaltic particles are very small, it appears 'hat the electron microscope4 might be a useful tool in studying the precipitation processes. Specimens are examined by the electron microscope in a vacuum and as very thin films, requiring special techniques in preparation of samples. A brief description of the electron microscope and its operation will bring out the difficulties and advantages of its use for this problem. The first work was done with crude oils that had been diluted with solvents for the preparation of the film to be examined. Later a technique was developed by which the undiluted oil film could be made thin enough for direct examination. These two techniques show vastly different results Asphaltic particles have been precipitated from crude oils by a variety of

Jan 1, 1943

By W. A. Backofen, A. T. English

The kinetics of re crystallization were determined metallographically for a 3-1/4 pcl Si-Fe rapidly compressed at temperatures of 710° to 911°C, and held for various times at the working temperature. As in re crystallization following cold wwk, the time for re crystallization was reduced by increased temperature and strain. Nucleation occurred chiefly at grain edges, although other pre-existing interfaces, notably inclusions, also served as nucleation sites. The importance of intragranular nucleation to grain refinement in hot working is pointed out, together with some possible techniques by which nucleation might be induced within the grains. The observed isothermal growth rates are quite accurately described by the equation G = 4 x 10-'/t (cm per sec), independent of temperature and strain at all but the shortest times. Changes in G during recrystalliza-tion can exceed two orders of magnitude. It is argued that release of stored energy associated with lattice defects cannot adequately explain the time dependence. A suggested alternative involves processes of solute segregation and desegregation in the unrecrystallized matrix and at the moving boundary, respectively. EFFORTS to improve hot-working practice are hampered by an incomplete understanding of the fundamental metallurgy involved. Research directed at establishing the required basic foundation falls into two categories, the first concerned with measurement of mechanical properties under the conditions of high temperature and strain rate which characterize such processing, the second focused on structure and its relation to the deformation conditions. Rossard,' Rossard and Blain,2 and Hardwick and Tegart have conducted many high-speed, high-temperature torsion tests on various metals. One of their objectives was interpretation of stress-strain curves in terms of the structures of specimens rapidly quenched following interruption of twisting. They showed that appreciable hardening occurred in the early part of the test, and that this hardening reflected the concurrent development of an increasingly dense substructure within the grains. The detailed nature of this substructure was observed to depend on the ease of polygonization which, at least in fcc metals, varies with the stacking-fault energy.= By holding specimens after interruption but before quenching, the nucleation and growth of new grains could also be studied. Some success has been realized in relating the microstructure of hot-rolled steel to its temperature:strain rate:strain history with such testing.' The same general observations have been made by others investigating rolling4f5 and drop-hammer forging.~-~ Incident to these experiments, some efforts were made to determine the kinetics of re-crystallization as well as the velocity of the migrating boundaries. The results have been largely qualitative, owing to difficulties of interpreting hardness measurements5 and microstructures. The work described here was undertaken to obtain more quantitative information from tests on a material having suitable metallographic properties, and, in this way, to provide further insight into the fundamentals of this practically most important kind of deformation processing. I) MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES Materials. Electrolytic etching of a Si-Fe alloy reveals dislocations and substructure in unrecrystallized grains.8'9 This unique characteristic makes possible a precise determination of the extent of recrystallization. For that reason, it was the material selected for all experiments in the present work. The two particular alloys that were used are identified in Table I. A major difference between "A" and "B" is the number of inclusions, as noted in the table. Most of the experiments were made with material "A". It was received as hot-rolled plate 1 in. thick, sawed to 2-in. widths, hot-forged at 1200°C to 5/8-in. rounds, and finally annealed in a mechanical vacuum at 1000°C for 24 hr. The result was substructure-free grains of mean diameter 0.05 cm.*

Jan 1, 1964

By H. M. Fisher, R. E. Snow, S. C. Sun

SEVERAL constructive and fundamental studies have been made in the analysis of data obtained from experiments carried on with batch ball and rod mills. The operating characteristics of ball milling in small continuous circuits have also been appraised. It is from these analyses that some of the theories of comminution have been developed. Relatively few studies of continuous rod milling have added significantly to the fundamental concepts, because seldom have they yielded sufficiently consistent results. Perhaps they have been too limited in their scope. Careful control of the variables in batch grinding is simple compared with that encountered in a continuous operation. This factor alone has discouraged many investigators. Occasionally results of systematic changes made in industrial rod mill circuits have been published, but usually the data are sketchy and are restricted because of the unwieldiness of the equipment used. The work, in general, has not been comprehensive; nevertheless it has provided empirical relationships that have bridged the gap between postulate and practice so that by proper manipulation of formulae, a mill designer can anticipate mill size and power requirements.14 Although operating variables of a small continuous mill are not so easy to control as with the batch mill, with present day devices, and with careful experimental work, consistent results can be obtained. Nearly four years ago, in the Process Laboratory, Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co. began a systematic study of the effects of several variables upon the performance of the pilot rod mill. A mill was built in the laboratory to provide the versatility required for the proposed study. It was constructed in sections so that it could be operated, with a few modifications, as a rod mill 30 in. x 8 ft or 30 in. x 4 ft. The discharge end of the shell was flanged so that either an end peripheral discharge or an overflow discharge could be installed. Thus the performance of at least four types of mills could be studied merely by changing the type of discharge or the length of the mill shell. The grinding experiments were designed so that a study could be made of the way in which the mill speed, feed rate, and pulp density influenced the performance of both overflow and end peripheral discharge rod mills. Four sets of experimental data were collected from the four mill arrangements. The mill in each set of experiments was fed at four rates of feed depending on the length of the mill, at four pulp densities, and at five percentages of critical speed. Electrical and mechanical controls were in- stalled to regulate all these independent variables, and auxiliary devices were used to verify the precision of the controls at each point. The dependent variables used to quantify the experiments were the reduction ratio and the hew surface area produced as calculated from sieve analyses. These were incorporated with the energy factor by the calculation of both the new surface produced per unit of energy and the Bond work index.' Rod wear, as a dependent variable, was not studied because of the short period of operation for each run. Exclusive of repeat runs, each set of experiments yielded 80 products, and the total study at least 320 products, all of which were quantified. With the operating information collected, these data presented a bewildering accumulation. Statistical analysis has been invaluable in unraveling the confusion and in presenting a means of establishing the nature and the magnitude of the significant variables. Data presented in this paper are those from the 30 in. x 4 ft end peripheral discharge rod mill, Fig. 1, when limestone was ground at feed rates of 1000, 2000, 4000, and 5000 lb per hr, at pulp densities of 50, 60, 70, and 80 pct solids, and at mill speeds of 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 pct of the critical speed. These 80 tests have all been run at least twice, and occasionally a third time, to prove that the data obtained were reproducible. The techniques of operation and the methods of quantification of results are described in the following pages and the results analyzed statistically to show the significant variables. The variables are plotted to show the relationships that exist. A massive dolomitic limestone from Waukesha Lime and Stone Co. was used for feed during these experiments because of its availability and its tex-tural uniformity. This limestone analyzed 28.7 pct CaO, 21.0 pct MgO, 6.0 pct SiO2, 0.4 pct A1²O³, and 0.3 pct Fe²O³ and had a loss on ignition of 44.1 pct. It had a rod mill grindability at 14 mesh of 9.6 grams per revolution from which a work index of 13.9 was calculated. The ball mill grindability at

Jan 1, 1955

By W. E. Keck

THE potential iron ores of Michigan can be classified from the stand-point of the predominant impurities into siliceous, sulphurous and phos-phorous ores. Research on the flotation of each of these classes of ore was carried out in the following Planner. The flotative properties of the valuable minerals of iron and of the worthless and deleterious ones were first determined under carefully controlled conditions. This information was then applied to synthetic mixtures of these minerals, which simulated the potential ores. Finally, data obtained during the two foregoing stages of the investigation were used in the flotation beneficiation of samples of the potential ores. Hematite is the most important mineral of iron in each of the above classes of iron ores. This paper deals with a study of that mineral in the very nearly, pure state. There are two varieties of the mineral-specular hematite and massive hematite. The latter is the principal variety, but the former is an Impor-tant mineral of iron in some of the potential ores. Because of this condi-tion, flotation research was performed with both varieties. This research consisted essentially of: (1) a survey of the literature on hematite flota-tion, (2) the preparation of pure massive hematite, (3) the preparation of pure specular hematite, (4) the; development of a laboratory procedure and (5) flotation experimentation. For the purpose of this discussion, the results of previous work on the flotative properties of hematite can be summarized as follows: Specular hematite has been readily floated with terpineol and sodium oleate or heptylic acid1. Further, hematite has been likewise floated with a pro-prietary frother and oleic acid or other soluble oils 2. Finally, lead nitrate, copper sulphate, silver nitrate, chromium nitrate, mercuric chloride, ferric

Jan 1, 1937

By W. W. Lowry, G. C. Eggleston, W. E. Keck

THE potential iron ores of Michigan can be classified from the stand- point of the predominant impurities into siliceous, sulphurous and phosphorous ores. Research on the flotation of each of these classes of ore was carried out in the following manner. The flotative properties of the valuable minerals of iron and of the worthless and deleterious ones were first determined under carefully controlled conditions. This information was then applied to synthetic mixtures of these minerals, which simulated the potential ores. Finally, data obtained during the two foregoing stages of the investigation were used in the flotation beneficiation of samples of the potential ores. Hematite is the most important mineral of iron in each of the above classes of iron ores. This paper deals with a study of that mineral in the very nearly pure state. There are two varieties of the mineral-specular hematite and massive hematite. The latter is the principal variety, but the former is an important mineral of iron in some of the potential ores. Because of this condition, flotation research was performed with both varieties. This research consisted essentially of: (1) a survey of the literature on hematite flotation, (2) the preparation of pure massive hematite, (3) the preparation of pure specular hematite, (4) the development of a laboratory procedure and (5) flotation experimentation. For the purpose of this discussion, the results of previous work on the flotative properties of hematite can be summarized as follows: Specular hematite has been readily floated with terpineol and sodium oleate or heptylic acid1. Further, hematite has been likewise floated with a proprietary frother and oleic acid or other soluble oils2. Finally, lead nitrate, copper sulphate, silver nitrate, chromium nitrate, mercuric chloride, ferric

Jan 1, 1937

By Y. L. Yao

It is suggested that the binary alloy systems of transition metals may be classified into groups according to "excess energy"E. For systems with positive ?E, the Laves phase, the TiNi3-, the TiCu3- and the Cudu-type rich in the smaller atom and the TizNi-type rich in the larger atom may exist. For systems with negative ?E and composed of two components of different crystal structures, the X, the Cr3O and the phase may exist on the side of the phase digrattz rich in the component with the higher "solubility factor" value am! the Cudu-type and the disordered hcp phase on the other side; if the crystal structure of two components is the same, the Cudu-type may exist on both sides. For systems with weakly positive ?E and cotnposed of different crystal structures, the u phase and the MgCd3-type may replace the Laves phase and the other types; the X, the Cr3O and the a phase may also exist. Finally, the equirnolar compounds of the CuAu- and the CsC1-type may exist irrespective of the sign of ?E. THERE are many factors which play a major role in the formation of binary intermediate phases in alloys, such as the crystal structure, the electronic structure, the atomic size and the electrochemical factor. To find the simultaneous effects of all these factors on the formation of intermediate phases of every metal would be a difficult task, especially because only a small fraction of experimental facts necessary for the complete formulation is known at present. Thus the past surveys of intermediate phases have been usually confined to few metals, several types of intermediate phases and some but not all controlling factors. In a previous paper1 the idea of "solubility factor" of metals was introduced. Although the suggested values are tentative and empirical, the formation of a continuous series of solid solutions in metals could be correlated with the interplay among the atomic size factor, the solubility factor and the crystal structure factor. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate qualitatively the interplay of these factors in the formation of binary intermediate phases among transition metals. FACTORS CONSIDERED The Crystal Structure Factor. With rare earths excluded, the transition metals are classified into three common crystal structures listed in Table I. There is arbitrariness in the present classification of several allotropic elements. However, out of seventy-odd continuous solid solutions formed among transition metals, only six of them, namely, those

Jan 1, 1962

By E. DeGolyer

I. INTRODUCTION VOLCANIC origin. was among the first of the theories advanced to account for the occurrence of the salt domes of the Gulf coastal plain, northern Louisiana., and eastern Texas, and it is still being re-stated in various forms by the most recent contributors to our knowledge of the geology of such deposits. Argument has been largely by analogy and attention has repeatedly been called to the Mexican oil fields, particularly those of the Tampico-Tuxpam region, because of the occurrence of oil in close proximity to volcanic plugs in those fields, an occurrence supposed to have some resemblance to the common occurrence of oil in the salt domes of the United States. The author, having spent several months of the past year in a general study of salt domes and in a detailed study of certain domes in the United States, and having been acquainted for some time with the exploration of similar domes in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec region, Mexico, and with the general geology of the Tampico-Tuxpam region, Mexico, has reviewed the various theories of volcanic origin for salt domes which have been advanced to the present time. The purpose of this paper is to present such review and to discuss the supposed Mexican analogy.

Jan 5, 1918

By E. N. Skinner, Arthur Philliops

During the course of an experimental program concerned with the hydrogen embrittlement of copper containing oxygen in concentrations within the solubility limits it became necessary to make a critical appraisal of the literature dealing with the solubility relationships of oxygen and solid copper. The latest determinations, and perhaps the only data obtained on "spectroscopically" pure copper, are those of Rhines and Mathewson' who reported that the solid solubility increases from 0.007 per cent oxygen at 600°C. to about 0.01; per cent at 1500ºC. Hanson, Marryat and Ford2 had previously placed the solubility limit at less than 0.009 per cent oxygen at 1000ºC. and Allen and Street3 had suggested, on the basis of an unpublished research by T. Hemitt, not over 0.005 per cent oxygen at 500°C. In the introductory stages of the investigation indirect evidence accumulated to suggest that the solubility limits were significantly lower than those previously reported. For this reason it was deemed essential to clarify this point before proceeding with a program intended to establish a quantitative relationship between hydrogen embrittlement and oxygen concentrations positively known to be within the solid solution range. Furthermore, the increasing production and the highly selective applications of the commercial "oxygen-free" coppers inevitably direct attention to the practical necessity for exact knowledge regarding the effects of mini-tie concentrations of the elements ordinarily found in the high-purity coppers now available. Of these elements oxygen occupies a unique position, not only by virtue of its specific effects on copper but more particularly in view of its important reactive tendencies toward the other impurities with which it is associated. Rhines and Mathewson considered several methods for measuring the solubility of oxygen and finally adopted the simple plan of saturating the specimens, obtained from redeposited cathode copper, by heating at the desired temperature in air. After the removal of surface oxide by mechanical and chemical means, the oxygen content was determined in the underlying metal. In general, this process of saturation, with a few modifications, was followed by the present writers. Although the procedure is direct and has obvious advantages, its effectiveness, unfortunately, is reduced by an excessive scaling of the copper, particularly at the higher temperatures. After saturation treatments above 900°C. the writers found that the specimens, necessarily rather thin in the original condition, consisted largely of scale and yielded too little metal for a satisfactory analytical sample. Furthermore, great difficulty was experienced in effecting complete removal of the scale. Needless to say, it is necessary to exercise extraordinary care in the preparation of the surface of the analytical sample in order to eliminate submicro-scopic fragments of cuprous oxide which ordinarily are lodged in the crevasses and

Jan 1, 1941

By E. N. Skinner, Arthur Philliops

During the course of an experimental program concerned with the hydrogen embrittlement of copper containing oxygen in concentrations within the solubility limits it became necessary to make a critical appraisal of the literature dealing with the solubility relationships of oxygen and solid copper. The latest determinations, and perhaps the only data obtained on "spectroscopically" pure copper, are those of Rhines and Mathewson' who reported that the solid solubility increases from 0.007 per cent oxygen at 600°C. to about 0.01; per cent at 1500ºC. Hanson, Marryat and Ford2 had previously placed the solubility limit at less than 0.009 per cent oxygen at 1000ºC. and Allen and Street3 had suggested, on the basis of an unpublished research by T. Hemitt, not over 0.005 per cent oxygen at 500°C. In the introductory stages of the investigation indirect evidence accumulated to suggest that the solubility limits were significantly lower than those previously reported. For this reason it was deemed essential to clarify this point before proceeding with a program intended to establish a quantitative relationship between hydrogen embrittlement and oxygen concentrations positively known to be within the solid solution range. Furthermore, the increasing production and the highly selective applications of the commercial "oxygen-free" coppers inevitably direct attention to the practical necessity for exact knowledge regarding the effects of mini-tie concentrations of the elements ordinarily found in the high-purity coppers now available. Of these elements oxygen occupies a unique position, not only by virtue of its specific effects on copper but more particularly in view of its important reactive tendencies toward the other impurities with which it is associated. Rhines and Mathewson considered several methods for measuring the solubility of oxygen and finally adopted the simple plan of saturating the specimens, obtained from redeposited cathode copper, by heating at the desired temperature in air. After the removal of surface oxide by mechanical and chemical means, the oxygen content was determined in the underlying metal. In general, this process of saturation, with a few modifications, was followed by the present writers. Although the procedure is direct and has obvious advantages, its effectiveness, unfortunately, is reduced by an excessive scaling of the copper, particularly at the higher temperatures. After saturation treatments above 900°C. the writers found that the specimens, necessarily rather thin in the original condition, consisted largely of scale and yielded too little metal for a satisfactory analytical sample. Furthermore, great difficulty was experienced in effecting complete removal of the scale. Needless to say, it is necessary to exercise extraordinary care in the preparation of the surface of the analytical sample in order to eliminate submicro-scopic fragments of cuprous oxide which ordinarily are lodged in the crevasses and

Jan 1, 1941

By P. P. Gregory

The rate of drilling operations in the West Texas district during 1940 was approximately equal to that of 1939. The total number of wells dillled in the area during the year was 1834, of which 1716 were completed as oil producers, 12 were gas wells and 106 were dry holes. The number of wildcat wells drilled during the year was comparatively small. The drilling of inside locations in proven areas and the drilling of wells for the purpose of extending the productive limits in producing fields constituted the bulk of development during 1940. Gaines County led all other counties in the district in the total number of oil-well completions. The oil production totaled 83,345,381 bbl., the highest figure for any year since proration was begun. The 1940 oil production exceeded the 1939 production by approximately four million barrels. Discoveries While comparatively few new oil-producing areas were discovered during 1940, it appears that the oil production found in simpson lime in the Abell field, pecos County, was an outstanding discovery for the year. This was the second Ordovician discovery in Pecos County. Taubert, McKee & Siemoneit located its discovery well, V. W. Crockett No. 1, set. 4 1/2 H. & T. C. R.R, co, survey in the Imperial area of northwestern Pecos County. The top of pay was encountered at 5270 ft., and the well was bottomed at 5357 ft. in simpson lime, on act. 17, I940. The initial production was 928 bbl. of 43" gravity sweet oil in 11 hr. 23 min., flowing naturally through 2-in. tubing with gas-oil ratio of 783 cu. ft. per barrel. Following the completion of the discovery well, large blocks of land were leased in the area, and several locations were made toward the close of the year. There is every indication that the Abell field will become a major producing field in the West Texas district. There was no pipe-line outlet for the field at the end of the year. Shipley-Silurian field, discovered by the Gulf Oil Corporation, appears to be another major addition to the oil reserves in 1940. The discovery well, Wristen Brothers No. 5, is in sec. 18, block 5, H. & T. C. R.R. Co. survey in Ward County. The well was drilled to a total depth of 9187 ft. and was plugged back to 7075 ft. The Silurian lime section was acidized with 3000 gal., from 6993 to 7075 ft., and on Dec. 5, 1940, the well was completed for initial production of 3040 bbl- of 32.2" gravity oil in 24 hr., flowing through tubing. Todd Deep field, Crockett County, was discovered by the Continental Oil Co. et al. The discovery well, J. S. Todd No. 2, set. 29, block WX1 G.C. & S.F. R.R. Co. survey, was completed on April 3, 1940. The top of pay was encountered at 5623 ft., and the well was bottomed at 5691 ft. for initial production of 1613 bbl. of 40.6' gravity oil flowing naturally through 2-in. tubing. The pay section was found in Strawn lime of Pennsylvanian age. There were six producing wells in the field at the end of the year. This appears to be another major discovery in 1940. There was no pipe-line outlet in the field at the end of the

Jan 1, 1941

By P. P. Gregory

The rate of drilling operations in the West Texas district during 1940 was approximately equal to that of 1939. The total number of wells dillled in the area during the year was 1834, of which 1716 were completed as oil producers, 12 were gas wells and 106 were dry holes. The number of wildcat wells drilled during the year was comparatively small. The drilling of inside locations in proven areas and the drilling of wells for the purpose of extending the productive limits in producing fields constituted the bulk of development during 1940. Gaines County led all other counties in the district in the total number of oil-well completions. The oil production totaled 83,345,381 bbl., the highest figure for any year since proration was begun. The 1940 oil production exceeded the 1939 production by approximately four million barrels. Discoveries While comparatively few new oil-producing areas were discovered during 1940, it appears that the oil production found in simpson lime in the Abell field, pecos County, was an outstanding discovery for the year. This was the second Ordovician discovery in Pecos County. Taubert, McKee & Siemoneit located its discovery well, V. W. Crockett No. 1, set. 4 1/2 H. & T. C. R.R, co, survey in the Imperial area of northwestern Pecos County. The top of pay was encountered at 5270 ft., and the well was bottomed at 5357 ft. in simpson lime, on act. 17, I940. The initial production was 928 bbl. of 43" gravity sweet oil in 11 hr. 23 min., flowing naturally through 2-in. tubing with gas-oil ratio of 783 cu. ft. per barrel. Following the completion of the discovery well, large blocks of land were leased in the area, and several locations were made toward the close of the year. There is every indication that the Abell field will become a major producing field in the West Texas district. There was no pipe-line outlet for the field at the end of the year. Shipley-Silurian field, discovered by the Gulf Oil Corporation, appears to be another major addition to the oil reserves in 1940. The discovery well, Wristen Brothers No. 5, is in sec. 18, block 5, H. & T. C. R.R. Co. survey in Ward County. The well was drilled to a total depth of 9187 ft. and was plugged back to 7075 ft. The Silurian lime section was acidized with 3000 gal., from 6993 to 7075 ft., and on Dec. 5, 1940, the well was completed for initial production of 3040 bbl- of 32.2" gravity oil in 24 hr., flowing through tubing. Todd Deep field, Crockett County, was discovered by the Continental Oil Co. et al. The discovery well, J. S. Todd No. 2, set. 29, block WX1 G.C. & S.F. R.R. Co. survey, was completed on April 3, 1940. The top of pay was encountered at 5623 ft., and the well was bottomed at 5691 ft. for initial production of 1613 bbl. of 40.6' gravity oil flowing naturally through 2-in. tubing. The pay section was found in Strawn lime of Pennsylvanian age. There were six producing wells in the field at the end of the year. This appears to be another major discovery in 1940. There was no pipe-line outlet in the field at the end of the

Jan 1, 1941