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The Committee on Nominations will welcome from members of the Institute suggestions for the offices which are to be filled by election in February, 1018, and which are as follows: One officer, known as Director and President. Two officers, known as Director and Vice-President. Five officers, known as Director. The attention of members is called to Articles V and. VII of the Constitution, and to By-Law VIII, which reads as follows: "The geographical districts to he considered by the Committee on Nominations shall be as follows, until otherwise ordered by the Board.

Jan 8, 1917

By Angelus S. C. Owili-Eger

This paper discusses a model for groundwater quantity prediction at operating sections of underground mines. The approach involves the development of a mathematical model for the movement of water through an integrated (unsaturated-saturated) flow domain within a definable watershed. The model is programmed for the IBM 370/168 computer using the method of finite difference approximation coupled with a finite element analysis. The conceptual and computational aspects of the model have been validated with both experimental and field data and applied to an active coal mining operation located in central Pennsylvania.

Jan 1, 1977

By G. A. Zeito

Detailed visua1 examination of outcrops was used to ob-tain data on the lateral extent of shale breaks. Thirty vertical exposures belonging to maritie, deltaic and channel depositiorral environrrrents were exatmind, surveyed and photographed. The dimensions of the outcrops ranged from 356- to 8,240-ft long and 25- to 265-ft thick. Shale breaks were found to extend laterally for significant distances. and in some sands terminates by joining other break v much more frequently than by disappearance. Consequently with regard to flaw, a gross sand consisted of both continuous and discontinuous subunits. The degree of continuity of shale breaks as well as the occurrence and spatial distribution of discontinuities were different for the three depositional environments. Statistical eva1uations were performed to determine the confidence level with which estimates derived from outcrops can be applied to reservoir sands. Results of these evaluations revealed that: (I) the lateral continuity of shale breaks in marine. sands is si~nificatit, and the estimates of lateral extent can he applied to reservoir sands with a high degree of confidence (80 to 99 per cent of the shale breaks continued more than 500 ft, with a confidence of 86 per cent); and (2) the tendency for adjacent shale breaks to converge upon each other over small distances in deltaic and channel sands is highly significant (62 to 70 per cent of the shale breaks converged in less than 250 ft, with a confidence of 50 per cent), hut the probable magnitude of the resulting sand discontinuities cannot yet he predicted with adequate confidence. INTRODUCTION Almost all of the efforts devoted to characterization of the variable nature of reservoir sands have been focussed on permeability variations. Among the widely used concepts that have emerged from these efforts are those of stratified permeabilities, random permeabilities, and communicating and noncommunicating layers of different permeabilities. This study is concerned with the presence of interbedded shales and silt laminations. These features are impermeable or only slightly permeable to flow. Therefore, knowledge of the extent to which they continue laterally and the manner in which they terminate within the bodies of gross sands is important for proper description of reservoir flow. Initial field observations made on outcrops revealed that shale breaks and the relatively thinner silt laminae have impressive lateral continuity. They appeared to divide sand sections into separate individual sand layers. Although most of the layers were continuous across the total lengths of the outcrops, some were discontinuous because the- bounding shale breaks converged. Furthermore, the discontinuous layers appeared more prevalent in channel and deltaic sands than in marine sands. Based on these initial findings, a detailed investigation was carried out to determine, quantitatively: (1) the degree of continuity of shale breaks in marine. deltaic and channel sands; and (2) the frequency and spatial distribution of discontinuities in the three environments. PROCEDURE The procedure used to obtain field data from outcrops included visual examination, surveying and photographing each outcrop. The photographs were examined carefully and important outcrop features were traced, measured and recorded. The selection of outcrops for this study was made on the basis that each outcrop should be exposed clearly to permit detailed visual examination of vertical lithology. and it should also be sufficiently long (over 200 ft) to provide useful data on the lateral continuity of lithology. Identification of the depositional environment for each outcrop was made on the basis of bedding characteristics, vertical sequence of lithology and the presence of indicative sedimentary features. Whenever possible, hand specimens of associated shales were collected to determine depositional origin. Almost one-half of the outcrops used in this study required environmental identification; the remainder had already been identified by previous investigators. Several photographs of each outcrop were usually required to cover the entire length of the outcrop. These photographs were taken from one station or several, depending on the terrain, size of the outcrop and distance to the outcrop. A Hasselblad camera, with a standard 80-mm lens and a 250-mm telephoto lens, was used. The telephoto lens permitted photographing outcrops as far as two miles away. Slow-speed films were used. either Panatomic-X or Plus-X. The final operation conducted in the field was that of surveying the outcrops. The distance of an outcrop from a point of observation was determined by a triangulation method using the plane table. The measured distance was then combined with the angle of view of the camera lens to establish a scale to be used on the photographs. Films were processed using standard processing techniques and 4.5X enlargements made. The enlargements of each outcrop were butted together to form a single panorama. Slides were also prepared on several outcrops; these were used whenever greater magnification (wall projection) was required to bring out maximum lithologic detail. The shale breaks and bedding planes in each outcrop were traced on transparent acetate film superimposed on

Jan 1, 1966

[SWEETSER, R. H.: Discussions: on Evaluation of Coal for Blast furnace Coke, 94, 378, 394,385 on Mt. Union Sand Flotation Plant for Preparing Bituminous Coal, 74, 591 on Need for Research in Foundry Pig Iron, 76, 450 on Pig Iron Low in Total Carbon, Is in Demand for Use in Various Industries 75,471 on Properties of Coal Which Affect Its Use in the Ceramic Industry, 101, 254 on Relation of Ash Composition to the Uses of Coal, 74, 471 on Research on Blastfurnace Slags 100, 137.138 on Selection of Coals for the Manufacture of Coke, 74, 637 on Sinter in Blast-furnace Burdens, 100, 54 on Sintering Limonitic Iron Ores at Ironton, Minnesota, 90, 355, 356 on Slag Control in the Making of Iron and Steel, 116, 104, 115, 116 on Solubility of Nitrogen in Liquid Iron, 116, 193, 194 on A Statistical Analysis of Blast-furnace Data, 96, 70]

Jan 1, 1936

One Hundred Sixteenth Meeting of the Institute, Monday, Feb. 18, to Thursday, Feb. 21, inclusive, 1918. Committee on Arrangements J. E. JOHNSON, JR., Chairman BRADLEY STOUGHTON, Vice-Chairman A. R. LEDOUX J. V. N. DORR L. W. FRANCIS F. T. RUBIDGE G. D. VAN ARSDALE MRS. S. J. JENNINGS E. M. SHIPP RALPH W. DEACON ARTHUR L. WALKER The program for the New York Meeting, in February, 1918, as planned by the Committee on Arrangements at meetings in the middle of December, and therefore subject to slight alteration in detail, is as follows: MONDAY, FEBRUARY 18 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. Registration at Institute Headquarters. 10 a. In. Technical Sessions. 12.30 p. in. Luncheon at Engineering Societies' Building. 2 p. m. : Technical Sessions. 8.30 p. m. War Smoker or Patriotic Meeting. TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 19 10 a.m. Annual Business Meeting, followed by Technical Sessions.

Jan 1, 1918

By W. E. Coughlin, R. L. Faverty, F. H. Lightner

The intent of this paper is to present the general strategy and method of implementation to achieve a "fast-track" mine development. The major objectives of a "fast-track or rapid development schedule are to minimize front-end development expenditures and to realize an early cash flow from operations. The Borealis project of Houston International Minerals Corp. (HIMCO) is used as the working example to illustrate the development schedule. Borealis is a 2.9 kt/d (2,500 stpd) gold-silver heap leach operation near Hawthorne, NV.

Jan 1, 1984

By G. A. Moore

A brief review is given of methods designed to produce metallic iron of high purity, and typical results are listed. A recent method, utilized at the National Bureau of Standards, consists of the extraction of ferric chloride by ether, reduction of this ferric chloride to ferrous chloride, further purification of this chloride, and the subsequent electrolytic deposition of metallic iron. iron produced by this procedure apparently is softer than, and otherwise different in properties from, any iron previously prepared and contains appreciably smaller amounts of impurities. THE history of attempts to produce "pure" iron reaches to antiquity and it may be presumed that each ancient armorer who succeeded in making a better steel concluded, correctly, that he had done a better job of removing the "base metals," and incorrectly, that he now at last had a "pure" metal. Early metallurgical papers mentioned use of "pure iron" in making alloys—this "pure" iron in most cases being inferior to some commercial stocks of the present time. Improvement has been continuous, and usually at a sufficient rate to convince each succeeding group of workers that they, at last, were using the really pure metal (until the analysts also improved their techniques to again discover the impurities). These adventures were reviewed in some detail by Cleaves and Thompson.' Although the ores of a metal may be abundant, difficulties in extracting it may make the pure metal very rare. When impurities are restricted to a total of a few parts per million, nearly all pure metals become rarities. Lead, copper, gold, mercury, silver, zinc, aluminum, bismuth, and the six platinum metals are claimed to be available with total impurities ranging from 2 to 50 ppm. The present small and scattered world supply of so-called "pure" iron holds an unimpressive place in another group of 16 metals having approximately 100 ppm of foreign material. Of about 20 less rare metals, only the platinum metals are more costly to prepare. While the production of such rare varieties of iron may appear insignificant in the presence of thousand-ton operations with 95 to 99 pct metal, it must be emphasized that all researches on commercially interesting irons and steels are in fact studies of the modifications of the properties of iron by additional materials. Until the properties of high purity iron are directly measured, all ferrous research must operate without known base values. Traces of impurities may affect the properties of a metal in many ways. Infinitesimal traces of solutes, by disturbing the electronic configuration, greatly change the electrical properties of transistors and semiconductors2-3 and slightly larger traces might alter these quantities in iron. Soluble impurities which disturb the perfection of lattice arrangement not only may alter the magnetic constants and electric properties, but by their close association with dislocation phenomena probably control the very existence of the "yield point"; determine the value of yield stress; and perhaps control the selection of slip and cleavage planes. It has been speculated that impurities might even cause the allotropic transformation in iron, but in any case their rearrangement must contribute to the unreliability of heat capacity and other thermodynamic measurements. Impurities which do not remain in solution may cause even greater effects on the properties. Microscopically visible amounts of phases other than ferrite can be found in all high purity irons which have come to my attention. It can be calculated that from 50 to as little as 2 ppm of an insoluble material might be sufficient to completely film all grain boundaries in irons having grain sizes from ASTM Nos. 10 to 1. Should this occur, such films, even though invisible, may be very important in fracture problems, especially at extremes of temperature:' Studies of grain growth and diffusion normally imply consideration of a single-phase system, hence, in the presence of insoluble impurities they can be expected to give ambiguous data." High purity iron is also in demand for use as chemical and spectro-chemical standards; for work in classifying the lines of the iron spectrum; for biological work in nutrition; and for work in nuclear physics. where the presence of some sensitive

Jan 1, 1954

Briefly, can you relate how you got into the minerals industry and some of your experiences as an executive, engineer, and administrator? Also would you tell ME about your affiliation with the Society of Mining Engineers of AIME? Roseburg, Ore., was where I was born and raised. It was, and still is a lumbering town; it couldn't have been any farther from mining. Upon graduation from high school, I turned 18 and, having already signed up with the Army Corps of Engineers, I was in the service eight days after my birthday. Four months later I was in New Guinea. As an amphibious engineer, I saw many of the Pacific and Philippine Islands, and ended up in Japan just a few days after the war was over. In later years, my work took me back to several of the places I had been during the war.

Jan 3, 1978

By J. K. Lovrien

A Link-Belt roller-bearing conveyor system was in- stalled recently at the Gross-Marble mine of the Oliver Iron Mining Co. at Marble, Minn., for removal of overburden and lean ore. The material, consisting of clay, sand, gravel, and glacial boulders. is excavated by an electrically operated walking dragline equipped with a 10 cu yd bucket working from a boom approximately 150 ft long. This machine loads into a receiving hopper of a rail-mounted screening plant in 45 second cycles. A manganese steel apron feeder under the receiving hopper delivers to an elliptical grizzly, from which the oversize boulders and extraneous material, by way of an apron conveyor, arc loaded into refuse haulage trucks.

Jan 12, 1951

By Cyril Stanley Smith

The following table, which is composed of data given in the author's first paper on the thermal conductivity of copper alloys1, contains tile results which have been obtained by previous workers on the thermal conductivity of the copper-tin, the copper-phosphorus and the copper-tin-phosphorus alloys (the phosphor bronzes). a Dr. Ing. Diss., Aachen, 1909. Quoted by Schenk: Ann. der Phys. (1910) 32, 261. b Beibl. Ann. der Phys. (1906) 29, 178. c Jnl. Inst. Metals (1928) 39, 375. d Jnl. Inst. Metals (192.5) 34, 43. e Ges. Abhand. Kennt. Kohle (1919) 4, 400. Experimental Methods Since the method of obtaining measurements of the thermal conductivity was identical with that described in the author's previous paper

Jan 1, 1931

By O. W. Walvoord

A Definition: An ore feeder is a mechanical device that, by virtue of its motion, causes ore to be supplied or carried forward at a desired metered rate to other milling equipment. From the viewpoint of economics there can be little question, even for small tonnage operations, as to the advisability of using mechanical feeders in the place of manual labor. Only a few short years ago, it was common practice to employ crusher men for the feeding of crushers, thus eliminating the capital expenditures required for mechanical feeding equipment. Having been a crusher man in several instances, the author does not favor such practice. The high cost of labor today eliminates the crusher man, and feeders become an economical capital expenditure when considered against the importance of obtaining maximum production efficiency from all the machines in a process flowsheet.

Jan 2, 1955

Mark Twain once observed that "Everyone complains about the weather but nobody does anything about it." Not too long ago, the same observation held true for the problem of air pollution. During the past 25 years, however, the mounting concern over air pollution has spurred industrial and governmental research to find ways and means to combat the menacing situation. But for all the time and money spent in recent years to fight it, air pollution is still a major problem in most industrialized communities in America. At the SME Fall Meeting last September, coal's responsibility for such pollution was aired at an informative panel discussion moderated by Ernst Hall. The many-sided problem of air pollution became readily apparent as five experts, representing industry and government, parlayed over the task of cleaning up dirty air. Their opening comments are reprinted here.

Jan 11, 1964

By Arthur A. Brant

Let us start back as far as possible, to the beginnings of this universe, some 5 billion or more years ago. This is a time interval that can be crudely underestimated by the moon-earth tidal friction effects that have increased the length of the day by about 1/1000 second per century-from a 5 to 7 hour day to its present 24-and have moved the moon away at 5 inches per year to its present 240,000 miles. The oldest stony meteorites from interplanetary space give an age dating of some 4.6 billion years, approximating the time of formation of our earth. Further, certain stars pulsate, the period of pulsation being related to their absolute brightness. Measuring apparent brightness and comparing, gives the distance away. Thus Hubble and Shapley of Harvard, from 1925 on, were able to show that the universe reached as far as our telescopes could scan. The Doppler shift of the hydrogen red lines could only mean that the nebulae, or galaxies, were moving away at velocities increasing with their distances, by 180 km/ sec velocity increase for every million light year's distance. In short, the universe is expanding like an exploded bomb.

Jan 4, 1964

By J. D. Ridge

The geologic setting and mineral relationships of seven European massive sulfide deposits that more or less conform to the bedding of the largely noncal-careous sedimentary rocks and/or bedded volcanics in which they are found are considered here. These orebodies consist largely of massive beds or lenses of sulfides usually surrounded by halos of disseminated sulfides and distorted by tectonic activity. The formations containing these deposits have been metamorphosed in varying degrees at times subsequent to their lithification. The ore-forming process is thought to be essentially volcanic, with the ore constituents being brought to the shallow-water site of deposition through tectonic fissures from magma chambers at depth as gases or relatively concentrated hydrother-mal solutions. Certain European ore deposits of base metal sulfide have previously been considered to be of hydro-thermal or magmatic origin, but today a number of European mining geologists consider them to be syngenetically produced. In an effort to provide American geologists with some idea of the reasons behind this change in thought, the geological settings of seven of these deposits have been studied. These are: Ldkken, Meggen, Rammelsberg, Ergani-Maden, Outokumpu, Boliden and Roros. These deposits lie in bedded rocks that have undergone metamorphism from causes not universally agreed upon; most of the formations were originally shales, and may have been intercalated with limey and occasionally quartzitic beds, volcanic tuff, agglomerate, extrusive lavas and usually basic intrusives. Deposits of the conformable type, however, are not confined to these rock types but may be in calcareous and associated igneous rocks or almost entirely in volcanics. These deposits may be closely associated in space with igneous rocks that, again, are usually basic types. Although the ages of the enclosing rocks range from mid-Precambrian (Boliden and Outokumpu) to Eocene (Ergani-Maden), the bulk of them are Paleozoic, with two (Meggen, and eammelsberg) being upper middle Devonian and two (LØkken and RØros) being Cambro-Ordovician. Geographically, two are in West Germany, four in Scandanavia and one in Turkey. Of the seven deposits, six are mined for copper, with three of these also producing zinc, and two lead; one is mined for zinc and minor lead. In the discussions of the seven conformable deposits that follow, I have attempted to present as uniform a treatment as their varying characters will permit. For each deposit, I have considered the stratigraphy of the area, its major structural characteristics, the form of the orebodies, their mineral content, and the origin of the ore. In the last of these subdivisions, I have presented only the viewpoint of those who believe the ores to have been formed by syngenetic processes, processes that went on at the same time as those which produced the beds that enclose the ores but that are not, in the deposits in question, thought to have been sedimentary in the strict sense of the term. The materials of which these orebodies are composed, it is suggested, did actually collect by falling through sea water to the floor of that portion of the sea in which they accumulated. The ore constituents, however, are believed by a considerable number of European geologists to have been added to the sea water from intratelluric sources, probably igneous magma chambers, as exhalations — hydrothermal solutions or volcanic gases. The effect of the encounter with sea water on these ejected gases or water-rich vapors was to precipitate their potentially solid constituents with great rapidity; they were deposited so quickly, in fact, that the amounj of normally accumulated mechanical or chemical sediment deposited over the same period of time was essentially negligible. The ores formed in this manner, however, are generally interbedded with normal sediments or with lava flows, or with any combination of these two types of rock-forming materials. Such departures as these deposits may have from their original mineral content and attitude are thought to be directly related to the degree of dynamic or static metamorphism that they may have undergone after their accumulation. I have not attempted here to present alternate hypotheses to that of so-called exhalative sedimentation although, of course, such exist and, in my

Jan 1, 1963

By Clyde E. Williams

Estimates indicate a life of known Lake Superior iron ore reserves of 20 to 30 years. Although some believe the future ore supply will come from foreign sources and will be brought to interior points via the projected Great Lakes-St. Lawrence waterway, and others fear a displacement of the interior steel-producing districts to the Atlantic seaboard, the author has faith that American engineering skill will make possible the use of lean ores from the Lake Superior district. Three general types of Lake Superior ores and ore formations, that represent possible reserves and require beneficiation, are: (1) the wash ores of the western Mesabi range, (2) the partly leached hematitic formations, and (3) the oxidized but largely unleached iron formations. The total tonnage represented by (1) and (2) is not large, but the recovery of iron from present washery tailings would bring on the market the equivalent of nearly one million tons of wash ore, annually. Group 3 comprises the magnetic iron formation of the eastern Mesabi range, the hematitic formations including the taconites of the Mesabi range, and the iron formations of all the other ranges. These formations represent our future supply of iron ore. Their treatment requires intensive research because the bulk of the iron oxide and silica minerals exist in a finely disseminated condition. The possibilities of the adaptation of tables, oil flotation, and other processes warrant extensive study. Cheaper method of agglomeration of the concentrate is essential. Recent developments in better preparation and sizing of blast-furnace charges indicate that substitution of agglomerated ore for fines will increase furnace efficiency and output. If agglomerated beneficiated ore can be shown to rate a per-unit premium for iron contents over the base rate or a premium for structure, the payment of these would greatly assist in enlarging our iron ore supply. Since present methods of taxation of ore reserves, which encourage the rapid depletion of rich ores, will result in using up our rich ores and later on putting domestic producers at a disadvantage in competing with' foreign producers, it would seem highly provident to conserve our rich ores and to increase the use of beneficiated ores as soon as possible.

Jan 1, 1931

By A. E. J. Engel

INDUSTRIAL talcs and ground soapstones both include earth materials of different chemical and mineral compositions. In general, the industrial talcs are composed of silicates that contain appreciable amounts of magnesia. Generally talc, the mineral, is a predominant or at least common constituent. Talc, the mineral, is a hydrous magnesium silicate, with a suggested theoretical formula H2Mg3 (SiO3)4 or H2O.3MgO.4SiO2, which postulates 63.5 pct SiO2, 31.7 pct MgO, and 4.8 pct H20.11 Actually different single grains or leaves of pure talc have variations in water content ranging from 3.5 pct to more than 7 pct, as well as slight differences in the proportions of MgO and Si02.16 Only a very small percentage of the ground industrial talcs produced in the United States approaches the composition given above (see Table 1). The purer talcs invariably occur as alteration products of magnesium carbonate rocks. Some of these relatively pure talcs include compact, massive types largely mined in California, which are designated as steatite.38,58 In general, steatites cannot contain in excess of 1.5 pct CaO, 1.5 pct combined FeO and Fe203, and 4 pct A1203. The less pure varieties of massive talc and mixtures of magnesian silicates are commonly called soapstones, or merely talc. Many industrial earth products classified as talc or as soapstone contain a variety of minerals, especially serpentine (H4Mg,Si2O9), chlorites (hydrous magnesium, iron, aluminum silicates), tremolite (Ca2Mg5H2[SiO3]8), anthophyllite ([MgCa]SiO3), diopside (CaMg[SiO3]2), and quartz (SiO2). The carbonates calcite (CaC03), dolomite (CaMg[CO3]2), and magnesite (MgCO3) are also present in some industrial talcs and soapstones. Some of these minerals, as well as sulphides, sulphates, and iron and manganese oxides, if present at all or in excess of minute amounts, may alter the composition of the industrial talc sufficiently to restrict materially its use or to lower or destroy its value. These factors are discussed in a subsequent section of this chapter.

Jan 1, 1949

By H. Sato, R. J. Lipp, I. Iwasaki, K. A. Smith

Selective desliming holds much promise for upgrading low-grade, finely disseminated iron ores that are not readily amenable to conventional flotation. The process is extremely sensitive to the presence of calcium and magnesium ions that are in process water or are released by constituent minerals. The effects of these two alkaline earth ions on quartz were compared through streaming potential measurements, flocculation and cationic flotation tests, abstraction tests and scanning electron microscope studies. Calcium ion, adsorbed as CaOH+, and magnesium ion, attached by heterocoagulation as Mg(OH)2 precipitate, were responsible for the flocculation of quartz suspension and for the depression in cationic flotation of silica in alkaline pulp solutions. Magnesium hydroxide coating could be removed, similarly to adsorbed calcium ion, by complexation with EDTA and polyphosphates.

Jan 1, 1980

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

268. The greater part of the specimens or masses of minerals that occur may be described as aggregations of imperfect crystals. Many specimens whose structure appears to the eye quite homogeneous, and destitute internally of distinct crystallization, can be shown to be composed of crystalline grains. Under the above head, consequently, are included all the remaining varieties of structure among minerals. The individuals composing imperfectly crystallized individuals may be: 1. Columns, or fibers, in which case the structure is columnar or fibrous. 2. Thin lamina, producing a lamellar structure. 3. Grains, constituting a granular structure.

Jan 1, 1922

By C. A. Rowland, M. D. Flavel

There are seven basic comminution circuits that can be used to prepare beneficiation feed from the product of a primary crusher. This paper gives a comparison of these circuits based on average process and economical data. The paper is principally devoted to a discussion of the test work required to obtain the process data needed to evaluate each circuit. The results of the test work in conjunction with geographic and economic factors can be used to narrow down the choice of possible circuits to one, two, or three before making a detailed engineering study.

Jan 1, 1985

By H. B. Kinnear

THE first copper stool used under an ingot mold to receive molten steel has recently been taken out of service after it had received ingots amounting to 6012 gross tons. This stool, weighing 8330 lb. had been in continuous service for 1822 heats since its installation. From this modest beginning the use of copper for ingot-mold stools grew to 425,000 lb. in 1934, with an additional 50,000 lb. of copper used in the form of inserts in cast-iron stools. During 1935 the quantity of copper used for stools increased by about 350,000 lb., making a total of 775,000 lb. now in use for that purpose. Copper used for inserts has increased during this time 180,000 lb., or over 350 per cent, to a total of 230,000 lb. The total of copper, therefore, in use at present under ingot molds is slightly over 1.000,000 lb.

Jan 1, 1936