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By Leland Van Wert

IN 1888, Howard,1 working at the Watertown Arsenal on the tensile properties of ferrous materials at various temperatures, noted the curious fact that the stress-strain diagrams of low-carbon steels tested within a certain temperature range (200° to 350° C.) departed more or less from the normal regularity of such diagrams as secured by testing at either above or below these temperatures. This same jagged appearance of similar diagrams for steels has been observed by at least one other investigator, and de Forest2 has reported similar irregularities in the tensile testing of some nonferrous alloys. Recently again, this anomaly in diagram contour has been shown in a most striking fashion, apparently because of its accentuation by the method of testing employed, by Dr. Albert Sauveur.3 He described (for nonaustenitic steels) two quite distinct types of torsional stress-time diagrams: (1) those with a regular and smooth outline, derived normally by testing at temperatures above 300° C., or below 200° C. (as, for example, Figs. 4a or e); and (2) those presenting a decided "stepped" appearance, which are invariably produced when twisting is done within the 200° to 300° C. range (examples, Figs. 5a and b). The torsion test brings out so much more sharply (and convincingly) the irregularities occurring at 200° and 300° C. than does the tensile test that they can no longer be considered as resulting from simply idiosyncratic or accidental and inconsequential causes. Clearly, from the temperatures involved, the "stepped" type of diagram, or more accurately, the peculiar manner of response to torsional stress which manifests itself in the diagram, is an aspect of the "blue-heat" phenomenon. One's curiosity if, nothing else, prompts an inquiry as to the nature and significance of these "steps." What do they mean? What causes them? To these questions there are no completely satisfactory answers. The following experimental observations are offered as suggestions towards the solution of the problem.

Jan 1, 1931

By Richard Hunt

BINGHAM has produced 6 per cent. of this country's copper. In total production, it ranks fourth among the copper camps of North America, the order being Butte, Michigan, Bisbee, and Bingham. In its annual production, it held that same rank until 1919, when its production was exceeded by the combined production of the Globe-Miami district of Arizona. Bingham has also been a lead camp of the first order. Utah ranks third among the lead-producing states, and its production comes largely from three camps which, in the order of their productivity, are: Bingham, Tintic, Park City. Bingham's silver production is important, but it does not rank high as a silver producer. Utah owes its rank as first among the silver-producing states to Tintic, a camp 40 miles due south of Bingham. The United States Mineral Resources reports a total production from Bingham for the period 1865-1920 having a gross value of $528,043,432. Bingham is on the eastern flank of the Oquirrh range 30 miles south-west of Salt Lake City, from which it can be reached in an hour by auto, or by the Denver & Rio Grande or the Bingham & Garfield railroads.. The automobile route is a paved road across the floor of Great Salt Lake Valley, through farming country. The Bingham & Garfield railway leaves the level of Great Salt Lake at the northern end of the Oquirrh range, and in 20 miles it climbs 2100 ft., and deposits the traveler upon a shelf cut in the side of Bingham Canyon below most of the mines, which are farther up Bingham Canyon and its tributary Carr Fork. Below lies the town, a narrow ribbon running for a couple of miles along the bottom of a canyon 2000 ft. deep-an almost impossible site for a community numbering, in prosperous times, 5000 to 7000 inhabitants drawn from all quarters of the globe. Up the canyon and down, and beneath the steep slopes nearby, and beneath the town itself, are the mining operations of over half a century.

Jan 3, 1924

Discussion of the paper of E.. C. LEE, presented at the St. Louis meeting, October, 1917, and printed in Bulletin-No. 130, October, 1917, pp. 1825 to 1832. H. M. WILSON, Pittsburgh, Pa.-The statement ill the paper of T. T. Read, "Increasing Dividends Through Personnel Work;" that the offering of substantial money rewards for avoidance of accidents is much more effective than mere propaganda or education respecting accident prevention, is a, point fully substantiated in the experience of insurance inspection under workmen's compensation acts. The first year under the Workmen's Compensation Law in Pennsylvania, during which over 2000 mines were tinder the observation and protection of the inspectors of the insurance companies, has resulted in several inspections of each mine, a splendid cooperation .between the operators, the State mine inspectors and the insurance inspectors, and an average reduction in premium rate for insurance from $3.83 to $2.77, a reduction of more than $1 per $100 of payroll, on an average payroll of nearly $100,000,000, In other words, the insurance companies have

Jan 1, 1918

By Frederick Prime

IN this second supplementary list no titles to which an * is. Pre-fixed have been seen by the compiler; and he will be most thankful to have, any omissions or inaccuracies in the list sent to him to be published as a third supplement in the next volume of- the Trans-actions. The author is indebted to Prof. J. J. Stevenson, of New York, Prof. P. R. Uhler and John W. M. Lee, Esq., of Baltimore, and Lloyd P. Smith, Esq., of Philadelphia, for valuable assistance. OFFICE, ALLENTOWN IRON COMPANY, 230 SOUTH THIRD STREET, PHILADELPHIA, September 5th, 1881. ALABAMA. Geological Survey of Alabama. Report of Progress for 1879 and 1880, by Eugene A. Smith, State Geologist. Montgomery, 1881. 8vo., 158 pp., and 2 maps. CALIFORNIA. Omit Report of Hon. T. Butler King, in Supplement 1. For Trash's Geology and Industrial Resources, etc., in Supplement I., read Tyson's, etc: Fremont's Memoir on Upper California, is also published as XXXth Congress, 1st Session. Senate Mis. Doe., No 148, and has a map. For Randall's Report in Supplement I, read Report of the Special Committee in favor of a Geological Survey, submitted by Mr. Randall, April 24th, 1851. a.d., 1851. 8vo., 1.9 pp. XXXIst Congress, 1st Session, Sea. Ex. Doc., No. 47, Part 2 [Part 1 is Tyson's Report.] Report of the Secretary of War in further compliance with the Resolution of the Senate, calling for Copies of

Jan 1, 1881

'T. C. MERRIMAN, New Haven, Conn. (written discussion *).-This most interesting paper gives much carefully obtained and valuable data. However, there are two points in connection with the commercial application of such data that might possibly be a source of trouble and mis-understanding. In the first place, the examination of thin sections of annealed brass, subjected to standard Brinell test.(500 kg. on a 10-mm. diameter ball) at thicknesses from 0.075 to 0.150 in. (1.9 to 3.8 mm.) indicates that cold work has been performed on the specimen during the application of the load sufficient to extend way through the section, and have the hardness of the metal affected by the backing. If the usual steel support is used, this effect is very evident. If a piece of soft brass is used as a support, there is an indentation in the surface of the support accompanied by a bulge on the under side of the tested specimen opposite the impression made by the 10-mm. ball. The result is that Brinell specifications (governmental or otherwise) on stock for a certain purpose may not be fair in all cases, since manufacturers, owing to differences in equipment, etc., may not all use precisely the thickness and conditions of stock on which the Brinell specifications were based. This would mean that the government Brinell specification might not give them the temper of stock best suited for their manufacturing methods. The concluding paragraph of this paper, stating that "the hardness of cartridge brass may be determined with greater accuracy by the Brinell hardness measurement than by attempting to judge it from the grain size" appears to be in line with the movement of the last year or so among brass manufacturers toward substitution of the Brinell test for microscopic examination as an acceptance test on cartridge brass. The statement may he strictly true that the Brinell test is the best test for hardness, but it is not, as the statement might readily be construed, a sufficient test of suitable condition. For instance, some cartridge brass might accidentally have been overheated to a point where it would be distinctly unsafe to use for the manufacture of small arms cases and then be so rolled (reduction 3 to 5 per cent.) as to pass perfectly proper Brinell specifications. Under such conditions the microscope would reveal its unsuitability where the Brinell test had failed so to do.

Jan 4, 1919

By Frederic A. Delano

The subject of the wear of rails seems to have attracted an unusual amount of interest in the last six months, and in the bope of doing my share to direct opinions in what seems to me the right direction, I will attempt to discuss briefly the several ways in which the shape of the rail-section may affect the life of rails. In a paper presented at the Boston meeting of the Institute (Trans., xvi., 594),

Jan 1, 1889

By Constantine Michalopoulos, Roger C. Van Tassel

Commercial demand for gold in the United States is important. It has a large impact on the total world commercial and overall non-monetary demand. Given the present free market price and our need to import gold, it has a substantial adverse effect upon our international payments position. But, according to most recent estimates, the United States demand is perhaps no more than 20% of the world as a whole. In 1971, United States consumption was estimated at 215.6 tons out of a total of 1,412.1 tons 1. This figure is very close to the 16% figure developed by Consolidated Gold Fields as the average for the years 1968-1970.2 Surveys of both production and use of gold on a world-wide basis are not new. With the bulk of gold production in only a few countries, it has been possible to develop fairly reliable series on gold output. Estimates have been developed on the known reserves of gold and probable output at various prices.3 On the demand side, figures have been somewhat less complete and reliable. The Bank for International Settlements and the Director of the United States Mint have regularly published estimates of commercial use in major industrial countries. The IMF has issued an increasingly comprehensive survey in its Annual Reports. The IMF has attempted to cover all nations-not restricting its efforts to major industrial nations-and has tried to estimate both gold taken for commercial uses (Estimated Industrial and Artistic Use) and for private hoarding. Their method is to begin with data on free world output plus any net sales by the Soviet Union, subtract any additions to world monetary stocks (or add to available supply for any net reductions in world monetary stocks), subtract estimates for commercial demand and have left as a residual an estimate for private hoarding. The method is straightforward and simple but the quality of the data is suspect. Industry sources tend to believe the figures as biased on the low side because of a persistent tendency to underreport gold movements.4

Jan 3, 1974

By E. P. Haqyes, J. K. Butler

011, and gas development has continued unabated on the Texas Gulf Coast during 1937. Although the number of important new discoveries has not been great, the extensions in older fields, owing to discovery of new sands and the lateral extension of known sands, has been extensive. Twenty-four new producing fields were added during the year, and many of these areas give promise of developing into important producing districts in the future. Alta Mesa, Amelia, Aransas, Clara Driscoll, Five Corners, Hamman, Heyser, Old Ocean, Premont, Seabreeae, Segno and West Columbia have all had major extensions during 1937. The 1937 production for the Texas Gulf Coast was 120,141,429 bbl., or 32f per cent increase over the 1936 production of 90,865,293 bb1. t The total number of producing wells has increased from 6727 to 8968. Well abandonments have becn few and indications are that they will continue to be so. Rigid proration has been and continues to be in effect, and, as a result, wells in the Gulf Coast will have prolonged life. New Fields Tables 1 and 2 contain general information on all fields in this district. The following named fields were discovered in 1937: Aransas County.—Barnsdall Oil Company's No. 1-A Edwards was the discovery well for the Lamar field. It was drilled to a total depth of 9785 ft., plugged back and completed at 7530 ft. in the Frio as a gas and distillate well. Present indications are not very promising for a major field. Bee County.—The McMurray (Strauch) field was discovered by Dirks Bros. No. 1 Strauch at a total depth of 4577 ft. This is a Yegua producer, and had an initial production of 230 bbl. on a 3/16-in. choke. Brazoria County.—The Sandy Point field was discovered by Henry DeArmanls No. 1 Fite, which was completed as a producer at 6501 ft. in the Marginulina-Frio series. Galveston County.—Although the Hitchcock field was discovered in 1936, the first commercial oil producer was completed in 1937 when

Jan 1, 1938

The total estimated production of coal in the United States during the first century and a quarter of mining is shown in Table 20. This is the total of the production of the various states already shown in the various tables, and is believed to be the first statement of this sort made. No such table prepared from limited data can be accurate, but it is the writer's opinion that the totals shown are less than those actually produced. It was thought that this study would enable a reasonably accurate account of the movement of coal down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers to be written. The searches made have shown that at this time the data do not exist from which such a study can be made, but some of the facts collected may be useful to future students.

Jan 1, 1942

By William I. Busenbark, Elmer C. Newman

At Bingham Canyon, the world's largest open-pit copper mine, annual grease consumption is in the neighborhood of 109 000 kg (240,000 lb), all of which was 544 (120-16) purchased, warehoused, and distributed in 54-kg (120-1b) and 180-kg (400-1b) drums. While perhaps a menial and mundane chore, grease distribution shows on the ledger as a significant expense item. To improve labor and cost performance, Kennecott maintenance engineers undertook a study to find the most direct method for moving multi purpose grease (MPG) from the refinery to the point of final consumption. What they found was a direct vendor system for hulk grease so simple and flexible that long-established drum distribution is being phased out in favor of the newer method throughout 75% of the operation.

Jan 9, 1977

By Leonard Logan

Production control in the petroleum industry may be discussed under three general heads: engineering, legal, and economic. Though the problems that fall under the respective heads of engineering, law, and economics are separate, they are dependent and interrelated. The present study will deal with the economic phases of production control and only incidentally with the legal phases as they affect the economics of the problem. No one of these forms of control is more important than the others. The engineers have performed their service well, and although there are many problems of engineering control yet to be solved, they are not pressing. Legal control is a problem for the legislatures and the courts to solve. The petroleum industry is such a comparatively young industry and the legal problems are of such recent origin that the courts have not yet been called on to settle all the issues and the legislatures still have before them bills concerned with the regulation of the industry. Economic control of production in the petroleum industry is a highly desirable goal but it has not yet been completely achieved. Since the first commercial well was drilled in 1859, there have been recurring periods of overproduction. (Over- production will be used here to describe a condition wherein so much crude oil is available that a satisfactory and reasonable price is not received for the product.) The production of oil in 1859 approximated only 2000 barrels. In the following year production jumped to 500,000 barrels, thus bringing into

Jan 1, 1932

By R. L. Loofbourow

The objectives of this report are (1) to indicate what is known of natural rock temperatures as deep as 5000 ft below the surface, (2) to indicate methods for estimating such temperatures in localities where directly measured temperatures are un- available, and (3) to outline as far as possible, areas in the 48 states within which rock temperatures are likely to be low and high. The usual object of temperature measurements in deep mines and wells is to learn the temperature of air or another circulating medium. This usually differs significantly from the undisturbed rock temperature. The subject is complicated further by the variety of the thermal properties and structures of rock masses, the migration of fluids within them, the diversity of the history of rock masses and of the processes which have been at work on them during that history.

Jan 1, 1966

By H. F. Easter

(San Francisco Meeting, September, 1915) THE lead department of the El Paso Smelting Works at El Paso, Tex., is operated strictly oil a custom basis. The ores treated are drawn from the surrounding territory, comprising New Mexico, Arizona, western Texas, and northern Mexico. Ores received from the last-named section originally amounted to a very large tonnage, but of recent years have dwindled into comparative insignificance so far as this plant is concerned. This has been clue partly to the establishment of a lead-smelting plant at Chihuahua, which is much closer than El Paso to most of the important mines, and partly to the recent revolutionary troubles in Mexico. There are no mines of either lead or copper in the immediate vicinity of El Paso. In general, it may be said that the lead-ore supply of recent years has been uncertain and precarious, with a general tendency toward an excess of silica and a shortage of iron. This latter requirement has been met in large part by the use in El Paso lead furnaces of considerable amounts of roasted heady copper matte from the Chihuahua smeltery and of converter slag from the El Paso converters. These two materials, coupled with complex lead-copper ores from Bisbee, Ariz., have introduced into the lead-smelting operations a most unusual amount of copper, which has had an important bearing upon the smelting practice of the plant. This matter will be discussed later. The ore, loaded in either box cars or gondolas, enters the storage yard on four tracks elevated about 8 ft. above the ground. As all unloading is clone by hand, unloading platforms at the height of the car floor parallel the tracks on each side to afford a runway for wheelbarrows. At frequent intervals these lengthwise platforms are joined together by others running crosswise to facilitate the distribution of the ores evenly over the beds, which are located below and between the tracks. At present much of the bedding space formerly used for lead ores is given over to the copper department, but 20 bins of various sizes are retained for the use of the lead furnaces and the Huntington & Heberlein roasting plant. The largest of these holds about 1,000 tons, while the smallest holds not over

Jan 8, 1915

By Philip S. Morse

THE Australian lead-smelting plants began to use charges carrying high zinc percentages somewhat earlier than was common with American plants. When lead smelting first started in Australia the immense deposits of oxidized lead at Broken Hill were available but later these oxidized ores became exhausted and were replaced by sulfides. This was before the days of flotation and these sulfides when concentrated carried about 1 per cent. of zinc to 6 per cent. of lead. The works of the Sulphide Corpn. at Cockle Creek was perhaps the pioneer in high-zinc slags but the Port Pirie plant of the Proprietary Co. was a close and very able second and has continued the work to the present time. The Cockle Creek lead furnaces remained in operation until shortly after the war when most of the Broken Hill companies combined and took over the Port Pirie plant to treat their concentrates. As it was the practice both at Cockle Creek and Port Pirie to carry 20 per cent. or more of lead on the charge, it was found that under these conditions of large amounts of zinc in the charge, good roasting was absolutely necessary and matte production was unwise. The Hunting-ton-Heberlein system of roasting was introduced and later the Dwight & Lloyd process. In this way, by roasting the sulfide portions of the charge as thoroughly as possible and making no matte, a method of smelting was developed where the slag over long periods carried as high as 20 per cent. ZnO without serious furnace troubles, and slags carrying even up to 33 per cent. ZnO have been reported. The zinc slags were not very different in appearance from the ordinary slags produced in American practice except that they gave off more smoke and fume on tapping. The slag usually ran hot and freely, coming from the tap in a full stream. Normally there was little crust on the sides of the furnace and the tuyeres gave no trouble though they were always rather dark. At the works of the Sulphide Corpn. it was the custom, on account of the labor situation, to shut down the furnaces during the Christmas holidays, thus giving a campaign of about 12 months. The furnaces at the end of the run usually showed no crust on the sides, though crusts always occurred at the back and front ends. A furnace campaign of 22 to 23 months has been made at this plant where both sides of the

Jan 1, 1929

SINCE I have begun to tell you of the semiminerals that serve as colors, I wish to tell you of azure and green azure, so that you may know what they are. I tell you first that there are two kinds of azure, one called ultramarine blue by painters, and the other German blue. Ultra-

Jan 1, 1942

By F. W. Schaller

TETRAGONALITY is an important aspect of the models of transformation, strengthening, and tempering of ferrous martensite. When the c/a

Jan 1, 1963

By I. L. Greninger

THE property of the Andes Copper Mining Co. is in the central part of the Republic of Chile, Province of Atacama, 147 km. (91.5 miles) eastward by rail from the port of Chanaral. At this point the Andean system is made up of two principal ranges. The mine is on the westerly slope of the outer, or western, range, at a mean elevation of 3250 m. (10,500 ft.). A meter-gage railroad extends from the company's port at Barquito, near Chañaral, to the reduction plant at Potrerillos. This road has a total length of 151 km. (94.0 miles), of which 93 km. (57.79 miles) are owned by the Andes Copper Mining Co. The remainder of the road is owned by the state. The company operates its trains over the portion of the road owned by the state, under an agreement with the Chilean Government. The mine is connected with the reduction plant by a meter-gage railroad, 10 km. (6.214 miles) long, which extends from the coarse-ore bins at the metallurgical plant to the underground storage bins at the mine. Tunnels make up 60 per cent. of the total length of this railroad. As is characteristic of the Andean region in Chile, the topography of the locality is extremely rough, and a number of points near the mine have elevations of from 15,000 to 16,000 feet. History of Potrerillos Mine The ore occurrence has been known for many years, and many of the claims under individual ownership were worked in a small way before the property was acquired by the present owner—the Andes Copper Mining Company. The highest grade oxide ores near the surface were mined by primitive methods and, after sorting, the product, assaying around 15 per cent, copper, was hauled by mule carts a distance of about 80 km. (49.71 miles)

Jan 1, 1929

By W. E. D. Jr. Stokes

THE application of aviation to mining and petroleum operations, on the basis of economy and attainment, has become a demonstrated fact. According to Dominion Government records, 30 Canadian companies engaged in air transportation with northland mining camps, carried 13,000 tons of freight in 1935, and in 1936 carried 16,000 tons. In addition, many mining companies used planes to transport prospectors with canoes, outboard motors, gasoline drums and supplies to remote locations, and one company maintained a plane to take radium-bearing ore from its mine on Great Bear Lake nearly 1000 miles south to the rail-way at Waterways, Alberta. Heavy pieces of mining machinery weighing 2 tons are being carried by Ford trimotor planes over the Andes, at an altitude of not less than 15,000 feet. At Bulolo, New Guinea, 17,500 tons of disassembled gold-dredging equipment has been flown over inaccessible terrain, while supplies and building materials for a community of 1000 whites have been transported by airplane. A 31 z-ton shaft was carried on one notable trip, while at another time an automobile, 2 tons of rice and a large safe went over the mountains in one plane. Fig. 1 shows an electric generator that was carried by plane to Bulolo. Many large American oil companies operated fleets of planes during 1936, ranging from fast, luxurious air liners for executives to elaborate geological prospecting units, ambulance planes, freight carriers and pipe-line repair crews.

Jan 1, 1937

By AIME AIME

THOUGH the dust-control systems in the crushing plants and other buildings at Morenci do not differ materially from similar installations in other large copper reduction works, it is probable that in few other plants has as much attention been paid to the dust problem. Possibly the most striking feature of the Morenci installation is the manner in which the necessary equipment has been built into the various structures, and the absence of unsightly pipes, ducts, and fan houses. That this result has been attained is due, in no small part, to the basic conception that the control of the dust in a milling plant should be an essential part of the process itself and not something to be tacked on later after the plant is in operation. The control systems were designed and developed along with the general plant construction program and when the first car of ore was dumped into the crusher the dust-control equipment was ready.

Jan 1, 1942

By John C. Ludlum

A most stimulating event in the development of world mineral production and technology, the Eighth Commonwealth Mining and Metallurgical Congress was convened at Melbourne Town Hall on March 1 by Sir Maurice Mawby, President of the Congress. Continuing successively at Melbourne, Canberra, Sydney, and Surfers Paradise in Australia and then at Wellington, New Zealand, the four plenary sessions, 50 technical sessions, and both local and extended mine and plant tours during the seven weeks of the Congress, provided a superb medium for assessing the present and looking into the future. There were more than 2300 participants from 32 countries in the various functions of the Congress, including 500 delegates and wives from countries other than Australia and New Zealand, and from 18 countries not members of the British Commonwealth of Nations. Registrants from South Africa numbered close to 200 and there were about 100 from Canada, 70 from the United Kingdom, 60 from the United States, and 20 from Zambia. Although most of the overseas delegates held administrative positions with companies, government agencies, and colleges or universities, professions identifiable from registrations included 100 engineers, 60 geologists and 30 metallurgists.

Jan 8, 1965