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(Under this heading will he published notes sent too the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons introduced by members.) Management or superintendency desired by member, graduate mining engineer of large practical experience in the details of mining, milling, concentration and cyaniding. Experienced in the efficient mechanical equipment and operation, and in the general business management of a mining property. No. 444. Metallurgist and operator who has specialized in the hydrometallurgy of. gold and silver, particularly stamp milling and cyaniding, desires change from present position. Ten years' experience in Western U. S. Thirty-six years old, married, in best of health and will go. anywhere. Available in 30 days. No. 445.

Jan 4, 1918

By W. E. C. Eustis

During the last year I had occasion, on behalf of our New York copper works, to send to various chemists samples, intended to he accurate, of material which we were buying and selling, and I was astonished to find what differences were reported. After talking over the probable reasons for this with a number of chemists and metallurgists, it was suggested that it would be of real use and some scientific interest to send samples to the different chemists, and take such care in making up the samples that we could feel sure that each chemist had as nearly identical a sample as it was possible to make. After some consideration it was determined to send a mixture which should carry about 50 per cent. copper, and

Jan 1, 1883

By D. Walton, B. Chalmers

A preferred orientation is known to occur frequently in the columnar zone of castings. This has been attributed to a preferred direction of growth. However, no satisfactory mechanism was proposed by which the preferred direction of growth led to the preferred orientation. The purpose of this work has been to establish this mechanism. It has been found that in general the observed preferred orientations only develop when the preferred directions of growth reveal themselves by dendritic growth. A mechanism based on this premise is found to be in agreement with the experimental data obtained in the course of this work. WHEN a liquid metal is allowed to solidify in a mold, it usually freezes in three stages, distinguished from each other by the size and shape of the grains. The first zone to freeze (the chill zone near the mold wall) consists of relatively fine grains that are equiaxed in shape and random in orientation. The next zone consists of crystals that are elongated in the direction of heat flow, i.e., normal to mold wall. These crystals are much larger in cross section than the crystals of the chill zone and have a very strongly preferred orientation. This is the columnar zone. The final zone, which is absent in very pure metals, is again equiaxed and randomly oriented, but usually has a much coarser grain size than the chill zone. The purpose of this study is to describe and account for the crystal size and orientation in the columnar zone. The occurrence of a preferred orientation in the columnar zone is well known, and in 1940, Greninger' suggested that it is apparently related to dendritic growth although at that time the only data were for metals with the face-centered-cubic structure. Table I shows that the direction of dendritic growth and the crystal axis that follows the heat flow direction coincide in all cases so far studied. The term "dendritic growth" is used here to represent the branched type of morphology that is characteristic of growth into supercooled melts.' In addition to the supercooling which is necessary before nucleation will occur at the mold wall, the necessary supercooling for continued dendritic growth can be provided in a mold by heat flow into the already formed solid at an interface whose Liquidus temperature is depressed by an accumula-

Jan 1, 1960

WALLACE E. PRATT, Wichita Falls, Tex. (written discussion *).-The age of the oil in the southern Oklahoma fields, Mr. Powers concludes, is Pennsylvanian, or in part, possibly, pre-Pennsylvanian. In a later paper,1 he recognizes the Ordovician age of the small production from the Bullhead A. Daney, No. 14, in the Healdton field. But nowhere does Mr. Powers admit the possibility of oil of Permian age in southern Oklahoma. Yet shallow oil in the adjacent north Texas fields. (Electra, Burkburnett, and Petrolia), which are generally conceded to be closely related to the fields of southern Oklahoma in geological aspect, may very well be of Permian age. Dr. Udden has already discussed this question,2 noting the organic nature of the limestone, outcropping near Electra, together with other evidence that organic material was present if not abundant, originally, in Permian rocks: The Permian rocks in north

Jan 3, 1918

By T. F. Witherbee

IN a paper read at the Lake Superior meeting, August, 1880, an account was given of the successful use of Rendrock and Monaky powder upon a scaffoldn and salamander in the furnace. On April 5th, 1881, the same trouble called for like treatment, which, though not so immediately. successful, was on the whole more instructive than the first trial, and points, I trust, to a reasonably sure remedy for all such difficulties. Up to December 4th, 1880, foundry and mill iron were made from Old Bed and New Bed magnetite, and Kearneyy red hematite, when a return was made to Bessemer iron, from an inferior quality of New Bed ore as compared with that used during first blast. January 18th, 1881, New Bed, Chateangay, and East-shaft, a newly-opened Bessemer deposit of Messrs. Witherbee, Sherman & Co., were first used, and continued up to February 13th, on a fuel charge of 80 per cent. anthracite and 20 per cent. coke, the product on the three ores being about 10 tons more per day than on New Bed alone. From this time until March 11th all coal was used, and New Bed, Chateangay, and East-shaft ores, up to February 22d, and from that date Chateangay and New Bed, the product falling off 9 6/10 tons per day as a result of not using coke. It is fair, however, to state that the furnace was not in good condition during' this period, being over-burdened, and the New Bed ore was, temporarily, uncommonly poor, for reasons of no particular interest here.. It required to properly flux it at least 140 per cent. of limestone; and 101 per cent was actually used. March 11th, all Chateangay ore and 80

Jan 1, 1882

By B. M. Larsen

NEVER having actually tried to engage in the systematic education of anyone, and having little direct knowledge of the practical problems and limitations in the field of education, I can pose only as a "nonexpert" in this field, one whose ideas are to be regarded as personal opinions. The necessity for compromise between educational ideals and the practical limitations of time, money, and mental capacities of both student and teacher is evident in the preparation of an end product that we may regard with a reasonable degree of conviction as a professional engineer. We need to do so many things. The engineering student must have a clear understanding of the basic sciences; he should develop manual skills and co-ordination; he should speak and write the language with simple clarity and directness; he should gather knowledge of a special field; and, he should be educated for living in a broad ..

Jan 1, 1948

By Ernest P. Hall

At the SME Fall Meeting held in Phoenix, Ariz. last October, Ernest P. Hall, addressing an Air and Water Pollution session, noted that water pollution caused by acid drainage from bituminous coal measures had begun long before recorded history. "Until recently," he said, "man did not begin to understand the physical phenomena which took place to cause [it] and even today he does not know what can be done to prevent it." CAUSES "It is known from the reports of early explorers that drainage from bituminous coal measures was causing water pollution before coal mines were opened on this continent. They noted the nature of the polluted water in the runs and creeks and predicted the presence of substantial deposits of coal based on the appearance and character of the water. Even today, polluted water drains from virgin coal areas which have not been touched by mining machines," Mr. Hall said.

Jan 1, 1966

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M., except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is, desired and not include collateral natter which may not be of interest. The time spent in-searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more, promptly and-in more usable shape.

Jan 2, 1917

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M., except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral. matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 3, 1917

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M., except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is .desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 6, 1917

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M., except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of - scientific and technical societies members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time 'in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render - valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish genera1 information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 10, 1916

The Library of the above-named Societies is open frond 9 A.M. to 10 P.M., except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated front sources of information. To these the Library, through Its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining neaps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should he made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be, sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 1, 1917

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M., except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the, information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may, not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 4, 1917

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M., except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on milling and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, arid to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 10, 1916

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M., except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 12, 1916

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M., except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 7, 1917

The serious shortage of eastern gas coal and of coke for gas-making in Illinois and adjoining states during the winter of 1917-1918 was emphasized at the meeting of the Illinois Gas Association, March, 1918. The seriousness of the situation was of concern not merely to private interests but to the general public, which consumes gas for heating, lighting, and for important industrial uses. Some relief was thought possible if central district coals from Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky could be used generally as a substitute for eastern coal and coke in the manufacture of retort gas and water-gas. Already a little Illinois and Indiana coal was being used under special circumstances in Illinois retort plants and successful experiments with mixtures of Illinois coal and eastern coal had been conducted at the Decatur retort-gas plant by F. K. Ovitz of the U. S. Bureau of Mines and the Illinois Mining Investigations, with the advice and cooperation of a committee of the Illinois Gas Association. Consequently, it seemed desirable to continue experiments with central district coal in gas retorts, and with coal as a substitute for coke in water-gas generators, and to give publicity to the results and technical assistance to companies desiring to use central district coal. Other matters, of national importance were the prospective shortage of toluol and of ammonia for the manufacture of explosives, and the possibility of encouraging recovery of additional amounts from some of the plants in central states that were not contributing these substances. Results of work done by the Gas Section, Illinois Mining Investigations, under the advice of the Technical Committee, were pushed to early publication until the signing of the armistice lessened the importance of speed as a war measure. The first two publications listed below were distributed by the Regional Director of the U. S. Fuel Administration, through the Bureau of Gas. By-products and Public Utilities. The others were distributed by the Geological Survey. Bulletin 21. The Manufacture of Retort Coal-gas in the Central States Using Low-sulphur Coal, from Illinois, Indiana, and, Western Kentucky. Bulletin 22. Water-gas Manufacture with Central District Bituminous Coals as Generator Fuel

Jan 8, 1919

By Victor O. Strobel

Fire-brick hot-blast stoves have been the subject of frequent discussions at the meetings of the Institute; and although it is my object to elucidate some of the points in connection with this subject, I will not go into the specific features of all types, but more especially call attention to a new type recently designed by Mr. Fred. W. Gordon. As the economical production of a ton of pig-iron is a more essential feature than a large output, much depends, where fuel cannot be obtained cheaply, upon suitable apparatus whereby high temperatures can be maintained. Where iron-pipe stoves have been employed, the fuel-consumption reached one and a half pounds of fuel, and, when a larger output was desired, often two pounds, to the pound of iron produced. The temperature attained rarely exceeded 900' F., and that at the expense of frequent renewals of the pipes, which was not inconsiderable. The fire-brick hot-blast stoves of the past five or six years have clearly demonstrated their superiority over the old system. Of the accompanying drawings, Fig. 3 illustrates a four-pass regen-

Jan 1, 1886

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M to 10 P. M. except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should he made as definite as possible so that the information received may he what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 6, 1918

The library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A. M. to 10 P. M. except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should he made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 11, 1918