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Coagulation-Neutralisation Technology to Treat Wastewater from Lead-Zinc Concentrator

Sep 13, 2010

Mr. P. F. THOMPSON said this matter was one of very great importance to producers of lead. His association with the matter was that he happened to be the Institute representative on the Committee of the Standards Association of Australia charged with formulating a standard for chemical lead, that is, lead used in technical chemistry for acid chambers and the like. The British standard had this test incorporated in it, but those on the committee felt that it should not be included in the specification. The main objection was that in an accelerated corrosion test one was endeavouring to do in a few seconds what in natural conditions would take years; and it was now being recognised that such tests were of little value in assessing the corrosive properties of a metal.The flash point test was carried out with boiling hot strong sulphuric acid; but no chemical manufacturer would be likely to use such in contact with lead. There were many factors such as the formation of steam, the chemical reduction of sulphuric acid, the evolution of hydrogen, the catalytic effect of the surface lead, affecting this test, other than the presence of the segregated impurities upon which this test throws the onus of the whole imperfection of the lead. Mr. Russell had shown that lead which had stood the test of time often gave a low flash point. They were endeavouring to find rapid methods of estimating minute amounts of the more important impurities, which would eliminate the labour and expense of a full analysis.Mr. H. St. J. SOMERSET thanked Mr. Thompson for his remarks. He supposed some of those present knew that the Broken Hill Associated Smelters was responsible for Mr. Russell's investigations at the University, and he could only agree with Mr. Thompson that the flash point test, which had been accepted at the present time...

Jan 1, 1930

INTRODUCTION ò World coal production, Exporters and Importers òNew Zealand Exports, Markets and Products ò Types of Markets and Price Setting ò Bench Mark Prices and Exchange Rate ò Transport ò International Marketing - Key Factors ò Coal New Zealand , the Challenges

Jan 1, 1996

The Western New South Wales Electric Power Proprietary Limited is the central generating authority for distribution of power to the majority of the Broken Hill mining companies and the Broken Hill Water Board. This station supplies the whole of the power to North Broken Hill Ltd and Broken Hill South Ltd. It also supplies, power to the Southern Power Corporation for distribution to the Zinc Corporation Ltd. The Southern Power Corporation has a generating station which is tied in with the central generating authority.

Jan 1, 1957

Refractory gold ores have been the subject of intensive metallurgical study in order to achieve more efficient recovery of contained values and at the same time to minimise environmental impact. Considerable innovative gold processing technology was introduced in New Zealand last century, the most notable being the first successful commercialisation of the cyanidation process by the Crown Mines Company at Karangahake in 1889. The Karangahake gold-silver deposit was second only +to the Waihi Martha mine in total bullion production from the region with active mining from 1882 until about 1920 and sporadic production between 1930 and 1944. Reevaluation at Karangahake with associated metallurgical testing has continued since that time becoming particularly active in the last decade as a result of increasing gold prices. Gold processing technology is reviewed and results of some recent test work are presented and discussed in the context of Karangahake history and future development possibilities. This work confirms the variability and complexity of the Karangahake deposit both mineralogically and metallurgically and suggests flotation followed by new and innovative smelting is the most appropriate processing route for the recovery of gold from the high grade ore which could be produced from the Karangahake workings in moderate tonnages.

Jan 1, 1993

By Sneyd R. J, Walton M. C

In early 1987 Minproc acquired a license from the inventor to engineer and construct acid plants incorporating the Fattinger technology. The process offers a simple and reliable method of producing sulphuric acid from metallurgical off gases at significantly lower capital and operating costs than the more familiar contact process. The process also offers the simultaneous production of nitric acid, if the NOx content of the off gases is high enough. A development of this latter process has other applications within the minerals industry, particularly in conjunction with refractory gold ore preoxidation.

Jan 1, 1989

Exploration for uranium in Australia commenced only during the 1940s, but in this short period has been very successful as one third of the world's low cost uranium reserves have been discovered in Australia. Total uranium exploration expenditure in Australia up to the end of 1983 was $A(1983) 554 million; this discovered 20 potentially economic deposits and official reserves of 560 000 tonnes of uranium oxide at an average cost of $1 per kg of U 0 . An exponential 8 eserves indicates distribution of uranium r that there could be 54 undiscovered uranium deposits in Australia, each with reserves of 20 000 tonnes U308 or more, in addition to smaller deposits. Using a constant uranium price of $A(1983) 79 per kg, no deposit is economic at a grade below 0.12 per cent U 08 or with reserves of less than 3 000 tonnes. Selecting deposits with reserves of 5 000 tonnes U 0g or more as prime exploration targets, only 39 per cent of discoveries will yield a real internal rate of return (IRR) of 10 per cent or more. After committing a minimum exploration budget of $10 million to this search, an explorer has one chance between 7 and 12 of discovering a deposit that will repay the exploration investment.

Jan 1, 1984

The society in which we live is one of change, and we professionals are part of that society. The importance of this simple and obvious statement is often overlooked. My Presidential Address examines the question: can professionalism survive in our changing society?There is ample evidence to show that our society is changing, and that the rate of change is exponential. This rapid and accelerating rate of change is what Alvin Tomer refers to as "future shock". Rapid change means that we do not have time to become accustomed to what is happening around us and to feel comfortable with it; the greater the rate of change the greater the discomfort. The effect that this has on people is varied; the change may be either expected or totally unexpected.The rate and extent of change in society is not the same for all countries nor for all industries or occupations. Change is more rapid in Japan, Korea or Taiwan, than in Australia. It is more rapid in our cities than in the bush, more rapid for professional businessmen than for farmers. In our minerals and petroleum industries, we are still adjusting to the great changes that have taken place over the last fifteen years. In the past, products from our industries were sold on a free and open market. Today, mineral development and production in most undeveloped countries and some developed countries is manipulated for political, social and economic reasons. Changes of this nature have had a devastating effect on the operations of established mineral producers in the democracies.Because of the accelerating nature of change, we must recognise that the past is not a reliable guide to the future.Although extrapolation of the past into the future is a basic ingredient of commercial survival, extrapolation is less and less reliable.I borrow from others in quoting the Irish proverb: "The future is not what it was".The future is where our business lies and most of us at this Conference must endeavour to understand it and adjust to it. I believe in the old adage that:You can't know where you're going if you don't know where you've been and where you are at.There are a number of major factors which have created change within our social, economic, and industrial environment in recent years.

Jan 1, 1985

By Leigh J. H

A history is given of the dust control techniques developed and applied by the mining companies at Broken Hill. A history of the regeneration works undertaken since 1936 is out- lined. Particular emphasis is placed on the stabilization of mine residue dumps which are located throughout a belt of mining leases in the middle of the city and which began in 1937. The establishment of vegetation for dust control techniques is discussed in detail and a case study is given of the successful revegetation of the sides of a 650 metre long, 350 metre wide and 35 metre high residue dump.

Jan 1, 1976

Traditionally, the development of a mineral resource project goes through a fairly set pattern of decisions from what commodities to search for; where to look; how to locate; what are the reserves; how can they be exploited with optimum returns for all stakeholders; where are the markets and what will be the price received; what financing arrangments? However, due to the unique nature of most mineral resource properties, the relative significance of individual parameters on the ultimate development decision will vary from project to project. Sensitivity analysis in its formal sense is most frequently related to the economic analysis of a project particularly in conjunction with the ultimate development decision making process, and acknowledges the uncertainty of the actual values with their impact on the corporate decision making yardsticks. In many cases, this analysis merely adds more values to confuse the decision makers who may well opt for some subjective rationale to overcome the numeric confusion. However, sensitivity analysis should be used more frequently to exploit the development dollar to its maximum, THROUGHOUT the phases leading to the development decision. It is essential to identify the critical inputs to the various decision tiers in a project as early as possible and direct the funds to ensure that these parameters are determined as accurately as possible. Examples are used to illustrate the need for an even-handed quantification of the parameters which affect the outcome of decisions en route to the final one while minimising the risk in making an optimum assessment in relation to development funds Available.

Jan 1, 1983

The pyrite-sphalerite-galena and barite orebodies at the Rosebery mine are concordant with the shale host rock and have been deformed into one system of folds with an associated axial plane cleavage. The folds are tight and overturned with east-dipping axial planes. Folds in the sulphide ore are commonly disharmonic, particularly between adjacent bands of different composition.Concentric style folds occur in the competent bands, e.g. pyrite-rich bands. Similar style folds are predominant in the less competent sphalerite-galena-rich bands and also in the shale of the host rock. The trends and plunges of the fold hinge-lines are variable but axial planes are of reasonably constant orientation throughout the mine area. The folds in the orebodies are of limited axial extent, approximating to conical folds, and are arranged in en echelon patterns. The fold system was possibly formed in one period of folding by heterogeneous strain that may have been caused by the presence of a mass of tectonically mobile sulphide ore. Lineations parallel to the ore/host rock contacts appear to reflect movement between the ore and the host rock during folding.

Jan 1, 1972

By R Shrimali, P Rajmeny, L Shekhawat, A Joshi

Rampura Agucha open pit mine has successfully been excavated to a depth of 320 m, incorporating multistage working. The key to success is the implementation of presplitting as control blast measures at every stage of mining, including intermediate cut backs, in addition to the final wall. The major challenges encountered in establishing presplitting in the hang wall as compared to the footwall of the mine are:reversely dipping foliation, ie dipping into the hang wall itselfstriking obliquely at an angle of 20–30° with regards to the general strike of the pit wallthe presence of numerous geological planes of weaknesses like major faults, slips, etc.Control blast parameters like hole inclination, spacing and stand-off with buffer row were chosen initially from the literature survey and were subsequently fine-tuned by field trials to the mine geo-mining conditions of the hang wall. Electronic initiation used for trim blasts along with double presplitting in fault-affected zones helped in getting better presplit performance and resultant stability of the hang wall.CITATION:Rajmeny, P, Shrimali, R, Shekhawat, L and Joshi, A, 2015. Establishing the design parameters of a control blast for long-term stability of the hang wall at Rampura Agucha Mine, in Proceedings 11th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, pp 437–446 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 24, 2015

Ferruginous manganese deposits have been known at Ripon Hills since the late 1950s. The main group of deposits occur in an area 6 km by 5 km and these were extensively investigated by Longreach Metals N.L. during1971 and 1972 for possible commercial exploitation.Ripon Hills is a dissectcd fault plateau 350 m above sea level formed by the uplift of a block of gently dipping Proterozoic shales, cherts, and dolomite. The plateau consists of chert breccia which is underlain by massive dolomite. The shales which are ferruginous and manganiferous overlie the chert breccia but are now only preserved, in places, in the broad depression and valleys of the plateau.The ore deposits occur as supergene replacement of the shales and were investigated by geological mapping, grid percussion and diamond drilling, and bulk beneficiation testing. Iron and manganese oxides erraticallyreplace Shale accompanied by the leaching of other minerals. The ore is composed of fine grained pyrolusite intergrown with fine grained hematite and locally containing extensively altered bixbyite and braunite. Thegangue mineral is mainly kaolin.The average grade, using a 15 per cent Mn cutoff, was 19 4 per cent Mn and 25·9 per cent Fe for a combined drill-proven, indicated, and inferred tonnage of 56,000,000 tonnes. The average depth of this mineralization from the surface is 11 m. Using a cutoff grade of 20 per cent Mn the average grade was 24·6 per cent Mn and 23·0 per cent Fe for a combined tonnage of 12,000,000 tonnes to an average depth of 8 m.The substantial drop in reserves occurs because a high proportion of the mineralized material contains less than 20 per cent Mn.It was shown that whereas the lower grade ore, despite erratic fluctuations in grade, could be beneficiated to specification grade by crushing, screening, and conductivity ore sorting, the higher grade ore could be beneficiatedto specification grade by crushing and screening only. The utilization of the higher grade ore was considered to constitute a more viable operation.There is potential for high grade manganese ore to be discovered in the Ripon Hills area at the contact of chert breccia and underlying dolomite.

Jan 1, 1977

Mining is a fundamental activity on which modern society and the world's economy are entirely dependent. Mining investors, large and small, invest on an international scale, frequently being active in several countries.   Prior to committing investment to new countries, the prudent investor will consider the risk involved by analysing a number of physical, financial, administrative and political parameters that impact on the potential financial returns it is seeking. This paper considers these risk factors in relationship to New Zealand and six competitor countries. The conclusion is that for reasons largely within the control of our politicians, New Zealand is a high risk country for mining investors.

Jan 1, 1993

By S Sullivan

The key skills for a competent geologist are observation, documentation, analytical thought and the ability to communicate. These attributes have served the geological world for the past two centuries since the field of geology was separated out from natural philosophy. The understanding of the structural setting, lithologies, alteration and 3D distribution of the target mineral species are essential precursors to resource evaluation and potential economic extraction. The advent of artificial intelligence and machine learning has matured to the point where observation by dedicated sensors and analysis by customised AI algorithms can replace manual processes and deliver credible results. In combination with analytical data such as assays, various sensors now collect physical properties of rocks which are used as proxies for mineral identification and rock mass classification. These sensors include X-ray and infra-red spectra, magnetic susceptibility, gravity/density, EH/pH measurements, conductivity, colourimetric readings, porosity, fracturing and fracture intensity. Analysis using machine learning techniques trained using known data sets can determine rock type classification, rock density, quantification of grade/quality attributes, mineral alteration, weathering and geotechnical attributes such as rock quality. This type of data relies on calibration and quality control of a variety of different types of electronic hardware. The resulting data is non-additive, has error ranges and will be suitable for consumption by fast AI methods providing probabilistic analysis. A second stage could include geometallurgical constraints to provide an ‘extractability index’, which is of more interest to miners than pure geotyping. Using resultant interpreted geological criteria, 3D domain models with spatial attributes will be built.

Sep 1, 2024

Coal is of tremendous importance for the Czechoslovak econ- omy. The current annual primary energy demand being about 109 million tons of standard fuel (1 ton of standard fuel - 7,000 coal = 29,308 GJ), coal satisfies almost two thirds of our fuel consumption. If compared with the distribution of resources in the world's fuel and energy pattern, the situation in Czechos- lovakia is significantly different, as shown in Fig. I. One of the causes behind the difference is that the Czechoslo- vak oil and natural gas reserves and, hence, their production are insignificant, so that it is necessary to import them. Brown coal will continue to play an important role as a prin- cipal domestic source of primary energy even in the future. While the share of nuclear power is increasing, brown coal represents strategic reserves in the fuel and energy balance.

Jan 1, 1989

Study on the New Flow Sheet and Wastewater Recycling for Xiaoliuguo Copper-Bearing Low-Grade Scheelite Ore

Sep 13, 2010

There is an established need for an inflow of foreign capital if New Zealand is to meet projected growth rates. The Government recognises this and encourages capital inflows especially where there are allied economic benefits such as the access to specialised know-how or export markets. The Government has promulgated certain Regulations which are administered by the Reserve Bank. Under the Capital Issues (Overseas) Regulations 1965, consent is required before any company incorporated overseas can commence business in New Zealand or before an overseas person can borrow or raise any money in New Zealand. A New Zealand company is deemed to be an overseas person if more than 25% of the voting power is held by non-residents. In terms of current policy, overseas companies are permitted to borrow in New Zealand only a limited amount of working capital and some longer term capital calculated on the ratio that their New Zealand owned equity capital bears to their overseas owned equity capital. Wholly owned overseas companies are expected to bring all of their Fixed term capital from overseas.

Jan 1, 1971

By F Hungerford

"In-seam drilling has been undertaken for the past 30 years for gas drainage to reduce the risk ofoutburst and lower the concentrations of seam gas in the underground ventilation. The drillingpractices have reflected the standards of the times and have evolved with the development oftechnology and equipment and the needs to provide a safe environment underground. Earlypractice was to adapt equipment from other fields, but with changing emphasis, research anddevelopment by the coal industry has created specifi c equipment, technology and practices toaccurately place in-seam boreholes to provide efficient and effective gas drainage."

Jun 1, 2012

By A Jurg, F Leclercq

The total drill and blast concept is widely known in the mining industry. On the contrary, the quarry industry rarely adopts such working methods. Based on the experience of the CBS quarry in the North of France, this paper shows how up-to-date blasting technology and simple control methods can significantly improve the overall Mine to Mill efficiency of a quarry. The CBS quarry, in partnership with the EPC group and Nitro- Bickford Company, adopted a new working process three years ago aimed at increasing blast performance and related productivity of the downstream process (loading, hauling and crushing). The pattern geometry of each blast is controlled and explosive charging is carried out following the æconstant specific energyÆ CSE concept. This method provides a homogeneous fragmentation distribution and reduces vibration peak-particle-velocities. The impact on downstream productivity is controlled by means of a simple information management system, which collects and measures key parameters of the production process such as; hauling cycles, crusher throughput, secondary breaking and vibration peak particle velocity. This information system has clearly proved over time that consistent blast quality could be achieved, leading to a 30 per cent improvement in quarry productivity. Improved energy control of blasting through optimisation with electronic detonators, allowed a significant reduction in vibration impact on the environment. Improvement in blasting security, reduction in the environmental impact and productivity enhancement are major benefits that quarries can obtain from these CSE optimisation blasting methods.

Jan 1, 2007