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By D P. Murphy, R F. Dewhirst

Traditionally closure has been seen by the Resource sector solely as a green or an environmental issue, focused primarily on the requirement to rehabilitate the site following cessation of production activities. In addition to operational, maintenance and production aspects of processing plant design, future design teams will need to take a more holistic view and consider an increasing number of sustainability issues including safety in design and cleaner production as well as closure itself. Sustainability principles being adopted by industry such as the Minerals Council of AustraliaÆs Enduring Value Framework are now broadening our understanding of closure. While issues around the closure of tailings dams and associated infrastructure have been widely studied, few investigations have looked closely at the implications of closure on the design of minerals processing plants. It is likely that design teams may be able to make a significant contribution to meeting industry objectives by adopting innovative designs which, in addition to meeting production objectives, deliver sustainable and cost effective plant closure outcomes. This presentation explores the opportunity for innovative design of mineral processing plants through the assessment of alternative closure objectives. This assessment specifically looks at current industry standards and statutory requirements, as well as potential risks and opportunities associated with each objective. Alternative design strategies to meet these objectives are discussed.

Jan 1, 2006

By N McIntyre, M Edraki, K R. Jain

From the very early stages of a mining project, there is a requirement to predict the chemistry of potential drainages from various waste storage facilities. However, using relative masses to scale chemical loads measured by laboratory kinetic tests, such as humidity cells, to a full-scale mine waste facility will lead to concentration predictions that are unrealistically high for many dissolved constituents. Scaling factors developed by various procedures indicate that laboratory rates may range anywhere from two to eight times (Drever and Clow, 1995) to 100 to 1000 times faster than field rates (Malmstrom et al, 2000; Smith and Beckie, 2003; Ritchie, 1994). This contribution will use previous works and secondary data to discuss the significance of scale in water quality predictions. It will also present primary experimental geochemical and numerical data from a column leaching study on coal spoils to discuss potential applications of mesoscale leaching tests in bridging the gap between bench-top tests and field scale trials.

Aug 2, 2023

By P Yß±ez, G Ferguson

The El Teniente mine produces more than 340 000 tonnes of fine copper per year from an industrial complex of underground mine, concentrator and smelter. Mass caving methods are employed to deliver approximately 95 000 tpd of ore to the mill, from a number of sectors underground, each sector being in effect a large-scale mine in its own right. This mining activity has faced challenges over the course of the last century such as:the capacity of the underground mine has been expanded to maintain and increase output of fine copper; the increasing size of the ore fragmentation forced to change the mining method to achieve the high productivity and profitability required in the business; and to modify the mining methods to continue mining at depth with safety. Fundamental activities in these mining methods, for the successful initiation of caving and subsequent draw, are:undercutting the base of the block or panel by blasting; and excavating of drawbells. The undercutting design evolves mainly on the height of the blasting to manage the change on ore fragmentation. The methodology move away from incorporating massive areas, typical of the block caving method, to a continuos blasting, typical of the panel caving method. Drawbell design changes on geometry, dimensions and sequence of excavation to deal with a corse ore fragmentation and the resolution of mining difficulties in the form of major rock bursts and collapses of production facilities. This paper focuses upon the evolution of the undercutting and drawbell design used at El Teniente mine and techniques under consideration to deal with future caving operations to provide the bulk of the daily production for the foreseeable future.

Jan 1, 2000

By K Afewu, R Dunne, W P. Staunton

The treatment of preg-robbing gold ores has always been a technical challenge in the gold industry. Early solutions included removal of preg-robbing carbonaceous material by flotation, the addition of kerosene to æblindÆ/passivate the surface of the preg-robbing component, and the most effective of all options, roasting the ore. Unfortunately gold ores have become more complex and roasting has environmental challenges, so other methods of treatment have had to be found. This paper will review methods of characterising preg-robbing gold ores, method of treatment and cite examples of actual application in the industry.CITATION:Dunne, R, Staunton, W P and Afewu, K, 2013. A historical review of the treatment of preg-robbing gold ores - what has worked and changed, in Proceedings World Gold 2013 , pp 99-110 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 26, 2013

By A Prill

Safety First and zero accidents are the targets most mines in Australia are aiming for, but manual processes and procedures limit the capabilities and response time in emergency situations. Even with a high safety focus, accidents and incidents still happen, too often with tragic outcomes. Dangerous areas, narrow roads and winding curves are all daily obstacles that threaten workforce safety. Every unforeseen event, such as traffic collisions and other accidents, puts lives in danger and weakens production. Safety must be guaranteed.

May 5, 2022

By Fuller P. G, Miller D. R

Hydraulic fill using surface sand deposits or cycloned tailings has been used in underground mining for at least fifty years. Current technology requires a permeable fill and high cement additions for strong fill. Shortages in quantities of acceptable fill with finely ground ore may require rockfill or aggregate to be introduced as a supplement and these usually incur additional distribution costs. Alternative approaches to the problem are now being developed whereby the pulp density of the fill is raised so that it is delivered either as a dense slurry or as a paste. These regimes of fill behaviour are defined together with the plant and pumping techniques required to prepare and deliver the materials. Test techniques to define the different regimes of behaviour are identified and the variation in material properties for fills with varying pulp densities are outlined. The results indicate that high pulp density fills are stronger and have less permeability restrictions than conventional fills and that aggregate can be carried with the pulp. Thus the disadvantage of finer materials can be turned into an economic advantage. Criteria are developed for defining the type of operation suited to this Technology.

Jan 1, 1986

The concept of æsustainabilityÆ can largely be defined as development that will not compromise the ælivabilityÆ of the planet for future generations. It has multiple dimensions, such as the triple bottom line û environmental, economic and social. And it also includes temporal (now and the future) and spatial (local and global) aspects that have to be taken into consideration to achieve true sustainability.Energy sustainability might be defined as û having the light turn on when you push the switch. It has, of course many more dimensions than this simplistic definition. Coal in Australia has an important role in keeping our lights on, but has its problems that need to be tackled head on to maintain a role in sustainable development.An overriding issue in terms of sustainability for coal is its major contribution to our greenhouse gas emissions. Whilst we have one of the most effective energy sectors in the developed world, based on well-managed, abundant fossil fuels, our greenhouse gas emissions are one of the highest per GDP in the developed world. We have to reduce our ægreenhouse gas signatureÆ.This paper explores the issues of coal utilisation greenhouse gas emissions as an indicator of the fuelÆs sustainability and the potential lower emissions pathways we will have to follow in a future carbon-constrained world.The technology changes will have significant implications for the minerals industry and it is argued that forward-looking coal/greenhouse emissions strategies need to be developed in alliance with the coal (and energy) sector for the minerals industry to maintain its global competitiveness.

Jan 1, 2004

By A Grace, C Sennersten, A Davie, R Lyu, C A. Lindley, O Goldstein, T Thomas, L De Macedo Camargo

Block modelling is a well-established method for modelling ore reserves as a basis for strategic mine planning and mine development. Off-Earth mining, particularly of asteroids, can benefit from block models; however, the significantly different characteristics of asteroids and their methods of mining require reconsideration of the geometry and annotations of block models. Terrestrial block models consist of rectangular prisms within Euclidean coordinate systems. Their labels and parameters typically include location within a mine-specific coordinate system, x, y and z dimensions, specific gravity, hardness, grades of metals of interest and so on.These data provide an input to mine design and strategic mine planning. Mining asteroids may require different coordinate systems (eg spherical, elliptical or cylindrical, rather that Euclidean) and attributes that vary from Earth-based block models. These include: variable gravitational vectors throughout the block modelrotational moment or accelerationrotation rates. Materials within asteroids may show different isotopic compositions. Asteroid mining has the unique characteristic of a mine being identical with an asteroid. The position of the asteroid/mine in space and its full orbital elements provide critical inputs to mission design and costing. Hence, the block model concept needs to be extended with this metadata. The orbital position and behaviour of the Earth must be included for active mine planning, and increasing automation of mine planning and operations needs to consider terrestrial weather and telecommunications infrastructure. Financial planning requires analysis of the net present value of extraterrestrial mining compared with terrestrial alternatives, so a fully automated mining enterprise should integrate terrestrial and extraterrestrial block models at different scales and resolutions. Blocks can be indexed via octrees, allowing for hierarchical scales that support analytics for deriving new knowledge and correlating features across different scales.CITATION:Lindley, C A, Sennersten, C, Davie, A, Goldstein, O, Lyu, R, Grace, A, Evans, B, Pentecost, D, Thomas, T, De Macedo Camargo, L, Craig, J, Salomao, G N, Hellicar, A, Biggins, D, Timms, G, Coombe, M, Shahriar, M S, Smith, G and Rahman, A, 2015. A multilayer 3D index tool for recursive block models supporting terrestrial and extraterrestrial mine planning, in Proceedings Third International Future Mining Conference, pp 289–296 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 4, 2015

By J Allen, B Oats, S Palaniandy, M Lollback

The Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre has conducted an intensive VertiMill® (VTM) survey program at the Cannington mine concentrator as part of the ‘collaborative research in stirred milling technology’ program funded by Metso Minerals. Since 2003, Cannington has progressively added grinding capacity into the circuit through VTMs operating in secondary and regrinding duties. Cannington was one of the first mines to adopt this technology in secondary duty by installing two VTM-1500-WBs as part of a capacity expansion to produce sub-100 µm rougher feed. Subsequently, an additional VTM-800-WB was installed in the lead regrind circuit to prepare sub-20 µm cleaner stage feed.Several surveys were carried out to evaluate the VTM performance over a range of changed conditions. Among the key changes in operating variables were circuit power draw, feed rate and water addition to the bottom of the mill. The average specific energy for secondary duty was 3.7?kWh/t. The lead and zinc regrind mills consume 8.1 and 15.3 kWh/t respectively. Generally, the VTM installations have successfully prepared feed for rougher and cleaner circuits by reducing the top size into the floatable regime with steeper particle size distribution, which has led to enhanced recovery. The survey results show the success of VTM installations in secondary (receiving feed from autogenous circuit) and regrind duties.CITATION:Palaniandy, S, Powell, M S, Hilden, M, Allen, J, Kermanshahi, K, Oats, B and Lollback, M, 2014. VertiMill® performance updates in secondary and regrind duties at Cannington mine, BHP Billiton, in Proceedings 12th AusIMM Mill Operators’ Conference 2014 , pp 263–272 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 1, 2014

By D Hatton, S Wilson, F Orrante, M Taghimohammadi, F van der Walt, N Arslan, M Westcott

"Cayeli Bakir Isletmeleri is an underground copper-zinc mine in turkey. The ore is highly variable with feed grades ranging from 1–4 per cent copper and 1–10 per cent zinc. Due to this variability, ore characterisation and blending strategies are crucial for performance optimisation.This paper presents a case study for a multidisciplinary approach to process optimisation, integrating Geometallurgical and advanced control methods to achieve optimised plant performance. The results from comprehensive metallurgical tests and surveys were used to develop a mathematical model utilising SGS’s Integrated Geometallurgical Simulator® (version number 2.5.24.0). The model was employed to determine the most appropriate operational settings required to ensure that optimised grades and recoveries are achieved for each ore type.SGS’s Modular Expert Technology (MET) expert system was then implemented to target these optimum operational ranges utilising online grade and froth velocity measurements. The successful conversion and deployment of the modelled process parameters into an expert system has resulted in significant improvements in overall recovery and circuit stability.Citation:Arslan, N, Westcott, M, van der Walt, F, Hatton, D, Taghimohammadi, M, Orrante, F and Wilson, S, 2016. A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Optimisation and Control of a Copper-zinc Grinding and Flotation Circuit, in Proceedings 13th AusIMM Mill Operators’ Conference 2016, pp 115–122 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Oct 10, 2016

By A L. Randriamanjatosoa, G Small, C Greet

In flotation simulation models, the effects of pulp chemistry other than pH are often ignored and reduced to particles hydrophobicity or contact angle, neither of which can be measured readily in real time in an operating plant. The flotation response of a given sulphide mineral is known to be influenced and can be improved by changing the chemical characteristics of the pulp during grinding and flotation. The on-line measurement of pulp pH, potential, dissolved oxygen, temperature and oxygen demand of a process stream was completed with the PCM® (Pulp Chemistry Monitor) developed by Magotteaux in this study. The data generated together with relevant plant operating parameters were used to construct an empirical model and simulate the metallurgical performance of the ore. The same approach was also applied to laboratory flotation tests data using various grinding media types. The flotation models better fit the actual data when the chemistry of the pulp is taken into account.CITATION:Randriamanjatosoa, A L, Greet, C and Small, G, 2018. Effects of pulp chemistry on plant and laboratory flotation modelling, in Proceedings 14th AusIMM Mill Operators' Conference 2018, pp 423–432 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 29, 2018

By U König

The use of high speed detectors made X-ray diffraction (XRD) an important tool for quality and process control in the mining industries. Besides knowledge about the mineralogy of a sample it provides useful information in terms of quantification of the crystalline phases and the amorphous content. Cluster analysis of XRD data can facilitate multi-dimensional mapping of ore deposits and drill cores, identifying regions of favourable mineral compositions. The studies of this paper demonstrate how XRD and data clustering can be used for grade control, process optimisation and quality control of iron ores and iron ore sinters. These new developments have an enormous potential as an inexpensive, reliable tool, useful in the characterisation of iron and sinter materials implemented in an industrial environment.

Jul 11, 2011

By J Euston

In the 1990s round flotation tanks were introduced as a result of the lower fabrication costs for larger cells. It was soon observed that round tanks held a number of further advantages over the traditional rectangular cells, such as better hydrodynamics, lower costs and reduced footprint per unit volume.In the last twenty years flotation cell sizes have increased almost exponentially and designs of 250 to 300m3 are a well established standard with plans for full scale pilot installations of 500m3. The option to install these large cells gives flexibility in circuit arrangements and allows efficient and economic matching of flotation lines with modern mill designs. The benefits of scale up are well known with reduced numbers of cells required, lower power costs per unit volume, etc. These benefits will be briefly reviewed with specific reference to the installation of 300m3 to 350m3 flotation cells at the Copperton Concentrator of Kennecott Copper in Utah, USA.The sophisticated techniques required to model these ‘supercells’ have led to a critical review of the fundamentals of flotation science and engineering. In addition to outlining the advantages of large flotation cells, this paper will review the science which supports, and occasionally challenges, the ongoing trend to larger flotation cells.

Aug 8, 2011

By E S. Bernard

Toughness testing of fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) at 28 days age is typically undertaken as part of quality control for the many applications where fibres are used in concrete, including shotcrete, tunnel segments, and cast-in-place tunnel linings. The performance achieved at 28 days is usually assumed to be retained with increasing age. However, as the average strength grade of concrete used in most tunnelling applications, including tunnel segments, has steadily increased over the last 20 years, this assumption is becoming increasingly unviable. This is because for some types of fibre the mode of post-crack fibre behaviour depends on the strength of the concrete and can change from a desirable high-energy pull-out mode to a low-energy rupture mode as the strength and age of concrete increases. This paper describes a series of trials performed over two years in which the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1609/C1609M beam tests were used to assess the performance of FRC reinforced with two widely used brands of steel and macro-synthetic fibre. The hooked-end steel fibres used for half the beams exhibited a dramatic fall in performance beyond 56 days age as the mode of failure changed from pull-out to rupture. The other fibre did not exhibit a fall in performance with age. This phenomenon highlights the need to quantify performance of FRC at much later ages when long-term performance is required, for example, to resist seismic events or changes in ground stress due to nearby excavations. As an alternative, a reduction factor may be applied to the performance of FRC mixes for which evidence of satisfactory long-term performance is not?available.CITATION:Bernard, E S, 2014. Age-dependent changes in post-cracking performance of fibre-reinforced concrete for tunnel?segments, in Proceedings 15th Australasian Tunnelling Conference 2014, pp 229–236 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 17, 2014

While the potential for the discovery of new high grade resources exists, it is almost inevitable that the ore resources used to provide society's ongoing demand for primary metals will deteriorate over time as the higher grade reserves are exploited first and are progressively depleted. This deterioration in quality of metallic ore resources will bring about significant interactions with other resources such as energy and water, resulting in an increase in the amount of these resources required per unit of primary metal production. In this paper it is shown that as ores deteriorate in quality, the contributions of the mining and mineral processing stages to the life cycle-based embodied energy and water of primary metal production will increase significantly. Therefore efforts to reduce the impact of deteriorating ore resources on energy and water consumption should focus on these stages.   The results from life cycle assessments of the production of various metals by a number of different processing routes, particularly copper and to a lesser extent nickel, have been used to identify a number of opportunities and technologies for reducing the energy consumption in the mining and mineral processing stages, including: comminution, eg high pressure grinding rolls, stirred mills, ore sorting, preconcentration, advanced blasting techniques, advances in diesel technology for loading and hauling, alternative processing routes, eg heap leaching, in situ leaching, water treatment and re-use, water quality 'fit for purpose', dry processing, floating modules to reduce evaporation, and paste thickeners. All the above and existing developed flotation technologies can impact on the mineralogy of the concentrate supplied to the smelter. Removal of gangue minerals early on in processing may have further downstream process implications on fuel and water requirements. The above technologies are in various stages of development, with some more advanced than others. However, all can be expected to play their part in improving the sustainability of the Australian mining industry.

Jun 1, 2010

By B Reid

"Since the commencement of mining operations at the Cowal Gold Operations (CGO) in 2005, reverse circulation (RC) drilling has been the preferred method for grade control (GC) sample collection. This method was selected because it allowed:for multibench drilling (20 m hole depths for two benches of mining) to aid mine planning increased data density for comparison against the wide spaced ore reserve model angled drill holes to intersect perpendicular to the strike and dip of the shallow dipping mineralisation ability to take two metre sample intervals to enhance the understanding of the mineralisation’s short-scale variability and provide the ability to flitch mine.From June 2008 to December 2013, RC GC was performed using a UDR rotary cone splitter. The field duplicate data over the period displayed strong precision, with a correlation coefficient of 0.94 and an average relative per cent difference (RPD) of 21 per cent for gold. Up to 66.1 per cent of field duplicate data greater than 0.1 g/t fell within ±20 per cent RPD. This is within limits of industry best practice. The Mine to Mill reconciliations over the same period showed the estimated GC grade was 7.7 per cent lower than the calculated head grade (CHG).In December 2013, the Progradex sampling system (PGX) was introduced at CGO due to its advertised ability to capture 100 per cent of the drill cuttings for the complete sample interval, inclusive of fines. Analysis of field duplicate data indicates that since the introduction of the PGX, the sample precision has drifted. From January 2014 to February 2016, the correlation coefficient was 0.92 and up to 51.2 per cent of field duplicate data, greater than 0.1 g/t fell within the ±20 per cent RPD. Over the same 26 month period, the Mine to Mill reconciliation improved to one per cent lower than the CHG. Granulometric analysis of the RC samples collected from the PGX indicated the fines material(<212 µm) averaged up to 22 per cent of the samples mass and following assay determination, the fines material represented a weighted average of 31 per cent of the total gold content within the sample.This paper highlights the:importance of the complete capture of all drill cuttings during an RC drill programinfluence of fines material on the sample quality and accuracyimpact sampling of the fines material has on the Mine to Mill reconciliation performancechallenges experienced in commissioning a PGX system.Citation:Reid, B, 2016. A Fine Looking Sample - the Importance of Fines in Grade Control Sampling to Mine to Mill Reconciliation, in Proceedings Ninth AusIMM Open Pit Operators' Conference 2016, pp 28–38 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Nov 15, 2016

By A G. L Pratt

Operational readiness is a commonly used term in mining and many other industry settings. However, translating this term into a coherent scope of work that is practical and meaningful is a challenge faced by many mining projects. This inhibits the allocation of resources to the work and its completion. The problem is with understanding how the terminology applies to establishing a mining operation. Resolving this problem requires clarity around what operational readiness means for a mining project’s transition to operations and who owns the tasks of completing operational readiness. The motivation for resolution of this problem is in appreciating the consequences arising from any lack of clarity in definition of this task, the timing of the work, and ownership for its completion. In broad terms, these consequences amount to an erosion of value at a critical time for both the new mine and the company and shareholders. This situation often arises where operational readiness is not adequately addressed in project’s study phases. As a result, neither time, resources nor money are adequately provided to complete the work required. In other cases, operational readiness is sometimes assimilated with the delivery of the project’s physical assets by the project’s construction team, rather than aligned with the establishment of the operating team to deliver the desired operational outputs. This paper argues that operational readiness starts in a project’s study phases and flows through into the start of operations. The definition of operational readiness is discussed as a task, and a model for its planning and completion is presented. This discussion includes assigning ownership for operational readiness planning and delivery to the General Manager of a new operation and the operations leadership team, who are central to the success of this work. After all, the reputations of this leadership team depend on the performance of the operation in its first few years. The author’s work over the last 20 years, leading operational readiness programs and the preparation of feasibility studies for mining projects, has provided the insights and evolution of ideas that are central to this paper. Operational readiness is fundamentally directed at ensuring a new mining operation gets away to a successful start and builds a solid foundation for the future of the mine/operation/province. It requires clarity of purpose, ownership and coordination by people in the operating team, and their preparation of the requisite process definition and establishment of the significant relationships required for operations. Without its successful completion, it is unlikely the new operation will meet and sustain its start-up targets. This paper discusses a practical approach to operational readiness for mining projects.

Mar 29, 2023

Getting it right is a very profitable outcome. Shareholders would ideally like to see their directors get it right all the time on the major economic decisions. But it is very difficult for mining directors to get it right all the time in such an uncertain environment. Primary decision-makers of companies with significant stakes in the mining industry should get it right much more frequently. The legal measures of evidence (beyond reasonable doubt and on the balance of probabilities) can be used to determine whether grade estimates (a key revenue variable) are realistic. The application of this approach can be far reaching. More frequently correct decision-making would result in more effective allocation of limited resources (capital and labour). In turn, this would result in higher financial returns and a more extensive mining industry.

Jan 1, 1994

The mining industry, both here and internationally, is continually developing increasingly sophisticated software to compute mineral resource estimates, but these processes cannot compensate for a flawed geological interpretation of the geology of the economic commodity(s) concentrations. Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) is becoming increasingly common in association with the sampling and assaying practices within the industry. However, it is rare in the case of a geological interpretation associated with mineral resource estimation. Why? In the context of this paper, QA/QC relates to the use of statistical and graphical tools to show that the geological economic commodity concentrations have been appropriately domained. Domaining is essential to improve the chance of getting a mineral resource estimate right. Commodity value and acceptable concentration variation within a mineral resource can be ingredients that make mineral resource estimation difficult to get right. But it is possible to get it right a very high proportion of the time. It is more likely to occur when inappropriate data consolidation is minimised. In any case, inappropriate data consolidation is significantly reduced when the geological interpretation is strongly consistent with the data and it is demonstrable. To achieve quality global estimates of geological domain concentrations, it is essential that the geology of the prospect is understood sufficiently that the deposit is appropriately domained. Appropriate domaining occurs when sample populations are separated in such a way that only data in harmony with each other within the population contributes to the domainÆs concentration estimate. The paper will use four brief case studies to illustrate how QA/QC can be used to display data and validate the underpinning geological interpretation through its associated domaining to get it right when it comes to a mineral resource estimation.

Jan 1, 2007

By B P. Wrench, M J. Gowan, P J. Chapman

Embankment dams constructed mainly of sand or non-plastic fine soils are susceptible to liquefaction, particularly in high-rainfall, high-seismicity environments where there is sufficient water to saturate the materials and sufficient energy from an earthquake to cause liquefaction. This paper shows the process adopted to review the stability of an existing cross-valley, centreline-raised cyclone tailings sand embankment dam.The study showed that two-dimensional stability analyses did not sufficiently capture the potential for instability, overestimating the depth of the critical failure surface. Instead, three-dimensional modelling was required to provide a reasonable representation. Post-liquefaction stability analyses carried out using the three-dimensional model indicated an adequate factor of safety (FoS). The FoS under seismic conditions was still considered to be a concern based on pseudostatic analyses (but noting the limitations of the analysis method).Earthquake-induced settlements were estimated using an empirical approach based on case history records (Swaisgood, 2003). The post-earthquake event settlement was estimated to be in the order of 600 mm, which is considered to be acceptable for the embankment, taking account of the proposed long-term freeboard of more than 8 m under operating conditions and 2 m under the probable maximum flood condition.CITATION:Chapman, P J, Wrench, B P and Gowan, M J, 2015. Review of static and seismic stability of a cross-valley sand tailings embankment in a high-rainfall, high-seismicity setting, in Proceedings Tailings and Mine Waste Management for the 21st Century , pp 163–172 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 27, 2015