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SITUATED in the county of Manchcster, in Northern Eyre's Peninsula, the Iron Knob ore-deposits form the basis of the industry. These deposits are connected by the Iron Knob tramway to the port of Whyalla, aal miles distant, on the western shore of Speneer Gulf,and to-day another tramway is under construction to link up with the same port, a second group of iron ore leases known as Iron Baron, which is situated 18 miles south of Iron Knob. Fig. 1 indicates the geographical relationship of these three places, Iron Knob, Iron Baron, and Whyalla, which together comprise this field of the company's activities.

Jan 1, 1930

By McLennan R. G

The principle of personal safety is as old as the human race. The application of this principle to industry is of much more recent origin, and may be said to be almost exclusively the product of the twentieth century. The enormous strides in technique and production mode prior to the turn of the century had been achieved without any real regard for the crippled human by-products of that expansive era. It was accepted that. accidents were inevitable and formed part of the price that must be paid for production. It was not until 1885 that the first Workmen's Compensation Act was passed in Germany making the employer financially liable for injuries suffered on his plant.With awakening social conscience came the first organised efforts to reduce accidents in industry. Early 19th century literature dealing with the development of powerdriven machinery and the growth of industry in Europe contains many references to the unsafe and unhealthy working conditions that accompanied the change-over from the home workshop to the industrial plant. By the year 1900, there were in Germany - and a little later in England governmental regulations dealing with the guarding of hazardous machinery. American industry, now the acknowledged leader in industrial safety, admits freely that when an organised safety movement commenced in that country, there was already a considerable amount of information available to them from European experience. The steel industry was well to the fore in this work, and in...

Jan 1, 1957

By Whang K, Choi H

A study of flocculation of ultra-fine coal particles by ultrasonic waves was investigated on a laboratory scale.The coal suspension was dilute, with low ionic strength, and at pH 6·2.When a stationary sonic wave is set up in a solution containing suspended coal particles, it is believed that high and low pressure regions are alternately established at the half wave-length of the sonic wave and this resultsin the migration of coal particles towards the low pressure regions.As expected the flocculation is more effective as to frequency and the power of the ultrasonic waves is increased.The shape and size of the test equipment are also important variables.

Jan 1, 1977

By S-C Shim, H-R Lee, Y Kang, H Shin

Since iron oxide and silicon oxide are major gangue components in various types of ore, FeO-SiO2 base slag, ie fayalite slag, has been often encountered in pyrometallurgical processes of non-ferrous metals. During most matte production processes such as the smelting of Cu, Pb, and Ni, the FeOSiO2 based slag is inevitably formed and plays an important role in refining crude metal as well as engineering aspects. Recently, similar pyrometallurgical approaches have been attempted in the recovery of valuable metals (Ni, Co, Cr) from wasted secondary batteries. Thus, the viscosity of the FeO-SiO2 based slag has great significance in properly controlling smelting processes. However, when molten metal or matte does not coexist with the slag during the measurement, there has been a serious difficulty in maintaining Fe valance and consequently, the slag composition. In the present research, the viscosity of molten FeO-SiO2 slag was measured in 1573~1673 K using a rotational viscometer. In order to keep the state of iron oxides, the oxygen partial pressure was controlled using CO/CO2 gas mixture. The optimised ratio of CO/CO2 could be calculated using Fe/Fe2+ and Fe2+/Fe3+ equilibria at each temperature. The composition of the slag, particularly Fe valance, after the measurement was analysed with the aid of an inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and an automatic potentiometric titrator. The measurement showed that the FeO-SiO2 slag has considerably low viscosity values in the molten state, and it sharply increases as the temperature decreases. In spite of the careful oxygen partial pressure control, a part of Fe2+ was found to be oxidised to Fe3+, with a maximal case reaching about 20 per cent. The increase in viscosity of FeO-SiO2 at low temperatures can be attributed to the composition change due to an unavoidable Fe2+ oxidation. In addition, the relationship between the change in the viscosity and the liquidus temperature of FeO-SiO2 based slag was discussed to understand the composition dependence of viscosity.

Jun 19, 2024

By B P. Banerjee. S Raval, P M. Ranasinghe

Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping (SLAM) is an important technology that enables autonomous robots to navigate independently and create detailed, real-time maps of their surroundings. This capability is crucial in underground mining settings, where it enhances operational efficiency and significantly strengthens safety in these subterranean environments. SLAM algorithms typically rely on identifying and using distinct geometric features, such as plane and edge features, to understand the spatial layout of the environment and to track how it evolves as the sensor moves through it. In underground roadways, the scarcity of noticeable edge features, coupled with the repetitive nature of walls and corridors, poses a significant challenge, making it difficult for these systems to distinguish one area from another. Furthermore, the absence of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals in underground adds more challenges, leading to the accumulation of errors in both the mapping and localisation.

Sep 1, 2024

Pipe Flow Stability of Concentrated Coal-Water Suspensions in the Presence of an Electric Field

Sep 13, 2010

By Poplawski R. F

A 32-channel PSS seismic monitoring system was commissioned at Mt Charlotte mine in 1994, and at the time it was the first such system in Australian mines. The system continuously observes the occurrence of seismic events and locates them accurately in space and time. Mt Charlotte has a history of seismicity, with the largest event in recent years of Richter magnitude 4.3. The decision to 'go seismic' was made despite some uncertainty regarding its potential usefulness. However after the first year of operation, benefits have been realised in terms of less production downtime, improved mine safety and mine planning, and better understanding of the nature of Mt Charlotte seismicity. The seismic network has performed well, recording 550 events in its first year of operation to a location accuracy averaging ¦ 12 metres. System reliability is excellent, with very little downtime, and acceptable operation and maintenance times and costs. Observations show major distinct changes in the rate of mining induced seismicity over time periods of weeks and months. Events have tended to cluster in specific mine areas and on particular faults and structures. Case examples of pillar preconditioning, breakout around an orepass, and a major stope rockburst, illustrate the role of seismic data and the benefits it brings to safety, productivity and planning.

Jan 1, 1995

Procedures employing thiocyanate and dithiol complexes of molybdenum have been developed for the determination of the metal in the presence of large quantities of ferric iron. The procedures are developed for field application and it is possible to complete 200 analyses per day with laboratory accuracy. Use is made of sulphuric acid extraction and ascorbic acid reduction in the case of the thiocyanate procedure whilst the reducing system in the dithiol procedure is potassium iodide-sodium sulphite. Using a simple photometer the range of determination possible is 0-10~g for the thiocyanate procedure and 0-5 g for dithioI.INTRODUCTIONOf the many colorimetric procedures that have been developed for the determination of molybdenum only those using the thiocyanate or toluene-3, 4-dithiol complexes of the metal are sufficiently free from interference to be of use in geochemical prospecting. Rapid methods based on both these complexes 'have been developed at the. Broken Hill Division of The University of New South Wales as part of a general programme designed to improve geochemical procedures. Whilst speed rather than high accuracy is the important factor in prospecting, the aim of the programme is to develop procedures which will allow determination of 200· samples per man-day without loss of normal laboratory accuracy for the methods concerned.In most geochemical procedures visual estimation of a coloured complex is used in the determination of the quantity of metal present. At the high rate of sample determination of the improved methods this procedure places severe strain on the eyes. For this reason all methods are designed for determination by means of a simple filter photometer...

Jan 1, 1965

By H Waterer, L Zheng, T Kalinowski

The Hunter Valley Coal Chain (HVCC) consists of mining companies, rail operators, rail track owners and terminal operators, together forming the worldÆs largest coal exporting facility. In 2008, the throughput of HVCC was about 92 million tonnes, or more than ten per cent of the worldÆs total trade in coal for that year. The coal export operation generates around $15 billion in annual export income for Australia. As demand has increased significantly in recent years, and is expected to increase further in the future, efficient supply chain management is crucial. The Hunter Valley Coal Chain Coordinator Limited (HVCCC) was founded to enable integrated planning and coordination of the interests of all parties, thus improving the efficiency of the system as a whole. One of the many planning challenges faced by the HVCCC is that of annual maintenance planning. Different supply chain elements, such as trains, railway track, terminal equipment and load points, must undergo regular preventive and corrective maintenance, leading to significant reductions in system capacity (up to 15 per cent). However good alignment of the maintenance tasks can reduce their impact, and the HVCCC undertakes an annual process to ensure the impact of maintenance on the supply chain capacity is as small as possible. This is achieved in an iterative negotiation process between HVCCC and individual service providers. In the past, maintenance schedule optimisation was largely manual, which for the more than 1000 tasks involved is quite labour-intensive.In this paper the authors describe an approach developed at the University of Newcastle in partnership with the HVCCC to automate this schedule optimisation process. We will discuss our experience in applying exact (mixed integer programming) and heuristic techniques from mathematics and computer science to address the problem. This work is anticipated to lead to new decision-support tools for the HVCCCÆs capacity planning team.

Sep 26, 2011

By Branagan D. F

The geology of the area studied is briefly described, together with the prospecting methods used in the search for copper, lead, zinc and uranium ore bodies.Four prospects, Mt. Corella, Yanasinga, Lawlor's and Greenmount, which were diamond-drilled, are described in detail and geochemical results are discussed in relation to the mineralization found. Copper anomalies were found wherever intrusive rocks were mapped, and showed a much closer relation to geology and mineralization than did the predominantly lead and zinc anomalies.Geochemical prospecting aids in the overall mineral search programme because of its speed and economy, as it helps to pinpoint areas worthy of detailed geological examination. Geochemical anomalies are a guide to favourable zones but may not indicate the presence of ore.INTRODUCTIONDuring 1953-55 the National Lead Company of New York carried out a search for minerals in an area south and west of Cloncurry (Fig. 1) in rocks of Precambrian age. After reconnaissance mapping, a number of prospects were chosen for closer examination by detailed geological mapping and geochemical sampling, and from these prospects, five sites were selected for drilling.This paper records the salient features of the exploration programme and discusses the geology and geochemistry of four of the prospects-Mt. Corella, Yanasinga, Lawlor's and Greenmount. Practically all the prospects examined showed high zinc "anomalies" or "dispersion" trains. Greta, Mt. Corella and Lawlor's prospects showed some copper anomalies and, to a lesser extent, lead anomalies. In particular, Greenmount exhibited striking copper anomalies.

Jan 1, 1960

By D R. Cohen

As one of the four basic sciences, the study of geology is intrinsically worthy as a means of increasing fundamental knowledge of the behaviour and evolution of the universe. Geological knowledge can also be translated into practical outcomes for society such as resource discovery and protection of the environment. Australia has a long tradition of providing very high quality geoscience programs to prepare graduates for a range of occupations. We are, however, reaching a nexus in the way universities should or can deliver engaging programs. This has been triggered by the rapid evolution of the digital world (the Internet of Things), new technologies, unprecedented access to information, better understanding of the processes by which we learn and adapt our thinking, growing complexity in the problems we must face or opportunities to grasp, and university funding models. Designing education programs for the next generation of geologists extends far beyond tinkering with syllabuses. We must develop skills sets that will allow graduates to work in rapidly changing landscapes, but in doing so may have to sacrifice content to build capability in our graduates. Whereas universities must respond to changing demands on graduates by ensuring degree programs contain an appropriate balance of material and high quality of delivery, industry and government must also fulfil their responsibilities to provide additional training programs for graduates to assist their rapid transition into independent professionals. This paper examines various educational issues being considered in developing the new Decadal Plan for the Earth Sciences, and reflects on directions that education is heading in many of our universities.CITATION:Cohen, D R, 2017. Educating the next generation of geologists, in Proceedings Tenth International Mining Geology Conference 2017, pp 3–10 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 20, 2017

By R Wei, Y Peng, D Seaman

This study addresses a widespread problem confronting the mining industry: the deleterious effect of clay minerals in flotation. This problem is seemingly exacerbated by the presence of iron contamination from grinding media. The interaction of clay minerals and grinding media in copper and gold flotation was investigated in this study. A low-clay ore and a high-clay ore were obtained from Telfer to represent different contents of clay minerals, while stainless steel and mild steel grinding rods were used to produce different grinding chemistry, in particular, iron contamination. Flotation tests on an unsized and sized basis were conducted to reveal how clay minerals and grinding media affect copper and gold flotation. Iron contamination and the oxidation of copper minerals were quantified by ethylene diamine-tetra acetic acid (EDTA) extraction. It is interesting to find that both clay minerals and iron contamination depressed the flotation primarily in fine particles smaller than 33 ¦m, and clay minerals played a dominant role. Although flotation of coarser particles greater than 33 ¦m was less affected by clay minerals and iron contamination, coarser grinding to increase P80 was not an effective way to improve copper and gold flotation for the high-clay ore. This study suggests that to improve copper and gold flotation from clay ores, clay dispersion in conjunction with the minimisation of iron contamination may be required.CITATION:Wei, R, Peng, Y and Seaman, D, 2013. The effect of grinding media on copper and gold flotation in the presence of clay minerals, in Proceedings World Gold 2013 , pp 283-288 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 26, 2013

Although the pattern of metamorphic zones south of the Thackaringa-Pinnacles Fault is much obscured by polymetamorphism, displacement of the orthopyroxene isograd by the fault agrees with the displacement of a horizon of "banded aplite" mapped by Andrews (1922). A dextral transcurrent component of 20,000 ft is indicated.INTRODUCTIONThe east-west Thackaringa-Pinnacles Fault (Andrews, 1922; King and Thomson, 1953), one of the major geological structures in the Broken Hill district, New South Wales, cuts across the general north-easterly strike of outcrops and fold structures of the Willyama Complex. The degree of shearing and recrystallization in its unusually wide crush zone and the manner in which adjacent rock units and structures have been dragged into conformity with its strike denote considerable movement on the fault. Information concerning the nature of this movement is of critical importance in the search for possible continuations or repetitions of lead-zinc mineralization south-west of Broken Hill.A transcurrent movement of 20,000 ft, with the southern block moving west, was estimated by Andrews (1922), who correlated prominent outcrops of "banded aplite" at The Pinnacles (north of the fault) and Big Hill (south of the fault). Displacement of this order, however, does not seem sufficient to explain the extent and character of the fault zone. Recent chemical and petrological studies of the banded aplites at The Pinnacles and Big Hill by Vernon (19B1) confirmed their similarity, but indicated an origin by metasomatic replacement of pre-existing folded and metamorphosed rocks. This raises the possibility that some...

Jan 1, 1965

By M N. Ingham

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry has always been considered to be a comparative method of analysis. Reference materials are required to calibrate the analytical system. This paper describes the use of a set of æsyntheticÆ oxide standards, made from commercially available high purity compounds, to calibrate a spectrometer for 21 major and minor oxides. The spectrometer software uses simple methods of background correction, and a fundamental parameter method of matrix correction. Sample preparation is by fusion in 66 per cent lithium tetraborate, 34 per cent lithium metaborate. The use of synthetic standards, made from traceable compounds, brings XRF significantly closer to being a primary rather than a comparative method. Reference materials were used to validate the method described and examples of accuracy for major constituents are given using ores and other minerals. This method has successfully been used to analyse a wide variety of minerals and ores, as validation data shows. A titanium process example clearly shows the benefits of highest accuracy analysis.

Jan 1, 2008

By Woodcock J. T

When an aqueous suspension of pyrite and a manganese ore reacts with oxygen, manganese is dissolved by the ferrous sulphate and sulphuric acid produced in situ by oxidation of pyrite. In the absence of added acid, the optimum conditions are: a molecularratio of Mn02/FeS2 of about 1·0, a temperature of about 1400 C., and an oxygen pressure between 25 and 90 lb./sq. in. Under these conditions, complete extraction of manganese is obtained in six hours leaching. An addition of sulphuric acid enables an Mn02/FeS2 ratio of 2·0 to be used successfully.Manganous sulphate decreases in solubility with increase in temperature above 1000 C., but even when the solubility limit is reached during leaching, reaction to form MnS04 still proceeds, and on cooling the MnS04 redissolves.INTRODUCTIONMany manganese deposits contain secondary manganese oxide minerals which are difficult to concentrate. Considerable attention has therefore been given to their hydrometallurgical treatment. In most manganese oxide minerals, the manganese is quadrivalent and must be reduced to the divalent state for dissolution. Reduction and dissolution can be accomplished in a number of ways, one method being to use aqueous ferrous sulphate solutions.A possible source of ferrous sulphate is pyrite as it is known that ferrous ion is an intermediate product in the aqueous oxidation of pyrite. It was therefore thought possible, that by heating an aqueous suspension of manganese oxide and pyrite with oxygen, the ferrous sulphate and sulphuric acid formed from pyrite would provide the necessary leaching reagents for manganese in situ. There are certain advantages in producing ferrous ion in situ...

Jan 1, 1958

By J Boland

Polycrystalline diamond compacts (PDC) have been widely used as cutting elements in the drilling tools for the oil, gas, civil and mining industries because of their faster penetration rates and longer bit life. US Department of Energy reports that PDC bits account for more than one-third of the total footage drilled worldwide (US Department of Energy, 2004). However, non-thermally-stable diamond composites (NTSDC) have seldom been applied to geothermal drilling, since premature failures of such PDC cutters have been observed in hard rock formations. Several factors need to be considered to prevent premature failure of cutters and improve cutting performance when using PDC-based bits and other rock cutting tools. The first set of factors consists of the strength, density, stiffness, toughness and thermal resistance of the PDC and the rock. A second set relates to the complex behaviour of the bonding between the PDC cutter and the bit matrix, or the pick and the pick holder, which is vital in maintaining stable, reliable and durable adhesion of the cutters to their hubs. Finally, based on a better understanding of the cutting processes, the formulation of a predictive model would assist in further development of cutter design.

Jan 1, 2004

By Stuart M. S, Allen P. B

The Childe Harold deposit was mined by the Granny Smith Joint Venture (GSJV) from late-March through to early-December 1993. This was a fast-tracked mining project whose history began with an offer to purchase agreement being signed at the end of October 1992. A feasibility study was completed by the end of December 1992 after completion of a reverse circulation (RC) and diamond drilling program. Subsequent additional definition drilling culminated in a remodelling of the reserve by March 1993, by which time all necessary governmental and company approvals had been granted. The crucial aspect of mining Childe Harold quickly was to maintain oxide ore supply to the Granny Smith mill at the maximum possible rate for blending with existing fresh ore stocks. As a result, high production rates had to be balanced with

Jan 1, 1994

In referring to two subjects of interest to the Members of this Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers, I would at the outset desire to express our gratification that to-day we are able to welcome as now united with ourselves, those members who until recently constituted the New Zealand Institute. It is hoped that the amalgamation so amicably arranged may be productive of the best results to all concerned, incorporated as this combination has been at the moment of the fulfilment of that greater political union, the Australian Commonwealth.Since last Annual Meeting held in Brisbane, we have come under the same roof as the Chamber of Mines of Victoria, and we entertain the hope that as that Chamber and this Institute possess so many interests in common in the encouragement and advancement of mining and metallurgical progress in these colonies, that much mutual benefit will ensue. There are many directions in which each body can assist the other, and I trust that a friendly co-operation will be maintained.It is gratifying to feel that in all the colonies a distinct movement is being made to increase the facilities for education in Mining and Metallurgy but if I may refer to our colony of Victoria in particular, we have to express the profound regret that in the means of education in the higher branches, we occupy an inferior position, and it is quite certain that we will continue to do so unless the Government is prepared to subordinate provincial considerations to the weightier.

Jan 1, 1901

Alcoa of Australia's Western Australian bauxite mining operations in the Darling Ranges, south east of Perth, present major challenges in the control of air blast. The close proximity of rural communities and the face profile make the traditional methods of air blast control difficult. An extensive blast noise monitoring programme has been established. The develop- ment of a computerised blast noise prediction model and the establishment of a radiosonde weather balloon facility have reduced blast induced complaints by a factor of ten. The meteorological factors affecting blast noise transmission are discussed and examples are given of adverse weather condit- ions for the south west region of Western Australia.

Jan 1, 1982

Two main aspects need to be considered when analysing a potential petroleum development project. Firstly, an estimate of the recoverable reserves must be made, and in many instances, these reserves must serve as collateral to finance development if outside capital is required. Secondly, the likely production profile and cash flow has to be established, and this cash flow then must meet debt service require- ments and in addition generate the required profits. In making these crucial deter- minations, the impact on the project of a wide variety of risks has to be analysed. A computer model, which represents the project in its entirety, is a great aid in determining project viability. Such a model requires imput from geologists, engineers and economists, and interpretation of the model must also be a joint effort. Communications, and inter react ion amongst individuals and disciplines is essential if the best answers are to be obtained

Jan 1, 1983