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By R C. Owen, M A. Ward

The paper describes the application of New Zealand's environmental impact assessment procedures to a proposed gold and silver mine in the North Island of New Zealand. The project is described and a summary is provided of the statutory permits or consents that are required prior to operation of the project. Emphasis is given to the requirement for environmental impact assessment and the preparation of a formal environmental impact report. The company's approach to impact assessment is described, with examples of how this assessment and the identification of management alternatives influenced the engineering design of the project. This paper was prepared as a contribution to a working session of the International Association of Impact Assessment VII Annual Conference, July 1988.

Jan 1, 1988

Future metal prices play a direct role in both the economic evaluation and short to medium planning of a mine scheduling sequence. It is difficult to predict with accuracy the future price of volatile metal commodities, however, it is possible to fix some future metal price, outside of long term contracts by the selling of futures contracts through a commodities exchange. The futures contract represents a fixed amount of a speci- fied quality of a commodity for future delivery at a predetermined price. Several different types of hedginc are possible, one in particular which is best suited for mining companies. There are relative advantages and disadvantages when trading in futures contracts and particular reference is made to gold contracts on the Sydney Futures Exchange.

Jan 1, 1980

The base metal ore from the hanging wall of White's orebody at Rum Jungle, N.T., is composed of copper and oth.er sulphides in a rock described as a phyllite,.which consists essentially of micaceous minerals with a little graphite.Fast selective flotation was obtained in acid circuit below pH 3·5. In neutral or alkaline circuit flotation was generally slow and selectivity very poor due to the ready flotation of part of the sericite. However, it was found that fast selective flotation could be obtained in neutral or alkaline circuit by either of two treatment methods following pre-conditioning in acid circuit; firstly by decanting or filtering a substantial part of the circuit liquor, and secondly by neutralizing with soda ash or lime, providing the collector was added before neutralizing. Otherwise pre-conditioning with acid brought about no improvement whatever.To explain this behaviour, three possible reasons for the flotation of part of the sericite are examined. There is evidence that some sericite floats because of thin films of either sulphides or graphite, but it seems likely such particles will float under all the conditions investigated.On the other hand, if it is assumed that part of the sericite floats because it is activated by metallic ions derived from the circuit water, a reasonable explanation can be given for the variations in flotation behaviour.INTRODUCTIONWhite's uranium orebody at Rum Jungle, N.T., sixty miles south of Darwin, is mined and treated by Territory Enterprises Pty. Ltd. (a subsidiary of Consolidated Zinc Pty. Ltd.), who are managers of the Rum Jungle project on behalf of the Australian Commonwealth Government.This ore contains a significant quantity of copper sulphides, and a flotation plant recovers a copper concentrate from the tailing remaining after the uranium has been extracted.In contact with the hanging wall of the uranium-copper orebody, a further mass of non-uraniferous sulphide ore occurs, and the present paper relates to the behaviour in flotation of this base metal ore.

Jan 1, 1959

The object of this paper is to give a description of the new office and changehouse building and equipment at the Zinc Corporation Limited, the office section of which has now been in full use for approximately three years, and the changehouse section for approximately two years. As the expectations of the design have been fully realized, it is thought that this description will be of interest to members and possibly of some use to others faced with similar problems.GENERALIn the centralization of the surface plant around the new main shaft the combined office and changehouse building forms a prominent feature, being located between the shaft and the mill and facing the workshops on the northern side.The scheme for housing all employees in one building was proposed by the Manager, Mr. A. J. Keast, who was familiar with a similar successful structure built at the McIntyre Porcupine Mines Ltd. in Ontario, Canada.The principal features of this building were adopted as a basis for design, and the present layout evolved to suit the particular requirements of this mine.Some of the advantages of the design are:(a) Economy in first cost and space occupied when compared with plants having separate office and changehouse buildings.(b) Easier and more constant supervision of employees and of the plant by the senior staff members.(c) Close contact between officials of all departments.(d) Close covered connection between changehouse and shaft.(e) Avoidance of duplication of ,essential services such as electric power, water, heating plant, sewerage, etc.The Managing Director, Mr. W. S. Robinson, further instructed that the following requirements be adhered to in the new building:(a) Ample accommodation to be provided for office staff and other employees.(b) Special attention to be paid to lighting, both natural and artificial.(c) Working temperatures to be controlled to facilitate comfort and efficiency.(d) The buildings and equipment' to be of a permanent nature with furnishings and fittings of modern design.

Jan 1, 1941

By W Mahoney, F Clement, E Saraiva

Prefabricated waterproofing sheet membranes are extremely complicated to install in underground sections with complex geometries and, despite being already subjected to quality tests in the factory, the installed membrane often exhibits leakages due to different reasons. Main sources of leaks are the required high amount of welding seams and damages caused during installation of reinforcement, as well as overstretching and poorly installed secondary concrete linings. Also the design of the tunnel lining is strongly influenced and limited by the use of prefabricated waterproofing sheet membranes. The use of sprayed waterproofing membranes for more than a decade has contributed to durability and serviceability, as well as to increasing sustainability of tunnel linings. The presented sprayed waterproofing membrane MasterSeal 345 is an advantageous alternative to prefabricated waterproofing sheet membranes under typical tunnelling conditions, especially in geometrically complex areas, such as in lay-by niches, cross passages and crossover caverns, where installation of conventional waterproofing membranes is inherently difficult, and locating leaks is challenging. This membrane has been successfully used in underground projects with different waterproofing design concepts and under diverse hydro-geological and environmental conditions for over a decade. It provides tunnel designers with different options and optimisation for the design of the tunnel concrete lining. Additional advantages to owners, contractors and designers from the use of the sprayed membrane include flexibility in the design, increased productivity and flexibility in working programming, as well as improved logistics, resulting in significant program and cost savings and reduced long-term maintenance costs. This paper describes the key features of this sprayed waterproofing membrane, its application range and limitations, the waterproofing concept, design options and related benefits. Further, guidance for membrane application and quality control and a summary of two recent project references in the United Kingdom and in Switzerland are provided.CITATION:Saraiva, E, Clement, F and Mahoney, W, 2014. The use of sprayable waterproofing membranes in underground structures – concept, design options, benefits and limitations, in Proceedings 15th Australasian Tunnelling Conference 2014 , pp 323–332 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 17, 2014

Implementation of Fine-Screening in Preparation of KGHM PM SA Sandstone-Carbonate Copper Ore for Flotation

Sep 13, 2010

By D J. Williams

The majority of surface tailings storage facilities continue to employ sub-aerial tailings slurry deposition. Surface TSFs are typically sized and operated in a way to minimise the initial capital cost of the facility, driven largely by the net present value approach to accounting. This generally leads to too small a storage, too fast a rate of rise of the tailings, and difficulties in managing supernatant water. In turn, this results in wet and soft tailings deposits of high moisture content and low density, and the need for frequent and costly tailings dam raises. Further, such tailings deposits often do not facilitate closure and rehabilitation of the facility. Globally, there are on average over two failures annually of such tailings dams, resulting in loss of life, damage to infrastructure and environmental impact downstream, and the loss of company shareholder value and reputation. Recent high profile tailings dam failures are threatening the mining industry’s financial and social licence to operate.Among the physical processes that tailings undergo on sub-aerial deposition are beaching, hydraulic sorting down the beach according to particle size and specific gravity, settling, consolidation, and desiccation on exposure to the sun and wind. Beaching and hydraulic sorting have proved difficult to test at laboratory scale and difficult to model, and are best assessed in the field. Settling, consolidation and desiccation may be assessed at laboratory scale, but to date there has been an absence of tests to form the basis for the design and management of tailings deposition, and ultimate closure and rehabilitation. The paper describes recent advances in tailings testing methods, including a purpose-built slurry consolidometer that tests the settling and consolidation of tailings from a slurry consistency, simulating increasing tailings depth to about 50 m; and a purpose-built instrumented column that tests the settling, self-weight consolidation and desiccation of a surface layer of tailings, also from a slurry consistency. Selected test results from these two apparatus are presented in the paper, together with brief descriptions of how they may be used to better design tailings slurry deposition. In addition, planned further advances in tailings testing methods are briefly described.CITATION:Williams, D J, 2018. Recent advances in tailings testing methods, in Proceedings Mine Waste and Tailings Stewardship Conference 2018, pp 8–37 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 23, 2018

By Rogerson R, Queen L

The petrology and age of mid Cretaceous to Palaeogene marine volcanics may provide important clues to the palaeogeography of the period, particularly for tectonic elements and events outboard of the Papuan Basin. This initial survey of known marine volcanics of this age reveals a paucity of reliable data on isotopic ages, geochemistry and syngenetic mineralisation on virtually all units. Existing data allows a tentative subdivision of known marine volcanics into either MORB-like early Palaeogene rifts/ marginal basins, early Palaeogene ensimatic arc rocks overlying ?Late Cretaceous and Palaeogene fore-arc/marginal basin crust, late Palaeogene ensimatic arc rocks, and mid to Late Cretaceous ensialic rift rocks. Due to lack of data, some units are difficult to classify into these categories.

Jan 1, 1991

The Department of Mineral Resources is the lead agency in mine site environment management and control in New South Wales. The Department introduced a Mining, Rehabilitation and Environmental Management Plan (MREMP) process several years ago in order to integrate the activities of other government agencies who may have a material interest at the mine site. The MREMP process has resulted in a spirit of trust and co-operation between agencies and between agencies and mining companies. The spirit of co-operation has been reflected in greater public confidence that mining is environmentally responsible.

Jan 1, 1995

To solve the mining safety and health needs of the future, access to, and sharing of, timely and relevant information will be crucial. The next generation of the Web will provide tools (RDF, OWL, SPARQL, etc) to define and link content for more effective discovery, integration, and reuse across applications and organisations. A recent Gartner Research Report (Finding and exploiting value in Semantic Web technologies on the web, May 2007) predicts these technologies will begin to coalesce in ten years. Implementing this Semantic Web requires structured web content described via metadata (information about information). If an industry or enterprise bases its metadata on a common vocabulary, it becomes possible to share and reuse information. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthÆs (NIOSH) Mining web site provides access to more than 1500 NIOSH-developed publications, products, and topic pages on issues as diverse as ground control, respiratory diseases, and mine emergency management. As the site has grown, locating content has become increasingly difficult. To improve the searching process, a panel of internal experts representing all major research programs was established to develop a controlled vocabulary for indexing that content. The outcome is the NIOSH Mining Safety and Health Thesaurus, a faceted, hierarchical thesaurus containing hundreds of mining safety and health terms organised into 20 facets (eg diseases, injuries and disorders; hazardous events and exposures, equipment, engineering and administrative controls). One immediate goal of this project is to reduce the complexity of locating information on the NIOSH Mining web site by implementing metadata and faceted information retrieval techniques. Another goal is to stimulate discussion in the international mining community regarding developing metadata standards so the industry is ready to adopt future Semantic Web technologies to improve access to mining safety and health information.

Jan 1, 2008

By S G. Gemell

"The financial model is an integral component of any project evaluation based on mineral resources, ore reserves and (at least internally) exploration targets. Given the unity of purpose for preparing financial models for project evaluation purposes, the diversity of both format and content of the finalised models is surprising. Many models are prepared by staff or consultants who are comfortable with a particular format that may be used for other purposes, such as budget preparation or financial reporting. It is natural in these situations that the practitioner will take these models and adapt them to the purpose. The end result may or may not succeed in providing a clear, accurate and sufficiently detailed view of the project’s economic viability.When preparing a model, the practitioner should be cognisant of the interpretation and review, or audit, process. The auditor may be a consultant or employee of a bank, potential equity provider or of the project sponsor itself. Depending upon the scale of the project and the level of participation of the entity that the auditor represents, the financial model will be interrogated more or less rigorously. In any event, the end user will require the model to permit easy change of inputs and will wish to confirm that such change is appropriately and thoroughly transmitted throughout.Accordingly, there are some ‘dos and don’ts’ that can be readily applied in the creation of the financial model that will greatly assist the end user, not just in the change of inputs, but also in reviewing the model’s integrity. The less time and effort required by an auditor in this regard is reflected directly in the cost of the review process.CITATION:Gemell, S G, 2016. Financial modelling with the auditor in mind, in Proceedings Project Evaluation 2016, pp 172–180 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 8, 2016

Industry can achieve best results via thorough planning, consultatiion with agencies and local communities and a 'hands on' approach to' environmental problem solvingThe Department of Energy and Minerals, through its Minerals Group, has regulatory responsibility for the mining and extractive industries in Victoria. The role of the group is to facilitate the environmentally responsible development of these industries for the benefit of Victorians. It has a wide range of contacts with other government agencies, local government and community groups.The paper is in three parts; firstly, an overview of the nature and contribution of the mining and extractive industries in Victoria; secondly, the industries' regulatory framework; and thirdly, the environmental issues facing the industries and the management of these issues.

Jan 1, 1992

By D Brown, K Markovic

The world is becoming an increasingly complex environment to operate within. Adoption and evolution of technology is occurring at a rapid pace and operating spaces are growing in interconnectedness and interdependency. In mining this is evidenced by the large-scale adoption of autonomous machinery, intelligent systems, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and robotics to realise benefits in optimisation, productivity, and safety. To enable continual delivery and growth in operational performance, and to realise the aforementioned benefits, a new approach for managing mining and metals is required (Mining Review Africa, 2023). This means that an already talent constrained workforce must learn to manage the complexity inherent, evolving, and growing in the environment (Abenov et al, 2023). A key skill that needs to be further developed and deployed to combat these challenges and to enable robust problem solving is that of systems thinking, which is already practiced in pockets within the mining industry. Experience and learning can be leveraged from other industries and their application of systems thinking to ensure that focus is maintained on areas where the benefits from which will be optimised. With targeted application, a workforce capable of effective systems thinking can be the catalyst to optimisation across mining organisations.

Sep 1, 2024

The subject of my paper is one which, I am certain, has exercised the mind of every man on whom depends the safe and economical conduct of mining operations; particularly in this district where the enormous size of the ore body has necessitated the mine workings assuming a scale that was hitherto unknown in the history of Australian mining. I, therefore, approach the subject with the feeling that I am displaying considerable t.emerity, knowing as I do that the subject has engaged the earnest attention and thought of everybody immediately concerned in the extraction of the ore of this district, and particularly of the Broken Hill lode.I think I shall not be contradicted in asserting that a very large proportion of eur accidents are distinctly traiceable to inexperience on the part of the miner, and records at the mines and verdicts of coroners' juries in many instances uphold this assertion by showing that the accident under notice was the direct result of lack of knowledge of the conditions of the work, or, at any rate, of an error of judgment hardly conceivable in the experienced miner. That this assertion is correct may also be proved by visiting any of the mines of the district.To the experienced eye it will be evident at once that a very large number are not in way skilful in the use of their tools and, therefore, lack the experience which of necessity must be coincident with the acquirement of skill. Now in making this' assertion, I do not intend to be too sweeping...

Jan 1, 1903

How Particles Stick to Bubbles - The Influence of pH and Hydrophobicity in Flotation

Sep 13, 2010

Open pit mining has considerable damaging effects on the environment of the mining region. These harmful influences have to be controlled during mining operation until mine closure. Different sections of mined land, such as; pit(s), waste dump(s), tailing pond(s), roads, areas for onsite facilities and free land zones which are not mined, have to be reclaimed through treatment of environmental pollution and implementation of a permanent post mining land use (PMLU) after mine closure. Implementation of a permanent optimal post mining land use (OPMLU) is one the most decisive criterion which effects on reclamation procedure, mine closure and their costs. Therefore to define ultimate pit limit (UPL), mine closure and reclamation costs should be entered in the calculation iterations same as the other variable costs of the projects. Estimation of closure and reclamation costs of a mining project is carried out based on the attained OPMLU and the specifications of the mine site. In this paper, a model is developed to provide OPMLU for pit area through fuzzy multi-attribute decision making (FMADM) technique. The model was implemented on a hypothetical copper mine in northwest of Iran as a case study. Lumber production was selected as OPMLU for the pit area. It is finally concluded that through the developed model, OPMLU for different sections of mined land in an open pit mine project is defined. Also closure and reclamation costs are estimated based on the defined OPMLU to achieve a more accurate UPL.

Dec 6, 2010

By T Trott, M Lewis, G Lumley

The analysis of equipment trends in The AusIMMÆs revision of Monograph 19 - Australasian Mining and Metallurgical Operating Practices (AMMOP) (in prep) in the paper by Graham Lumley raised some interesting, and in parts disturbing, trends in the Australian open cut mining industry. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) the productivity of the whole mining industry is down by 34 per cent since 2001. In terms of open cut equipment, median output for draglines is down by 15 per cent since 2003, electric rope shovels are down by 41 per cent since 2003, hydraulic excavators are down by 39 per cent since 2008, front-end loaders are down by 39 per cent since 2007 and trucks are down by 41 per cent since 2006. Clearly e boom has not been good for the efficiency of the mines. During this same time, best practice (defined as the average of the top ten per cent by annual output per unit of input) has declined, but not by as much as the median (eg shovels down by eight per cent, excavators down by 19 per cent and FELs down by five per cent). This paper will build on the analysis of AMMOP to understand the differences occurring between median and best practice and identify the factors contributing to the decline in performance. As the industry enters a period of potentially lower prices for commodities and reduced margins, pressure will be brought to bear on mine sites to start moving more with the equipment they have. An understanding of where efficiency has been lost will be a key component in that. The information contained in AMMOP, and the subsequent analysis of that information in papers such as this one, will be crucial to reversing the decline in open cut equipment performance.CITATION:Lumley, G, Trott, T and Lewis, M, 2012. Reversing the trend in open pit mining equipment output, in Proceedings Eighth Open Pit OperatorsÆ Conference , pp 75-82 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 18, 2012

By S Hapugoda, H Han, L Lu

Charcoal produced from Syzygium Zeylanicum trees was widely used in ancient Sri Lankan iron smelting practices. Charcoal made from Syzygium Zeylanicum tree trunks, branches and leaves were analysed by optical mineralogy and SEM and found to contain unusually high concentrations of calcium oxalate (CaC2O4.H2O – CaOx) crystals in plant cells. Partial and full reduction tests of a high-P Brockman ore were conducted at several temperatures with coke and coke doped with CaOx and CaCO3. It was observed that CaOx promoted reduction and generated comparatively more metallic iron in reduced samples. Furthermore, CaOx encouraged phosphorous partition into slag phases than into the metallic iron, suggesting CaOx can a potential alternative fluxing material to calcium carbonate for treating high-P iron ores in ironmaking processes.

Sep 18, 2023

In this year marking the centennial of the Geological survey of Western Australia, it is appropriate that we should review the value of the contribution of the Survey, and Australian Geological Surveys in general, to the exploration industry. Most geological surveys in Europe and North America had their origins in the first half of the 19th Century when the burgeoning Industrial Revolution was demanding the identification of new sources of coal and iron ore. Australia, as a young nation, essentially dependent on an agricultural and pastoral industry, and with already discovered vast coal resources in Eastern Australia, had, no great need to explore for new mineral resources. However, with the discovery of gold in 1851, the mineral potential of the country became apparent to the whole world and the first Geological Survey in Australia was set up in 1852 in Victoria under A.R.C. Selwyn. After a number of false starts all Australian States had an established Geological Survey by 1900. It is hard to assess the contemporary value of the early work of the Geological Surveys with respect to exploration, almost all major mineral discoveries were made by prospectors and most mining companies had little time for geologists - although the Chamber of Mines in Western Australia in 1910, did recommend that the Geological survey be granted an additional ten thousand pounds over two years to map all existing goldfields and the country between them, and produce a reconnaissance map of the area east of a line between Wiluna and Edjudina as far as the South Australian border!

Jan 1, 1988

By A F. Cropp, D J. Bradshaw, W R. Goodall

Mineralogy and critically the texture of both the ore and gangue phases are of paramount importance in the flotation recovery of copper from porphyry ores. Mineralogy and texture will define the theoretical grade recovery curve for a feed ore. Actual grade-recovery falling below this may be due to texture and gangue influences, whilst desired grade-recovery above this line will not be possible unless the characteristics of the feed are altered.This review discusses examples of porphyry copper deposits where process mineralogy has been used to characterise these textural and gangue influences on recovery by flotation. More specifically, the influence exerted by grain size, liberation, association and elemental distribution is explored. The implications of these on overall plant philosophy and operation are highlighted, along with the subsequent potential impact on recovery.CITATION:Cropp, A F, Goodall, W R and Bradshaw, D J, 2013. The influence of textural variation and gangue mineralogy on recovery of copper by flotation from porphyry ore - a review, in Proceedings The Second AusIMM International Geometallurgy Conference (GeoMet) 2013 , pp 279-292 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 29, 2013