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The use of pipeline-c to carry crude'oil and petroleum pro-ducts is a reliable and economic*Way to transport large quantities of oil. The length and size of these pipelines have continued to grow throughout the world as the demand for petroleum has in-creased and as the price of other transportation-methods has risen. At the present time pipelines 'can move a barrel of oil a distance of 100 miles at an average cost of ,80.06 U.S. dollars.The major elements in pipeline design are discussed. Methods of calculating pressure drop and horsepower requirements are pre-sented. These are variations of standard equations.in which the elements of each equation are expressed in terms common to the petroleum industry. Major equipment is discussed., particularlyas it relates to operation and economics.Cost data are presented to aid in preliminary economic ana-lysis. Curves illustrate the cost of oil transportation at flow rates between 10,000 and 500,000 barrels per day and permit the selection of pipe diameter-which will result in minimum operating costs.

Jan 1, 1962

By C M. Hill

This paper aims to provide a brief overview of the Australian Coal Bed Methane (CBM) industry and more importantly the challenges to sustainable management of the industryÆs by-product, groundwater. In a country where water is scarce and having gone through one of the worst recorded droughts it is vital that this important industry be seen to be managing water in a responsible manner with the greatest environmental and social benefit. Benefits of the water from CBM wells can be enhanced through treatment to produce potable water for domestic or stock purposes, water for irrigation or aquaculture or lower quality or untreated water for industrial or mining purposes. Other options are re-injection of raw water or waste from the treatment processes or discharge to surface waterways. The critical change and difference between CBM projects and traditional oil and gas operations should be that where possible water is no longer disposed of via evaporation ponds with the dual legacy of waste of the water resource and an environmental contamination problem with the remaining salt and brine product.

Jan 1, 2003

The Black Star lead and zinc ore-bodies, situated in the western zone of mineralisation at Mount Isa occupy an area 2000 ft. long with varying widths from 100 ft. to 300 ft. The strike is N5°W, and the average dip 60° West.To test at depth the potentialities of this area, an extensive diamond drilling campaign was commenced on 16th October 1927. It was continued, with from one to six machines working, until the end of 1931. During this period, 26 inclined holes, with an average depth of 1224 ft, and a total footage of 31,828 ft. were completed. A vertical hole, 2452 ft. deep, for comparative purposes, has been omitted.These drilling operations came directly under the charge of G J Gray, General Superintendent of Mount Isa Mines, and, in the early stages were supervised by E. D. McDermott, of the Mining Trust, London. The foremen, who were in charge of various sections of the drilling operations, were: H Vale, F Bray, J Winston and A A Sanstedt.

Jan 1, 1932

The growth in the nickel market and the price increases predicted in 1970 have not mat-erialized. Several plants have been construct-ed, particularly to treat lateritic ores. A spectacular increase in cost of energy and the escalation of capital costs have led to severe economic difficulties on the part of many nickel producers. Several of the nickel prod-ucers joined together to form a Nickel Develop-ment Institute in 1984 with the prime objective of improving nickel markets. Most producers have taken exceptional action to cut overall costs as well as unit costs. Another organiz-ation made up of nickel producers, NiPERA, was established in 1980, to study and take action on problems of nickel in the environment and especially in the workplace.Ion exchange, and particularly continuous ion exchange, has been developed into a reli-able commercial unit operation in the last dec-ade. An example of how ion exchange combined with hydrogen reduction can be integrated into a Caron type reduction roast ammonium carbonate leach process for the recovery of nickel from laterites is discussed.

Jan 1, 1985

By Itoh K, Sakai K, Tsuji K

In Japan there exists a strong demand for mechanical excavation for tunnelling bacause the blasting method which produces much vibra- tions and noises is restricted in its applica- tion due to the fact that there can be many cases where tunnelling sites are located ad- jacent to residencial areas as a result of Japan's being a thickly inhabited country. Pressing demands for and deep interest in the mechanical excavation method have been shown by the circles concerned with reasons that it produces smooth cutting surface and causes less overcutting of profile as a result of the diffusion of NATM (New Austrian Tunnel- ling Method) in the recent years. This has caused a strong desire of the users to apply the conventional mechanical excavation method that has been used mainly for soft rock cutting also to the field of hard rock cutting. In order to meet such needs of the tunnel- ling industry, further research and development have been continued to have successfully real- ized the Boomtype Tunnelling Machine for Hard Rock.

Jan 1, 1987

Reconciliation of the ore reserve has been an integral part of mine planning since Bougainville Copper Ltd. commenced mining operations at Panguna in 1972. Confidence in the ore reserve is considered essential, both for long term planning of the deposit, and for fair and accurate reporting of the mining resource to shareholders. Recoverable, proven reserves are published annually. Although the ore reserve quoted is based only on diamond drill hole (DDH) information on a 122 metre by 122 metre grid, predictions are regularly reviewed against production. Concentrator results are taken to be the best estimate of grade and tonnage. Surveyed mined perimeters and average blasthole grades are reconciled at the end of each month against the concentrator figures. Predictions of the in-pit reserve are made using an orebody model. DDH and blasthole (BH) sample grades are used to make predictions for both long and short term planning. This paper describes how reconciliations are used to validate ore reserves at Panguna. Development of the orebody model is described, and some of the difficulties encountered in doing reconciliations are addressed.

Jan 1, 1987

By R Lau

In recently completed road tunnel projects in Queensland, such as the Airport Link and the Clem7 tunnels, there is a smoke duct running along the roof of the carriageways to extract smoke in case of fire. In New South Wales, no road tunnels have a smoke duct. In the Melbourne City Link tunnels, there is a small smoke duct running along the roof. All of the tunnels are safe as claimed by the designers and authorities. However, there is significant cost associated with providing a full size smoke duct compared with no smoke duct. This paper is going to present a comparison of the road tunnel safety with a smoke duct and those without one from a risk perspective. It further discusses the cost-effectiveness of such provisions and whether similar levels of safety could be achieved without a smoke duct.CITATION:Lau, R, 2014. Smoke duct or no smoke duct for road tunnels, in Proceedings 15th Australasian Tunnelling Conference 2014 , pp 83–86 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 17, 2014

Direct measurements of liquid contents in foams obtained from (x-terpineol a-T) n-pentanol (AmOH) and n-octanol (OctOH) solutions were carried out using a column of special construction. The column enables to determine the liquid contents by cutting-off foam layers of various thicknesses and measuring amounts of liquid contained in the cut-off foam layers. Liquid contents in the whole foam layers, in the top foam layers of thickness 14 ¦ 1 mm and distribution of water alongside foam height were determined. The average liquid contents were high and reached a level of 30, 35 and 40 per cent for foams formed from cc-T, AmOH and OctOH solutions, respectively. The liquid contents in the top foam layers were much smaller. They were of an order of five per cent for a-T and AmOH and 12 per cent for OctOH. On the basis of the liquid distribution alongside foam height some practical conclusions concerning possibilities of minimising amounts of liquid contained in the collected concentrate are presented.

Jan 1, 1993

With the recent increase in the number of underground secondary sulphide dust explosions in Canada, Australia and elsewhere in massive sulphide ore mining industry, establishment of quantitative and realistic methods of analyzing the mine dust is of paramount importance. This paper examines and analyses dust samples from a mine area that has very recently experienced sulphide dust explosions. Also, it attempts to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of the dust. Explosibility of the dust samples was determined by quantifying the oxidation reaction of the sulphide dust particles in a 1.2 L, Lindenberg open horizontal tube furnace. Percentage sulphur', % S oxidised during ignition of a dust sample of known assay, % S and dust concentration (g/m3) were determined by the quantitative chemical analysis of SO2 gas produced during the oxidation reaction. A dust sample with high sulphur content, 22.3% S (assayed) and mean particle size 9.82 pm, was found to exhibit a low degree of oxidation compared with a sample of low sulphur content, 15.44% S and mean particle size 21.7 tcm, at the same Temperature.

Jan 1, 1988

By I Thin, I Sheppard

Resin encapsulated rock bolting practices have been adopted by Mount Isa Mines since the early-1980s. Fully encapsulated rock bolt systems meet designated requirements for long-term ground support in the mines. A variety of rock bolts, resins and installation methods have been utilised over this period in underground mining. As a parallel to this evolving application, Mount Isa Mines have tested various resin encapsulated rock bolt systems. Testing has included routine underground pull testing and the development and implementation of the push test for the entire encapsulated bolt length. The latter test enables a greater understanding and representation to be had of the overall mixing, level of encapsulation and capacity of the system. Rock mechanics at Mount Isa Mines undertake evaluation of new bolt systems that become available, in addition to the maintenance of compliance with quality control measures for the existing systems. Improved methods of installation and systems are also investigated to further the cost-effective nature and minimise risks associated with resin rock bolt practices.

Jan 1, 2002

This study examines the application of Landsat TM data to the identification of hydro- thermal alteration in the arid terrain of the El Salvador region of north Chile. Numerical reflectance values were extracted from the digital Landsat TM data for a variety of rock surfaces, including four parts of the El Salvador gossan, for each of six spectral bands. These reflectance values were analysed statistically in order to select the three spectral bands, combined as a colour composite image, that are most efficient in discriminating different varieties of alteration and for general geolog- ical interpretation. The most cost effective com- posite image for this area is a combination of bands 1,4 and 7 as the blue, green and red components respectively, with simple contrast enhancement. This image is superior to some much more expensive enhancement techniques and allows unambiguous identification of areas of hydrothermal alteration larger than about 50m. The display includes a practical guide to the use of Landsat TM imagery for volcanic gold Exploration.

Jan 1, 1987

By Weber W

Methods of calculation of the reliability of process computers are getting more and more important. The paper presents long period observations of 21 process computers with online applications in the iron and steel industry. About 5000 failure events during 10 years have been systematically recorded and evaluated. On the basis of these long time observations it is possible to develop a probability model of the failure behaviour of process computers.This failure model is constructed with four different states of the process computer:Working phase, working phase with undetected reasons, repair phase, failure phase resulting from external influences.The model is defined by differential equations for the probability of one of these four phases. Long time observations show, that all of these four phases are closely correlated with the capa-city of a process computer, restarting without detection of failure reason, changes of programs and software, costs and time of repair. So the result of this analysis is a model of failure for process computers, which allows to predict breakdowns of process computers on the basis of external parameters.

Jan 1, 1985

By D J. Fray

In this work, a fused salt electrochemical process was investigated experimentally for production of metals and alloys directly from respective solid oxides by electro-deoxidation. Direct electrochemical reduction of the oxides was carried out in molten CaCl2-based chlorides in an electrolytic cell, incorporating an oxygen-evolving inert anode, over the temperature range of 850 - 950¦C. The technical viability of the process was demonstrated by the electro-deoxidation of pure oxides and oxide mixtures including NiO, Nb2O5, Nb2O5/TiO2 and Nb2O5/SnO2 to produce nickel metal, niobium metal, NbTi alloys and the intermetallic compound, Nb3Sn. Compared to the conventional metallurgical processes for producing these metals and alloys, this new electrochemical process appears to be much less energy intensive, with lower costs and no direct greenhouse gas emissions from the electrolytic reduction process. The present electrolytic reduction process has the potential to be scaled up for the green extraction of a number of non-ferrous base metals and processing of many advanced alloys.

Jan 1, 2006

By Gray J, Krouse HR, Changkakoti A, Morton RD

A group of stratabound-stratiform Fe-Ba-Zn-Pb-Ag deposits within the La Minita mining district of Michoacan, southwest Mexico have been investigated. The results of the study show that these deposits were generated around submarine hot-springs issuing in a Cretaceous island-arc environment. The exhalative mineralization, which is both epigenetic and syngenetic in character, was developed above fault-systems which constituted the loci of both volcanism and subsequent hydrothermal systems.Fluid inclusion data suggest two hydrothermal events during ore mineralization, one at 240¦C and the other at 161 to 205¦C, with salinities between 2.1 and 12.8 wt.% NaCl equivalent. Stable isotope data support a marine origin for the ore-fluids, as well as, for carbon and sulfur. Strontium isotope data suggest that Sr in the barites was extracted from the volcanics and limestones by circulating seawater. The ore-depositional environment was one of shallow, sub-tropical marine character, where mineralization was in part geochemically controlled by carbonate reefal facies within the volcanic/pyroclastic suite.

Jan 1, 1990

By Bof J, Lowe S

BHP's newest colliery on the Southern Coalfield Is Tower Colliery. It is situated near Wilton some 60 kms south west from Sydney. It commenced its operations in 1978 and since that time has experienced considerable roof problems. In its eight years of operations, production has been 936 687 tonnes to December 1985. To a certain extent this is a reflection of the ground control r,,b1cros present in the colliery. paper out Iines the signif mt g,, logical features that are known to exist in the colliery and their influence on roadway development. Faulting has hindered the mine's development and an igneous intrusion has had outhursting associated with it. The prevailing roof rock has also had an impact on the roadway conditions. The paper will look at intersection deformation in present workings. Extensometers have been installed in these areas and provide measurements to verify visual observations. The results show a significant increase in roof movement as the roadway is developed from a single heading, to a T-intersection and then Into a four-way intersection.

Jan 1, 1986

By W R. Hancock

Control of complex machinery through the internet is investigated through the construction of a vehicle prototype developed using off-the- shelf hardware. The vehicle was able to be controlled remotely through the use of a client side interface connected to a steering wheel and foot pedals. By attaching sensors to the vehicle, data could be collected from which one could infer the effectiveness of such a control system. The effect of latency on control was monitored by the introduction of an artificial latency, simulating a wide variety of internet-related issues, such as unstable connections and dropouts. Sensor data could then be used to gain an understanding of how the system could be improved though either control or interface design. A path tracking experiment was conducted to gather controllability data and it was found that such a system is plausible within a reasonable range of latencies. It is expected an area of future research would be an extension of this current project, applying the information gained to real world control systems.

Jan 1, 2008

The products from beneficiation present themselves at opposite ends of the spectrum, and yet numerous synergies exist in the preparation of coking coal and hematite iron ore products for their common export markets. Returning to the coal side of the business with Anglo Coal following a five-year sojourn in WA with Hamersley Iron, has provided the opportunity for comparing and contrasting some of the key synergies of the supply chains of both bulk commodities.Comparisons include consideration of things like: resource evaluation (especially quality aspects), run-of-mine handling and preparation, beneficiation, product handling and transportation, quality assurance and customer awareness, value-in-use and impacts on iron and steelmaking, and supply chain environmental aspects.Inherent within these are several other notable contrasts including: æseamsÆ and æorebodiesÆ, rocks and minerals, rejects and tailings, oxidation and weathering, suppliers and users, and marketing and purchasing, to name but a few.This paper covers some of the more interesting of these synergies and raises some potential opportunities for sharing knowledge and innovation between the two areas of activity in the future.

Jan 1, 2005

An integrated computer system (the Short Term Mine Management System) has recently been developed by B.H.P. Steel Long Products Division in Whyalla, South Australia for use in their open pit iron ore mines.The system incorporates blast design, comprehensive blasthole data handling, grade coilrol, stockpile scheduling and management and reconciliation within a single, user friendly computer package. The blast design system allows the blasting engineer to design the layout of holes for a production blast using geological information projected from the bench above to aid in appropriate blasthole positioniog in particular rock types. The grade control system allows mining blocks to be designed and evaluated from blasthole information using interactive graphics processes. The handling, storage and reporting of blasthole survey, assay and geological logging data forms an integral part of this system. Stockpiles can be constructed from a number of mining blocks to reach a specified target grade using the stockpile management system. Although not yet integrated, the reconciliation system will reconcile stockpiles back to mining blocks and to the geological model.

Jan 1, 1990

The introduction of large diameter drill holes and mass firings in underground metalliferous mines has led to an increase in the number of reported sulfide dust explosions in Australia and overseas. Adaptation of the coal mining technique of using limestone to inhibit or prevent dust explosions has not been entirely successful as the development and inhibition of a sulfide dust explosion is somewhat different from that of a coal dust explosion. Tests were carried out on two pyritic ore samples, sulfur contents of 41 and 36 per cent, in 8 and 20 litre explosion chambers to evaluate the effect of the addition of limestone on the maximum explosive pressures developed and rates of pressure rise. Significant values were obtained in both chambers with dusts containing 60 per cent ore and 40 per cent limestone. The percentages of limestone required to inhibit the pyritic dusts were considerably higher than those values generally accepted by the mining industry and the current methods used to inhibit sulfide dust explosions should be re-evaluated.

Jan 1, 1986

By Hendon G. W, Carr F, Jiang Y

A vast majority of the operating longwall sections use shield-type face supports to provide ground control in the United States. As a co-operative research program between the University of Alabama (UA) and Jim Walter Resources, Inc.(JWR), a joint research program is underway to study interaction of shields with surrounding rock masses. A series of analyses on the response of shields are performed using monitored data at a longwall face in a deep coal mine. In this paper, various effects of parameters, such as leg pressure, setting load, developing load, maximum loading rate, pressure in capsule, and convergence between canopy and base, are discussed and recommended as stability indices. A microcomputer program is being developed for instantaneous interpretation of the shield monitored data, and for giving warnings of potential problems. The preliminary results define the effects of the setting load, developing load, and rate of developing load or leg closure rate. The objective of the study is to understand the shield characteristics and their interaction with surrounding strata in real time, then develop a reliable program for maintaining longwall stability.

Jan 1, 1992