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By G. S. Hume

THE Plains of east-central Alberta herein described embrace an area from Viking east to the Saskatchewan boundary and from North Saskatchewan river south to Coronation and Monitor (Figure 1). By far the greater part of this area is deeply drift-covered, and .outcrops of bedrock are relatively few and often widely separated. Within the area there are large morainal hills and others of considerable extent that superficially have all the characters of morainal hills but contain a core of bedrock. These latter, then, were hills when the ice sheet traversed the country and only have been modified by glacial agencies. In many places on them, the drift is but a thin veneer, as is certainly the case in part of the Neutral hills (Figure 2) northeast of Coronation and north of Monitor. In other cases, however, as in the Blackfoot hills, southwest of Lloydminster, the drift is sufficiently thick to conceal practically all the bedrock and in many places no information is available as to whether a bedrock core, representing a pre-glacial hill, is present. There is no question, however, that the larger river valleys, as for example those of the North Saskatchewan and Battle rivers, are in part at least pre-glacial. Proof of this can be demonstrated in many places, because obviously the valleys must have been present in pre-glacial times to allow glacial deposits to have accumulated in them. It is also known that inter-glacial deposits occur. At one locality in Battle River valley, in sec. 30, tp. 45, range 2, west of the 4th mer., the following section occurs( l ): 15 feet of boulder clay with granite and other boulders. 56 feet of stratified sands, clays, and gravels containing pebbles of Precambrian rocks and fresh-water shells. From this it is apparent that the 56 feet of stratified sands, clays, and gravels must have derived their Precambrian pebbles from a previous glaciation of which the overlying boulder clay represents another ice advance in this area. Thus, although the river valleys contain glacial and interglacial deposits, they have not been filled by them to such an extent that the drainage has been diverted, and in many places, especially in the case of Battle river and some smaller streams, the size of the valley is altogether out of proportion to the size of the stream it now contains.

Jan 1, 1937

By H. W. Little

INTRODUCTION MINERAL deposits of Salmo map-area (Figure 1) have aroused the interest of prospectors for more than a half-century. Properties within the map-area have produced lead, zinc, silver, tungsten, and gold. Sheep Creek mining camp ranks fifth in the Province in the total production of gold, but during recent years interest has been concentrated upon base metals, and meticulous prospecting and exploration have resulted in the discovery of many large zinc-lead orebodies. PREVIOUS WORK Geological investigations of the region were begun long ago, and it is interesting to trace the development of ideas with our increasing knowledge of the geology of this complex area. The first geological examination of the rocks of Salmo map-area was made in 1859-60 by H. Bauerman (1), who was employed as geologist accompanying the first international Boundary Survey. Bauerman examined the rocks exposed along Pend d'Oreille river and published a section indicating that the sedimentary rocks are probably of Palaeozoic age, and are intruded by granite of unknown age. McConnell and Brock(2), in 1894 - 1900, carried out the reconnaissance mapping of the West Kootenay Sheet, on which they outlined the Mesozoic rocks of the Rossland Beaver Mountain volcanic groups that they believed rested unconformably upon the sedimentary rocks to the southeast, which they regarded as of Palaeozoic age.

Jan 1, 1951

By Morris J. Viljoen, Young. David R.

"Abstract -The zone of economic interest at H.J . Joel Gold Mine is the VS5/Beatrix Composite Reef, a quartz-pebble conglomerate of Archean age. The reef occurs at the base of the Eldorado Formation, Central Rand Group, of the Witwatersrand Supergroup. At !east three stratigraphically distinct conglomerates form this economic zone. In order of deposition these are the Footwall, Beatrix, and the VS5/Beatrix reefs. The Footwall and Beatrix reefs are equated with the Aandenk Formation with transport directions toward the northwest, whereas the VS5/Beatrix Reef is of Eldorado age, with transport directions toward the south. The change in the drainage direction was caused by a major basin-wide tectonic event that occurred prior to the deposition of the Eldorado Formation. The Beatrix Reef was formed in a proximal, braided, fluvial environment by a process of aggrading gravel bars between channelways. The VS5/Beatrix Reef was formed by the desegregation of pre-existing Beatrix Reef with the introduction of new material containing much shale detritus and is seen to have been deposited in a more ·distal, braided, fluvial environment, similar to the Beatrix Reef.The average gold concentrations are different for each conglomerate; the Beatrix at 32.1 ppm Au, the Footwall at 24.4 ppm Au, and the VS5/Beatrix at only 12.4 ppm Au. A sedimentary gold concentrating process related to higher energy braid channels was primarily responsible for these high gold grades. Not only the basal unconformity surface, but also, internal degredation surfaces, were prime sites for concentration. An understanding of the spatial distribution of these differing conglomerates and their braid channels forming the economic reef zone is necessary in predicting ore grades for future mining."

Jan 1, 1994

By Morris J. Viljoen, David R. Young

"The zone of economic interest at H.J. Joel Gold Mine is the VS5/Beatrix Composite Reef, a quartz-pebble conglomerate of Archean age. The reef occurs at the base of the Eldorado Formation, Central Rand Group, of the Witwatersrand Supergroup. At least three stratigraphically distinct conglomerates form this economic zone. In order of deposition these are the Footwall, Beatrix, and the VS5/Beatrix reefs. The Footwall and Beatrix reefs are equated with the Aandenk Formation with transport directions toward the northwest, whereas the VS5lBeatrix Reef is of Eldorado age, with transport directions toward the south. The change in the drainage direction was caused by a major basin-wide tectonic event that occurred prior to the deposition of the Eldorado Formation. The Beatrix Reef was formed in a proximal, braided, fluvial environment by a process of aggrading gravel bars between channelways. The VS5/Beatrix Reef was formed by the desegregation of pre-existing Beatrix Reef with the introduction of new material containing much shale detritus and is seen to have been deposited in a more -distal, braided, fluvial environment, similar to the Beatrix Reef.The average gold concentrations are different for each conglomerate; the Beatrix at 32.1 ppm Au, the Footwall at 24.4 ppm Au, and the VS5/Beatrix at only 12.4 ppm Au. A sedimentary gold concentrating process related to higher energy braid channels was primarily responsible for these high gold grades. Not only the basal unconformity surface, but also, internal degredation surfaces, were prime sites for concentration. An understanding of the spatial distribution of these differing conglomerates and their braid channels forming the economic reef zone is necessary in predicting ore grades for future mining."

Jan 1, 1994

By Euler De Souza

Backfilling in Canadian mines has been practised for close to 100 years and evidence anticipates the application of mine fill technology at an increasing rate during the foreseeable future. The evolution of backfill technology is closely related to the advancement of modern mining methods and the development of new backfill technology continues to evolve. The authors, after conducting extensive surveys of backfill practices in underground mines across Canada, have concluded that, because backfill operations employ large quantities of cement and experience large costs associated both with backfilling practice and cement use, opportunities exist for reducing backfill energy costs and enhancing the application of alternative cementing agents in backfill. Consequently, the authors have developed an alternate, equally effective and lower cost binder agent replacement for cement, and incorporated waste glass into the development of a lower cost backfill (glassfill). This paper presents the results of two design stages associated with the development of glassfill: strength development and flow performance. The advancement of this technology has reached a stage that should promote industrial implementation within the Canadian mining industry. A number of Canadian mining operations exhibit potential for plant optimization through possible binder source replacement, and might thus realize associated reductions in backfill and energy costs.

Apr 1, 2005

By R. C. A. Thurston

Introduction A mechanical spring has been .defined by Wahl ( 1) as 'an elastic body whose ?primary function is? to deflect or distort under load, and which recovers its original shape when released after being distorted'. Most material bodies are elastic to some extent ? and will deform under load, but they are seldom regarded as springs since this is not their primary function. The principal applications of springs are the absorption of energy and the mitigation of shock, the support cf moving masses or the isolation of vibration, and the provision or measurement of definite loads or torques. A large number of spring types have been developed to serve these purposes and to meet the different operational requirements; they range from the large semi-elliptic leaf suspension spring to the delicate watch hairspring. The springs of most importance in machine design, however, are the helical round-wire compression or tension types. They are made in a wide variety of sizes and are used in tremendous quantities, mainly because of their low cost, their compactness, and their relatively high efficiency. Their field of application is as broad as that of machine design itself, but the bulk of production is almost certainly for suspension systems of vehicles such as automobiles, freight and passenger cars, and mine cars, and it is with the last of these applications that this paper is primarily concerned.

Jan 1, 1951

By Real Daigneault, François Robert, J. Paul Golightly, Jean-Yves Cloutier, Jayanta Guha, Pierre Pilote

"The Casa-Berardi East, Center and West deposits, located in the Archean Abitibi, Sub province, are hosted by volcanic and sedimentary units of varying compositions, less than300 m from the Casa-Berardi fault (CBF). The CBF, a brittle structure, represents an increment in the structural evolution of a regional-scale deformation zone showing ductile-brittle behavior known as the Casa-Berardi deformation zone (CBDZ). The CBDZ is characterized by a mylonitic Sc1 foliation which is folded a.n4 deformed by a later sczfoliation in high strain zones.Four generations of quartz vein and fracture systems have been recognized within the Casa-Berardi deposits. Most economic gold mineralization, occurring in the second generation system, is found within high strain zones. This system hosts three types of mineralized structures: (1) banded quartz veins; (2) swarms of veins and mineralized host rocks; and (3) disseminated sulphides along fractures. An early carbonate hydrothermal alteration zone (pre- to syntectonic) surrounds the deposits. Alteration associated with gold mineralization is contemporaneous to late ( syn- to post-tectonic) relative to the development of progressive deformation in the CBDZ. The geological characteristics and paragenesis of the four quartz vein and fracture systems developed as an integral part of the geodynamic evolution of the Casa-Berardi deformation zone."

Jan 1, 1990

By M. K. Abel

"The Strathcona Mine is located in Levack Township on the North Range ofthe Sudbury Basin. The main orebody consists of pyrrhotite-pentlandite-chalcopyrite mineralization associated with an embayment of the footwall of the Sudbury Irruptive. A zone of massive chalcopyrite-cubanite-pentlandite mineralization occurs in a complex vein system in a series of mixed gneisses and breccias in the footwall. Vein widths vary from a few millimetres to 6 metres. In December 1979, this zone was estimated to contain 976,000 metric tonnes, with a grade of 9.31% Cu and 0.46% Ni. The vein system has a general strike of N 68°W at an angle of 60 degrees to the average strike of the footwall contact of the Irruptive. The dip of the vein system is 45 degrees sw. The strike and dip of individual veins in the system coincide with the directions that would result if a compressive stress had acted in a direction normal to the footwall of the Sudbury Irruptive, producing a conjugate set of fractures. The strike of the Irruptive at the Strathcona Mine is parallel to the long axis of the basin.IntroductionThe Strathcona Mine, owned and operated by Falconbridge Nickel Mines Limited, is located in Levack Township on the northwest rim of the Sudbury basin (Fig. I) . It is one of a group of nickel-copper sulphide ore deposits present along an 8.2-km section of the North Range of the Sudbury Irruptive. In the mines of the North Range, subunits of the Irruptive, going from hanging wall to footwall , include felsic norite, dark norite and dark norite breccia. The footwall complex at Strathcona includes the late granite breccia, which hosts a large proportion of the nickel-copper ores, and a compositionally variable group of brecciated and migmatized rocks, herein referred to as the feldspathic gneiss complex. It is within this latter group of rocks that the vein system of the Copper Zone occurs."

Jan 1, 1981

By A. J. Goodman

Introduction The position of Turner Valley in the foothills of Alberta, some thirty-five miles southwest of Calgary, is too well known to need further description. This attempt to interpret in detail the nature of the structure, and its relationship to neighbouring structures, together with general observations on the foothills belt, is based on work carried out in the office of the Supervisory Mining Engineer, at Calgary. The object in view was the correlation of the mass of evidence which had accumulated from the detailed examination of drill cuttings, and to discover, if possible, its structural significance. Unfortunately it is not possible to publish most of this detail owing to its confidential nature, and in consequence the reader is asked to accept certain statements, which under other circumstances would not be made without supporting evidence. The main argument for the general structural interpretation rests on evidence which has already been made public, and it is possible to proceed to logical conclusions on the main points. The evolution of ideas concerning the structure of Turner Valley is somewhat difficult to follow, as, compared with all that has been said on the subject, there is not a great deal on record.

Jan 1, 1930

By A. Zarei-Hanzaki, S. M. Fatemi-Varzaneh, M. Haghshenas

The microstructure in modified semi-solid ALTHIX (A356) alloy consists of aAl phase with Al/Si eutectic structure. Silicon phase in eutectic structure is coral like with fine fibers. The lack of good ductility in this alloy is related to the presence of silicon fibers. Accordingly many investigations have been recently conducted to modify the Si morphology through Thermomechanical processing on this alloy. In the present work an ALTHIX (A356) alloy was deformed at 450°C, 500°C and 540°C through different strain rates. Consequently the silicon fibers were broken into small particles. The results indicated that the Si particles may coarsen according to Ostwald ripening mechanism at 540°C deformed by rate of0.0005 sec-1 & 0.0001 sec-1-

Jan 1, 2006

By W. A. Bell

The Carboniferous system of rocks in the Maritime Provinces include as workable mineral and organic substances, gypsum, anhydrite, salt, coal, building stones, grindstones, limestones, brick-clay shales, fire-clay shales, oil shales, etc. The system is, therefore, pre-eminently of economic value to the provinces in which it occurs, and the more knowledge we may gain concerning it, the more we may be prepared to aid in the development of these useful substances. For this purpose it is not sufficient to state that the ground upon which we stand is underlain by Carboniferous rocks. In-discriminate digging or drilling will not open many new mines of wealth, however difficult it may be to dampen the optimism of gamblers. For mineral wealth has not been scattered in the rocks haphazard, now here, now there, but its distribution has been the result of natural earth forces acting at intervals throughout the countless millions of years that have elapsed since our planet was born. As regards the majority of metalliferous deposits, the earth forces involved have resulted in the penetration of surface or sub-surface rocks by molten rock-matter and associated mineral solutions from deep-seated sources. But the economic Carboniferous deposits that have been mentioned are themselves types of bedded surface rocks rather than immigrant deposits, and their formation and geological history is closely related to that of the rocks with which they are interbedded.

Jan 1, 1924

By Sydney C. Mifflen

COAL MINING, with its some 15,000 employees, is directly responsible for the livelihood of one-fifth of the population of the Province of Nova Scotia and indirectly so for that of possibly another fifth. Deposits of coal are known and worked in four counties of the Province, from which is being produced yearly tonnages as noted below: Cumberland County 750,000 tons Piccou County 400,000 tons Inverness County 100,000 tons Cape Breton County 5,250,000 tons TOTAL FOR NOVA SCOTIA 6,500,000 tons Production in Cape Breton county is entirely from the one source, the Sydney coalfield, and not only is this field the most important in respect to output, as is disclosed above, but it is also the largest presently known deposit in the Province and holds the greatest tonnage yet in reserve for future mining. In the light of the above more or less generally known facts, it is trite to remark on the importance of the Sydney coalfield in the internal economy of the Province. On the other hand, not nearly as well-known nor as frankly recognized is its significance in the national life of Canada, for from this field is produced not only 80 per cent of the Nova Scotia coal but over 40 per cent of all coal mined in the Dominion. Another noteworthy comparison can be made from the fact that the Sydney field contributes 22 per cent of all the bituminous coal consumed in Canada, the remainder being made up of 7 per cent mined elsewhere in Nova Scotia, 27 per cent from other parts of Canada (British Columbia and Alberta, principally), while the remaining 44 per cent is imported, practically wholly, from the United States of America.

Jan 1, 1941

By G. Goodall, R. Jabbar, S. Muinonen, A. Cummings

"Glencore’s Sudbury Integrated Nickel Operations in Falconbridge, Ontario, has been in operation since 1930. Many new technologies and practices, now common in the industry, have been implemented at the site and contribute significantly to the industry’s understanding. Since the last update on the Smelter operation published at the NiCo 2005 conference, the Converter Aisle has undergone significant changes in the operation of vessels. The Aisle continues to consist of 4 Peirce-Smith converters, but the Slag-Make Converter, and the Slag Cleaning Vessel have been re-tooled or re-built as Hybrid Vessels (HV), each generating matte for the two Finishing Converters and clean slag for disposal. The complicated scheduling and the overall benefits to the Smelter are reviewed here as part of the on-going tradition of industry support.INTRODUCTION The Glencore Nickel Sudbury Smelter operates a Roast Reduction Smelting (RRS) flow sheet with a specialized Converter Aisle operation that maximizes metal recovery to Bessemer matte. The main process equipment consists of a pair of Fluid Bed Roasters, a submerged-arc Electric Furnace and four Peirce-Smith converting type vessels (Figure 1). In the RRS flow sheet, concentrate is roasted with air to remove sulphur as SO2. Calcine from the Roasters is mixed with petroleum coke upon addition to the six-in-line rectangular Electric Furnace. The coke back reduces the metallic oxides, producing a matte and a discard slag.Gases from the Roasters are sent to a single pass absorption Acid Plant where the SO2 is converted to acid. Under the previous operating targets, approximately 70–75% of the sulphur in the incoming concentrate was fixed as acid with the balance going to the Electric Furnace in calcine for Bessemer matte production. Off-gases from the Electric Furnace and Converters are combined in a balloon flue, treated for particulates in electrostatic precipitators and discharged to the Smelter stack without any SO2 fixation."

Jan 1, 2017

By W. K. Gowans

The Sullivan Concentrator treats a complex sulphide ore consisting mainly of galena, marmatite and pyrrhotite. The ore carried minor values in silver, antimony, bismuth, indium and tin. The products of the concentrator are lead, zinc, iron and tin concentrates. The minor metal values other than tin are recovered from the concentrates by the refining processes in the smelter at Trail.The concentrator was completed in 1923 and first operated with a capacity of 2,500 tons per day. In the years 1926 to 1929 changes to equipment and buildings brought the operation up to 5,500 tons per day and then, in the years 1935 to 1945, the daily tonnage was raised to 8,500 tons. After 1945, the rising insoluble content of the ore made it necessary to consider the construction of a Sink-Float plant. At this time consideration was also given to the construction of a new crushing plant underground to replace the rolls crushers and cone crushers located at the concentrator. By 1949, construction of the Sink-Float plant was completed along with a new underground crushing plant, and an electric haulage way between the underground crushing chamber and the Sink-Float plant. The ore was hauled in forty 14-ton car trains which discharged into a 3,000 ton receiving bin by means of an air operated five car rotary dumper. With the start up of the,Sink-Float plant, a 1 ½ ft. by 12 ft. Hardinge rod mill was also brought into operation. The Sink-Float plant made it possible to treat 12,000 tons/day of mine run ore with up to 40% of this being rejected as float.

Jan 1, 1975

By R. M. Lauer

OVER THE YEARS concentration of the Sullivan ore has become progressively more difficult as the ore has become increasingly refractory. The introduction of new reagents and changes in the flow of the concentrator have been and continue to be necessary in order to maintain and improve the efficiency of metal extraction. Prior to the completion of the pilot mill in 1957 ail new ideas were developed in laboratory equipment. If these were found to be promising, there was no alternative but to introduce them directly to the main mill flow in one step. When a major change was involved there was always the possibility of serious losses while the mill was being adjusted to the changed conditions. It proved difficult to determine whether these losses were the result of the changed procedure or of failure to adjust the flow to a change in the condition of the ore during the test. The pilot mill has provided a valuable intermediate step between the laboratory and the mill. It avoids the losses which occurred when unsuccessful full-scale tests were attempted, and conversely it provides assurance that full-scale flow changes can be made without serious hazard.

Jan 1, 1960

By Paul Ransom

Sullivan Production and Present Value ? Mined 150 million tonnes ? 6.0% Pb, 5.5% Zn, 2 opt Ag, + Sn, Cd, In ? May 2006 Value + US$43 Billion ? 50% of metal from first 37% (55MT) of tons ? True original size ~ 110-120 Mt @ 17%Pb+Zn ? 30MT unconsolidated fill + HW cave

May 1, 2006

By D. L. Thompson

Foreword The complete history and early development of the Sullivan mine was fully covered in a paper entitled 'The Development of the Sullivan Mine and Processes for the Treatment of its Ores', prepared by the staff of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, and presented at the Annual Meeting of the British Columbia Division of the Institute at Trail in October, 1924. At a subsequent meeting at Blairmore, Mr. E. G. Montgomery read a paper on the mine, and in 1926 Mr. M. M. O'Brien brought the subject up to date at the joint meeting of the American and Canadian Institutes at Cranbrook. The present paper is necessarily based largely on these earlier accounts. Discovery and Early Development The outcrop was discovered in 1892 and the property was bonded and later sold to the Sullivan Group Mining Company, of Spokane. From 1896 to 1899, surface stripping and test pits (at A) around the outcrop exposed a vien of sulphides with varying amounts of lead and zinc. In some places, a 35 per cent lead ore carrying 15 ounces of silver was found. These lenses were of commercial value. With the completion of the Kimberley branch of the Canadian Pacific railway, in 1900, some systematic development was started. A shaft l00 feet in depth was sunk (at B). Shaft-house, boiler-room, and compressor-plant were erected, and a steam diamond-drill was put into operation.

Jan 1, 1929

By M. M. O?Brien

THE SULLIVAN MINE The Sullivan mine of the Consolidated Mining and ? Smelting Company of Canada, Limited, is situated at Kimberley, B.C., nineteen miles from Cranbrook, a divisional point on the Crowsnest Pass branch of the Canadian Pacific railway. Production started on a small scale in 1900, and in 1914 the mine became the largest lead producer in Canada. In 1925 it was the largest single producer of lead and zinc in the world. Since operations commenced, 4,800,000 tons of ore have been produced from stopes and 170,000 tons from development. At the present time, ore is being mined at the rate of 1,100,000 tons per year, with a yield of about 200,000 lb. lead, 110,000 lb. zinc, and 4,000,000 oz. silver. The town of Kimberley is easily accessible by road as well as by rail. The altitude at Mark creek, a tributary of the St. Mary's river, is 3,700 feet. To th'e north of the creek, Sullivan hill rises to a height of 6,100 feet, and it is on the southern slope of this hill that the mine is located. Sullivan hill is in the Purcell range, which rises between the Rocky Mountain trench on the east and Kootenay lake on the west. It thus lies within what is commonly referred to as the East Kootenay district.

Jan 1, 1926

By J. B. Mawdsley

A LITILE north of the geographic centre of the Province of Saskatchewan, 150 miles north of the city of Prince Albert, is a narrow green-stone and sedimentary belt of pronounced structural characteristics. This belt, generally known as the Sulphide Lake belt, is about two and a half miles wide. During the past three years prospecting has uncovered numerous gold-bearing showings occurring chiefly along the centre of the belt for a distance of at least nine miles. The number of these showings, the nature of some of them, and their relationship to strong structural features, make it altogether likely that intensive work will eventually locate ore-bodies that will be of economic importance. The discovery of gold in the fall of 1938 on the south shore of Mackay lake, about five miles northwest of the Sulphide Lake gold-bearing belt, indicates that there are neighbouring zones of interest. This paper, an attempt to outline the present status of the interesting mineralized belt, is based largely on the information gained on a five-day tour of this district, made in August, 1939, on behalf of the Department of Natural Resources of the Province of Saskatchewan. The Sulphide Lake belt is named after a small lake centrally located in it. This lake and others are just north and within short portage distances of some of the long bays along the north shore of Lac La-Ronge, an irregular, island-studded lake, about twenty miles in diameter, in relatively rocky Precambrian country, just north of the Palaeozoic contact. The fur-trading post and settlement of Lac La-Ronge is on the west shore of this lake and a road, now under construction, will shortly link this community with the city of Prince Albert. In the past, the most direct route was an indifferent canoe route, in part following Montreal lake and river; more recently, the aeroplane has made this section easily accessible.

Jan 1, 1940

By H. D. B. Wilson

THIS PAPER has resulted from a preliminary draft of a background paper prepared anonymously for the Science Council's Special Study of the Solid-Earth Sciences in Canada. The draft was circulated to eighty-four Canadian geologists; forty-eight of these responded with criticisms of the draft. All critical re-marks were considered carefully and most have been incorporated in the final paper in an attempt to balance the author's bias, although this bias undoubtedly still appears. Indications of support for a particular statement or section were also helpful, because many of these contradicted criticisms and enabled the author to judge the consensus. Thus, all criticism could not be incorporated because the referees did not agree. It is interesting that some remarks were con-sidered overstatements by some and too bland by others. The most perplexing critical comment was one which suggested a new author was needed, and went on to name the existing author as the most likely candidate.

Jan 1, 1970