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By A G. Rogers

This paper discusses the lubrication of surface and underground mining machinery and equipment from the standpoint of machine components. The machine components considered are bearings, cylinders, gears, chains, couplings, fluid drives, hydraulic systems, screws and wire ropes. The best selection of lubricants for these machine components, and for sub-divisions of the components, are outlined. They form general recommendations, for average operating conditions in both surface and under-ground mining operations. The American Petroleum Institute's service classification of both engine crankcase oils and gear oils is de-scribed and used in recommending products for these applications. The practical aspect of lubrication is kept foremost in the recommendations, which are designed to meet the requirements of a wide variety of equipment with the minimum number of lubricants. THE lubrication of mining machinery and equipment presents a variety of problems peculiar to the industry. The type of mine, the ambient temperature, water, dust, and operating and maintenance practices, as well as the age and condition of the equipment, are variables which have to be considered in making lubricant recommendations.

Jan 1, 1963

By G. M. Hutt

Introduction The major development of industrial minerals in Manitoba has been in building materials. 'The building-stone industry is developed far beyond the needs of the Province, and the well known Tyndall limestone is marketed over a wide area throughout the other provinces to Canada. Similarly, gypsum and gypsum products are produced in excess of local requirements and are exported to adjacent provinces. The crushed-stone, sand and gravel, limestone, and lime industries are sufficiently developed to supply the needs of the Province and, notably in the case of lime and lime-stone, there is a surplus for export to the adjacent provinces and to the United States. The manufacture of common brick is well established, but for face-brick and other clay products the Province is dependent largely on importations. Production of silica-sand will increase as Canadian markets become available through recognition of the utility value of the Black Island sand as foundry-sand and for other purposes. There is some possibility of the export of feldspar, of lithium ore and concentrates, and perhaps of salt. A considerable part of the Province has not been seriously prospected for industrial minerals and it may be expected that, as time goes on, other deposits of non-metallic minerals will be discovered and opened up, especially as the prairie provinces become more industrialized. At the present time, there is some activity in the southern part of the Province based on gas and oil indications. Whatever may be the outcome of this work, it should yield valuable information concerning the geological structure of the area.

Jan 1, 1934

By Frédéric Flament

The aim of this paper is to present the development of a data validation software as component of a commercial mass balance package. Data reconciliation through mass balance is basically an optimization problem constrained by the law of mass conservation. As any optimization problem solved with a modern and robust software application, erroneous information or starting point will always lead to a solution, whether it is realistic or not. Moreover, good information wrongly weighted by an incorrect error model will lead to the same bad ending. In an industrial context where competition requires accurate information, data reconciliation without validation can be disastrous and calls for data validation before and after reconciliation. The challenge in automated data validation resides in the development of general theoretical solutions. Until now, none has been presented and only partial solutions are available. The development presented in this paper incorporates some of these partial solutions. The integration of human knowledge into the application paved the way to a more general solution. The combination ?theoretical validation ? human expertise? proved to be flexible and reliable enough to be integrated in a commercial data validation package. Numerous examples though industrial applications are presented. These applications demonstrate the validation of raw measurements, user support in the development of error models and validation of reconciled measurements.

May 1, 2001

By A. J. Williams

"Conventional base metal milling practice normally consists of crushing, grinding and cyclone classification followed by flotation. It is the authors' belief that the commencement of flotation after cyclone classification leads to inferior metallurgical results and that implementation of flotation of grinding mill discharges can result in increased recovery due to reduced overgrinding, reduced activation of contaminating minerals and improved dewatering circuit results due to the production of coarser concentrates.The concept of recovering minerals from the discharge of grinding mills is not new! Gold concentrators have utilized jigs and flotation cells while iron ore plants have employed magnetic separators to recover gold and magnetite respectively from the discharge of grinding mills. More recently, a Reichert cone has been used to recover sulphide and oxide base metal minerals from screened rod mill discharge. 1To the authors' knowledge, the first application of flotation of base metal minerals from the discharge of a production plant grinding mill was at the Lake Dufault concentrator of Corpor'1tion Falcon bridge Copper. Located 10 miles north of Noranda, Quebec the Lake Dufault concentrator commenced operations in August, 1964.The installation of flot11tion cells in the Lake Dufault grinding circuit proved so successful that an identical system was installed in the Manibridge concentrator of Falconbridge Nickel Mines Limited. Located 90 miles southwest of Thompson, Manitoba the Mamibridge concentrator commenced operations in June, 1971 and due to exhaustion of economic ore reserves discontinued production in May 1977."

Jan 1, 1984

By Roger T. Laine

"The Carswell structure, located in the western part of the Athabasca Basin, northern Saskatchewan, has been extensively explored since 1967. This exploration has been successful and lead to the discovery, in 1970, of the D sandstone-hosted unconformity related deposit. By the end of 1984, five additional basement-hosted unconformity related deposits had been delineated: the OP and N discovered in 1970, the Claude in 1971, the Dominique-Peter in 1981, and the Dominique-Janine in 1984. The D deposit has been mined out; the Claude open-pit has already produced more than 500 tonnes of uranium, the development of the Dominique-Peter underground mine (first phase) has been completed, and production from the latter started in 1985.All six deposits are located in the southern part of the Aphebian metamorphic core, 18 km in diameter, which has intruded at least 1250 metres of Helikian Athabasca Group sediments during a cryptoexplosion event at 480 Ma, unrelated to the emplacement of uranium mineralization. The metamorphic rocks, affected by the Hudsonian Orogeny, are divided in two lithostratrigraphic units: the Peter River gneiss, aluminous gneiss series, and the Earl River complex, mixed quartzofeldspathic and mafic gneiss series. A well developed regolith profile is recognizable in the south along the contact with the sandstone and inside the metamorphic core sometimes associated with conformable sandstone beds.Basement and sandstone-hosted uranium deposits show many similarities:-linkage to unconformity;-mineralogy and geochronology with a first phase mineralization characterized by a polymetallic sulphide-uraninite-brannerite assemblage dated at 1150 to 1050 Ma, a second phase characterized by a simple sulphide-uraninite assemblage dated at 890 to 820 Ma, and a third phase characterized by a pitchblende-hematite dated at 380 Ma; and,-linkage to early Hudsonian structures with remobilization of these structures during intense hydrothermal alteration resulting in Mg chlorite-illite halos."

Jan 1, 1986

By R. R. Rogers

ABSTRACT The experiments described demonstrate that crude commercial lithium containing in the order of 0.5 per cent sodium can be refined, the resulting metal containing as low as 0.001 per cent sodium. During the process, the metal is vaporized and condensed at a gauge pressure of less than 0.04 micron. Considerable operating data and a detailed description of the experimental equipment are included. INTRODUCTION DUE TO THE unusual properties of lithium metal, its use is likely to increase considerably during the next few years (1, 2). This is of particular interest to Canadians because there are important deposits of lithium-containing minerals, especially spodumene, in Canada and it is hoped that lithium compounds and lithium metal will be produced from these deposits in the fairly near future. In order to assist in the development of this industry, the Mines Branch of the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys has initiated a programme of research in lithium metallurgy. In 1948, a paper (4) was published on methods of producing lithium metal and its alloys. Data on the corrosion resistance of some lithium alloys were included. In 1949, a paper (3) was published which showed that the addition of a small percentage of lithium to zinc anodes used for cathodic protection will improve their usefulness under certain circumstances.

Jan 1, 1951

By V. Gangrade

Recirculation is the major concern associated with the utilization of booster fans. In controlled recirculation, a portion of the return air is purposely mixed with the intake air and the mixture is directed towards a working district, while the air quantity and gas concentrations in the air are closely monitored and managed. The objectives of this study were to determine the gas concentration in intake and return airways during controlled recirculation, and to determine the recirculation fraction for multiple headings. Experiments were conducted in a laboratory model to determine the effect of controlled recirculation on the quality of air circulated through the working faces. Preliminary results showed that recirculation is beneficial to ventilation planning because it reduces the build-up of air contaminants at the working faces and reduces the overall power consumptions. The experimental results were used to quantify the recirculation fraction and to calibrate ventilation models of the laboratory model. These models are used to simulate the controlled recirculation and to predict the gas concentrations in multiple headings.

Aug 1, 2013

By J. R. Gordon

I-Introduction The possibility of adapting low-temperature reduction methods to the treatment of iron ores has been suggested on numerous occasions. Papers published on the subject include, notably, Bulletin 270 of the United States Bureau of Mines on The Production of Sponge Iron, the Symposium of the American Electrochemical Society (1927) on The Gaseous Reduction of Ores and Other Metallic Compounds, and Les Procédés Actuels de Traitement Direct du Minerai de Fer, by A. Mayer (Revue de l'Industrie Minerale, Nov. 15th, 1932) (1). The present paper contains the results of an investigation of the reducibility of some Ontario ores. The concentration of these ores and of the products of reduction has also been investigated.

Jan 1, 1933

By John I. Sharpe

Masses of pyritic copper and zinc ores are entrapped along the contact zone between two volcanic groups in the Matagami area. The upper limits of the sulphide concentrations tend to form concordant contacts against lava or cherty tuffite units of the younger group; the lower extremities tend to either follow transverse structures or merge with zones of dispersed sulphides. The sulphides are deformed and intruded by folded dykes. Close relations between metallization boundaries and volcanic lithology and stratigraphy, and a preliminary investigation of the fabrics and crystallization temperatures of the sulphide masses, suggest that the copper and zinc (but; not necessarily all the iron sulphides) were emplaced at h1gh temperatures during volcanism in near-surface lithological-stratigraphic traps. Introduction T HE Matagami area is centered 120 miles north of the Val d'Or and Noranda camps in north-western Quebec. For the present purpose, it is considered to comprise a 155-square-mile area in Isle-Dieu, Galinee and Daniel townships which encompasses the main sulphide masses. Airborne geophysical surveys within this area in 1956 led to the discovery of a large sulphide body -the.

Jan 1, 1965

By Bruce Regensburg

As trucks become larger and larger, haul roads take on a more significant role in mining costs and economics. The School of Mining at the University of Alberta has compiled a design manual for haul roads using both empirical and theoretical information. One section of this manual deals with the economics of haul road construction. While many mines look only at the construction costs of haul roads, this paper looks at all associated parameters including construction costs, removal costs, timing, truck productivity and width implications. The authors demonstrate the method to determine the most appropriate quality of road for different road conditions and life spans.

May 1, 2001

By V. Thangadurai

The critical problems in commercialization of the present solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and useful electrical and physical properties of IT-SOFCs electrolytes are discussed briefly. The conductivity behavior of the perovskite-type and perovskite-related structure metal oxides are summarized. Perovskite-type La0.9Sr0.10ao.8Mgo.203_8 (LSGM) exhibits high ionic conductivity of 0.1 S/cm at 800 °C. In order to improve the electrical conductivity of LSGM and the In analogue of LSGM, substitutions have been made at the A-and B-sites. Substitution of trivalent La3+ by isovalent Pr3+ in LSGM and La09Sro ilno.sMgo.202.85 (LSIM), yield new mixed conductors. Among the investigated compounds in the present study, La0APro.4Sro.21no sMgo.2028 exhibits the highest total electrical conductivity of 3.2 x 10-5 S/cm at 200 °C in air with the lowest activation energy of 0.44 eV (200-700 °C). LSIM and Pr-substituted LSGM and LSIM perovskites show p-type electronic conductivity in the oxygen partial pressure range 10-5 ? 0.21 atm at 750 °C. The perovskite-type solid solution SrSn1-xFex03 exhibits compositionally driven phase transitions. For example, compound of the composition x = 0 to 0.3 crystallizes in an orthorhombic GdFeO3-like perovskite structure, where as that of x = 0.4-0.9 crystallizes in simple cubic SrTiO3-like, and that of x = 1 in orthorhombic structure. The electrical conductivity of SrSn1_xFex03 increases with the increasing Fe content and reaches a value of about 10-1 S/cm at 25 °C in air for x = 1. Compounds with low Fe content exhibit both ionic and electronic conductivity, while the higher Fe content 0.5) perovskites are electronic conductors over a wide range of oxygen partial pressure of 10-22? 0.21 atm at 750 °C.

Jan 1, 2005

By T. P. R. de Jong, H. Harbeck

"This contribution reports recent mineral sorting experience and lists the opportunities of the newest generation of automatic sorters with a special focus on electromagnetic detection and Xray transmission. With the available sensor resolutions and actuator systems that are available today sorting of minerals down to 2 mm size and up to 250 mm lump size is technically feasible. In industry, ore as well as coal is still hand-picked and current automation potential only utilised in a handful of specific applications. Recently a number of technological developments took place that may increase sorting potential, save mill costs and lead to lower overall tonnage costs.They are:??High speed and high resolution sorting systems based on X-ray transmission imaging??High speed on-line image processing and further development of advanced data processing??Modular multi-sensor automatic sorting units (using one or more sensors such as colour, electromagnetic and X-ray in a single device)??Sensitive electromagnetic sensors for sorting based on differences in magnetic susceptibility and electric conductivityThe above enables compact dry separation, insensitive for moisture fluctuations and at high separation sharpness, as well as “electronic” high gradient magnetic separation for larger particles. Besides conventional X-ray transmission (XRT), dual-energy XRT (DE-XRT) is now being redesigned to meet the requirements of the mining industry. The mentioned technologies provide automatic dry separation of minerals and rock as alternative for conventional processing."

Jan 1, 2005

By R. Agius, A. Nacu

"Adoption of the International Cyanide Management Code, regulatory requirements and community concerns have increased the need to implement suitable cyanide destruction processes at gold operations to meet ever more stringent discharge limits. As standards set for the allowable concentrations of cyanide, cyanide compounds and other contaminants may vary from country to country, jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and even from site to site, there is no “one size fits all” technological solution. Currently the most common cyanide destruction processes used in industry are sulfur dioxide/oxygen, hydrogen peroxide and Caro’s acid. Regardless of the process used, cyanide destruction plants must be reliable and achieve permit guidelines at all times. The selection of the most appropriate cyanide destruction process for an operation depends on several factors, including permit discharge requirements, tailings chemistry, location, site-specific climatic conditions and size of the operation. Only after considering all these factors together can the most effective approach be selected to achieve the permit guidelines economically and technically feasible. Finally performing the correct test work program is the most important step to ensure that the correct process design criteria can be determined to accurately calculate capital and operating costs.IntroductionThe adoption of the International Cyanide Management Code in 2005, stricter regulatory requirements and community concerns prompted by environmental incidents involving cyanide have increased the need to implement cyanide destruction processes at gold and silver operations.Process solutions associated with the extraction of gold and silver contain several forms of cyanide. The most toxic form of cyanide is free cyanide, which can be present as a dissociated cyanide anion (CN-) or gaseous or aqueous HCN. Weak or moderately stable cyanide complexes such as those of zinc, copper and nickel are classified as weak acid dissociable (CNWAD). Although less toxic than free cyanide, weak acid dissociable cyanide complexes are considered “ecologically sensitive” forms of cyanide and are regulated in most jurisdictions. In practice, reported WAD cyanide values are comprised of both free cyanide and weak acid dissociable cyanide complexes. Cyanide complexes with gold, mercury, cobalt and iron are referred to as strong acid dissociable complexes (CNSAD) and are much more stable even under mildly acidic conditions. Another term commonly used in cyanide chemistry is total cyanide, which represents all cyanide compounds present in solution, with the exception of cobalt complexes. Total cyanide levels in solutions are in most cases higher than WAD cyanide values and the difference between the two usually indicates the presence of iron-cyanide compounds. Typically, in Canada CNTOTAL levels cannot exceed 1 mg/L in solutions."

Jan 1, 2017

By R. Bruce Ferguson

"The Kettle River Operation of Echo Bay Minerals Company is located about thirty kilometers north of the town of Republic in northeastern Washington State. In tum, Republic is about a hundred and seventy kilometers north and a little west of the city of Spokane, Washington. It is also about fifty kilometers south of the town of Grand Forks, BC, Canada. At this time it is the only gold mining and milling operation in the State.Tailings are stored in a double lined, zero discharge facility. It became evident in mid 1996 that the rate of free water accumulation in the tailings pond was going to result in the level in the pond reaching its permitted freeboard elevation long before the solids plus pore water capacity was reached.We then embarked on a mission to manage tailings pond water on several fronts: reduce fresh water usage in the process, divert spring seeps and surface runoff and install a system to enhance evaporation.IntroductionThe Republic area is an historic gold mining district. Hecla operated its Republic unit from 1892 until closure in 1994. The Kettle River Operation processing plant is located in the San Poi! river valley at an elevation of just under a thousand meters. The facility consists of a ninety thousand ton ore storage pad as the mines are remote and truck haulage is subject to interruption due to weather and road restrictions, jaw and cone crushing with screening, rod and ball milling to an eighty percent passing size of seventy five microns. This is followed by preaeration with high purity oxygen supplied by a vacuum pressure swing adsorption plant plus lead nitrate addition to achieve passivation of the sulfide mineralization such as chalcopyrite, pyrite and pyrrhotite. Conventional cyanide leaching and carbon in pulp adsorption completes the loop. Tailings are treated with air/S02 to achieve cyanide destruction. Plant capacity is 1,815 tons per day. Our license requires that there be no detectable free cyanide in the tailings pond water and a maximum of forty parts per million weak acid dissociable cyanide. The operation started in 1989 with production from the Overlook Mine located about five kilometers further up the same valley at an elevation of twelve hundred meters, hence the location of the mill. Current mine production comes from Lamefoot in the Curlew Lake valley, about ten kilometers distant, and K2 in the Kettle River valley about fifty kilometers away. Both are at an elevation of about 800 meters. Lamefoot produces 1,360 tons per day and K2, 455. Both are underground operations."

Jan 1, 1998

By K. Dinh

The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has been studied for a long time as a non-destructive evaluation (NDE) technology for inspection of concrete structures. Currently, the most widely used technique for interpreting GPR data of concrete bridge decks is the one that based on the amplitudes measured at various interfaces such as asphalt-concrete, top rebar, or slab bottom. The assumption behind this technique is that a sound concrete deck should have the same reflection amplitude at these interfaces while any low number would indicate some sign of deterioration. Unfortunately, this assumption is not completely valid in most cases. As a consequence, the reported test results usually do not reflect real condition of concrete bridge decks in question. The main goal of this paper is therefore twofold: (1) to discuss the limitations of the amplitude analysis method, and (2) to propose a new model that interprets GPR data of concrete bridge decks. The model methodology is based on the comparison of GPR A-scans between two inspections, using the so-called correlation analysis. The results, indicated by the correlation coefficients, are then employed to develop a contour map that estimates different levels of deterioration. The model is then implemented to a case study in order to illustrate its methodology.

Aug 1, 2013

By A. Djebara

Today, indoor air quality, especially in manufacturing industries, is of great interest due to the use of new processes and advanced materials such as those containing nanoparticles. Manufacturing processes generate aerosols (dry or wet) which can be detrimental to occupational health and safety and to the environment. Controlling metallic particle emissions during machining processes should limit their formation at the source, and thus minimize the risk of exposure; this at-source reduction requires the characterization of the particle emitted (size, nature, concentration, etc). The metrics normally used in characterizing fine and ultrafine particles include the mass concentration, the specific surface and the number concentration. Most of these metrics are affected by the size, the geometry and the density of the measured particles. Information about the form and the real size of the particles is thus very important. A procedure for collecting and characterizing fine and ultrafine metallic particles was developed and applied to the study of particles emission during the machining of aluminum alloys. It was found that metallic particles emitted during the machining of aluminum alloys are of various shapes and sizes, and this information must be taken into account when characterizing these particles.

Jan 1, 2011

By F. Chiesa

Experimental results on thin and thick castings poured in aluminum A356 and magnesium AZ91E by the low pressure permanent mold process have been compared to the result of filling simulations for thin and thick castings. If the results of modeling is reliable when the liquid remains above the liquidus temperature, this is no longer the case when partial solidification occurs. The visco-elastic behavior of a partially solidified liquid is difficult to put into equation as it depends on the amount of shear it has been been subjected to. Attempts to predict misruns with a commercial software has been proven to be very difficult if not impossible; divergence of the numerical solution has been observed unless prohibitively long computing times are used. In order to overcome these difficulties from a practical standpoint, a simple method is proposed which consists in tracking the temperature of the advancing liquid metal front so as to make sure it will always be above so-called `Misrun Critical Temperature' (MCT) determined experimentally for thin and thick aluminum A356 and magnesium AZ91E castings. If the liquid metal front falls below this temperature, a cold-shut or misrun is likely to happen at this location. The values of MCT for thin and thick in aluminum A356 and magnesium AZ91E were determined experimentally on misrun castings of extreme geometries (a thin 2.5 mm wall cover and a 6mm to 25 mm thick bell housing). MCT was found to be lower for magnesium AZ91E and for the thicker castings.

Jan 1, 2011

By G. Scamans, J. Lazaro-Nebreda, Z. Fan, J. B. Patel

"Melt quality is crucial for both continuous and shape casting of light alloys and in order to improve it, removal of excessive inclusions, accumulated impurities and unwanted gases becomes necessary. To address this problem, a new multi-purpose high shear liquid metal treatment technology, based on intensive melt shearing by a rotor/stator unit, has been developed. The device ensures achieving uniform temperature and chemical composition and an efficient dispersion of gas and solid phases in the melt with minimal disturbance of melt surface, and can be used, among other things, for de-gassing and de-ironing of Al-alloy melts. Efficient degassing is achieved by dispersing each argon bubble into many small ones, which significantly increases the overall surface area of the bubbles and the time they remain in the melt capturing hydrogen before reaching the surface. This allows using much lower inert gas flow and mixing times than conventional rotary degassing. When applied to Al-alloy scrap, with accumulated iron, the high shear melt treatment speeds up the nucleation and growth of primary Fe-rich intermetallic particles, allowing a faster removal rate. Therefore it reduces processing times, increasing recycling productivity, and facilitates full metal circulation of secondary Al-alloys.INTRODUCTION Aluminium and magnesium alloys are widely considered in various industrial sectors for the purpose of weight saving (Polmear, 1995). In particular, they are used in the automotive sector, where components are mostly manufactured by high pressure die casting (HPDC) because of its simplicity and relatively low cost, but efficiency and mechanical properties are quite low compared with other processes. To date, the main focus to overcome this problem has been for improving the HPDC machinery (Dahle, 2001) but little attention has been paid to the opportunities of controlling the nature and quality of the molten metal supplied to the die. In this way, liquid metal treatment, which involves a variety of physical and/or chemical processing methods to improve melt quality prior casting, is crucial for both continuous and shape casting products."

Jan 1, 2018

By W. E. Uren

The Dominion Coal Board was created by Statute passed on July 17th, 1947, and was brought into effect by proclamation on October 21st, 1947. It is, consequently, a comparatively young body, having been in existence for only eighteen months. Before dealing with the constitution and duties of the Board, it may be well to answer the unspoken question of why it has been considered necessary to single out coal as one specific mineral requiring the continuous attention of a specially created permanent Board. In Canada, coal has been the neglected sister of the more spectacular minerals and it comes as a surprise co many to note that in 1948 the value of the coal produced in Canada was higher than that of any other mineral with the one exception of gold. Coal touches upon our daily lives in many different places of which the public are not generally conscious. As household fuel, it is a necessity of life in this northern climate; as a source of steam, it provides the heat for most of our industries; it is the food of the 'iron horse' chat shuttles our persons and our goods across the land; it is the source of power in many parts of the country; it is the chemical reducing agent chat, in our furnaces, transmutes the metallic oxides to the virgin metal. Coal is, in fact, the indispensable mineral chat forms the corner-stone of our present structure of industrial civilization. Is it, then, such an odd thing that the provision of an adequate supply of coal should be a matter of national interest or that measures should have been taken by government co provide for a constant watch, by a permanent Board, on the supply of co al? ? The Board is the result of the recommendations of the Royal Commission on coal which made a long and detailed study of the Canadian coal problem. It is composed of a permanent Chairman and six part-time members, most of whom have had intimate contact with various phases of the industry.

Jan 1, 1949

By Robert E. Wood

Engineers have known for some time that the efficiency of filtering iron ore concentrate slurry can be significantly improved by pre-heating the slurry ahead of the filters. However, heating such large quantities of dense slurry by conventional means has proven to be inefficient and high-maintenance. Recently though, submerged combustion was considered by Altos Hornos de Mexico SA (AHMSA), an integrated steel producer in the state of Coahuila, Mexico, as a means of pre-heating their iron ore concentrate. The company toured many iron ore facilities in Brasil and Labrador, reviewing their heating processes, and concluded that submerged combustion could provide a competitive advantage through operational efficiency and lower capital cost than steam boilers. Inproheat was retained by the company to design and manufacture a SubCom slurry heating system to heat 403 m3/h of iron ore concentrate slurry from 25°C to 60°C. The 60GJ/h SubCom system consists of five natural gas combustion chambers mounted in an iron ore concentrate storage tank. The system features a heat recovery unit whereby the exhaust gases are used to preheat the incoming slurry stream, giving the system an overall thermal efficiency of 95%. As a result, the steel company expects to realise significant improvements in filtering efficiency which will enable them to increase the capacity of their pelletising plant without installing additional filters.

May 1, 2010