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By Z. Zhao, B. Li

"Fractures are the key channels for fluid flow and mass transport in fractured rocks of low/negligible matrix permeability. In single rock fractures, surface roughness causes fluid flow in tortuous paths, and reduces the overall fracture conductance. A number of empirical models have been proposed to relate the reduced hydraulic aperture to the mechanical aperture due to surface roughness, which were revisited and compared. Using two of those relationships between hydraulic apertures and mechanical apertures, we studied the influences of local surface roughness of fractures on fluid flow and solute transport processes at the macroscopic scales of fracture networks. The results show that fracture roughness can affect the flow rates and residence time to varying extent, mainly depending on the empirical models between hydraulic apertures and mechanical apertures. However, fracture roughness has negligible influences on the general patterns of fluid flow (channeling) and solute migration (e.g., travel paths and shape of breakthrough curves). This is because the connectivity of a fracture network is mainly determined by other geometrical parameters (fracture positions, orientations, and lengths), rather than roughness or apertures. INTRODUCTIONIn fractured crystalline rocks of low or negligible matrix permeability, fluid flow and contaminant migration mainly occur within the connected fractures. An understanding of fluid flow and contaminant migration in fractured rocks is a crucial issue in many deep underground projects, e.g. underground repositories for radioactive waste, CO2 sequestration, enhanced geothermal systems, oil and gas production, etc. Rock fractures are typically rough-walled, and surface roughness appears to have first order control on the mechanical and hydraulic behavior of single rock fractures (Boutt et al., 2006).It is well known that the mechanical aperture of a rock fracture is usually larger than its hydraulic aperture, due to fracture surface roughness (Tsang and Witherspoon, 1983). However, for naturally fractured rocks including numerous discontinuities, the effects of this reduced hydraulic aperture in local fractures on macroscopic fluid flow and solute transport in complex fracture systems still remain unclear. Many previous studies assumed identical hydraulic and mechanical apertures in discrete fracture network models for simplicity (Min et al., 2004; Zhao et al., 2011). Therefore, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the influences of local surface roughness of fractures on fluid flow and solute transport processes at the macroscopic scales of fracture networks, by employing the empirical models that relate the hydraulic aperture to the mechanical aperture."

Jan 1, 2015

By Marie-France Caille, Carl Caumartin

"Audrey Resources' Mobrun Mine is located in Dufresnoy Township some 30 km to the northeast of Rouyn-Noranda. The Mobrun tine deposits consist of two major massive sulphide lenses; the newly discovered 1100 lens located 450 m south of the Main zone, and one ntellite lens, the 850-870-930 complex.The 1100 lens is hosted in a large pyroclastic unit bounded to the mouth by rhyolite and andesite flows and by a thick rhyolite unit to the art h. stratigraphically belon the three lenses. It consists of approximately 15 Mt of massive sulphide, of which 10.4 Mt are of economic ade. The Main lens lies comformably above thick rhyolite flows, ecciated and pyritized by the sulphide horizon, and is overlain by ttercalated ash tuffs and rhyolites which host the over-lying satellite ns. The Main lens consists of 3,3 Mt of massive sulphide, of which 523 000 tgrade0.80% Cu, 2.44%Zn,30.19 g/t Ag, and2.2 g/t Au he richer satellite lens (180 000 t) is part of the same volcanic stem and resulted from a resurgence of hydrothermal activity. ructure played a role in the final geometry of the deposits but did not eatly affect the volcanogenic and stratabound nature of the lens. Total production since the start of operations in 1985 amounts to 58 000 t and is restricted to the Main lens. Production from the 100 will come onstream in 1992 as ore reserves from the Main and e satellite lenses are exhausted.RESUMELa Mine Mobrun de Ressources Audrey inc. est située dans le mton Dufresnoy, a quelque 30 km au nord-est de Rouyn-Noranda. lle comprend deux lentilles de sulfures massifs d’importance majeure ~i sont les lentilles 1100 et Principale, et une lentille satellite qui est complexe 850-870-930.La lentille 1100, la plus ancienne, est contenue dans une épaisse 1ite pyroclastique bordée, au sud, par des coulées de rhyolite et d’andésites, au nord, par une épaisse unité rhyolitique. Cette lentille contient environ 15 Mt de sulfures massifs dont 10,4 Mt à teneur économique. La lentille Principale repose sur d’épaisses coulées rhyolitiques brechifiees et pyritisees à proximité de l’horizon de sulfures; elle est recouverte de tufs a cendres et de rhyolites interlitees qui contiennent la lentille satellite. La lentille Principale est constitute de 3,3 M t de sulfures massifs dont 1 523 000 t sont économiques avec une teneur moyenne de 0,80% Cu, 2,44% Zn, 30,19 g/t Ag, et 2,2 glt Au. Faisant partie de ce second épisode volcanique, la riche lentille satellite (180 000 t) temoigne d’une recrudescence de l’activité hydrothermale. La structure joue un rôle important dans la géométrie finale des dépôts mais ellen' affecte pas, de fa~on significative, la nature volcan génique des lentilles. Depuis le début des opérations, en 1985, la production totale est d’environ 568 000 t, provenant essentiellement de la lentille Principale. La mise en production de la lentille 1100 est prévue pour 1992, alors que les réserves des lentilles Principale et Satellite seront probablement épuisés."

Jan 1, 1990

By A. Poitras

The Cummings Complex consists of three superposed sills, exhibiting a differentiation pattern: the lowest sill being the most basic and the highest sill, the most acid. Each sill is also characterized by an internal petrographic and geochemical variation which is evidence of differentiation due to fractional crystallization. The REE concentrations in the different units of the complex indicates that the three sills are comagmatic. The interpretation of these results permits the formulation of an emplacement model not previously proposed for this complex.

Jan 1, 1984

By Gérald Riverin, Bernard Boily, Daniel Bernard

"The Donalda gold deposit is located in the southern part of the Noranda camp, approximately 2 /em east of the Horne deposit. Combined past production and current reserves total over 1.5 Mt grading 6.9 grams of gold per tonne.The deposit consists of two main veins which are both narrow but persistent structures. The No 1 Vein, hosting about 80% of the gold ore, consists of an EW-striking banded quartz vein dipping on average 25° to the south. Although variable in thickness, it averages lessthan1 metre. TheNo2 Vein, located 300 m below the No 1 Vein, is similar to it except that it dips 50° south. Gold occurs mostly as fine native gold disseminated in quartz, with 2-3% pyrite and trace amounts of various sulphides and tellurides. The wall rocks are only weakly altered and mineralized with pyrite, hematite and sericite.Structurally, the Donalda deposit is centered on the Horne Creek fault (HCF) where the HCF is intersected by the ENE-trending DonaldaandCentralfaults.NorthoftheHCF,theNo1Veinishosted by the Quemont Rhyolite, whereas south of the HCF the vein is hosted by magnetic basalts and diorites of the Wilco Andesite Formation. The No 1 Vein extends across the HCF with only minor displacement, whereas the No 2 Vein has not yet been traced south of the HCF.A preliminary structural analysis of the mine shows that the HCF, which strikes 275° and dips 70° north in the mine area, has a reverse movement a lid that the flat dipping No 1 Vein is a tension vein. Both probably developed in response to the same stress conditions. Although the absolute age of the Donalda veins is not known, structural relationships indicate that they formed during the latest movements of the HCF, but prior to the intrusion of the Proterozoic D' Eldona Diabase. The occurrence along the HCF of gold-rich synvolcanic massive sulphides and much younger vein-type gold deposits (such as Donalda) indicates that the HCF was a very long-lived, deep-seated (?)structure which has controlled the circulation of gold-rich fluids over a long period of time."

Jan 1, 1990

By John R. Hayes, Kebbi A. Hughes, John Rowson, Peter E. R. Blanchard, Jeremiah C. Beam, Andrew P. Grosvenor, Arthur Situm

Uranium ore bodies contain elements within mineral phases that need to be disposed of responsibly. Solid waste can be placed in a tailings management facility (TMF) to contain the waste elements and limit interactions with the environment. It is important to understand how the chemistry of the tailings evolves throughout the lifetime of the operations that feed the TMF and after the site has been decommissioned. The objective of our collaboration with Orano Canada was to study how the tailings from the TMF located at McClean Lake, Saskatchewan change over time. This manuscript discusses our use of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray microprobe to study the fate of Mo and Ca in the tailings. Mo is considered an element of concern (EOC) and it is necessary to determine if a stable solid Mo-bearing species forms. Thermodynamic modeling suggested that aqueous Mo would precipitate over time as powellite (CaMoO4). Comparing Mo K-edge XAS spectra from the solid tailings to the aqueous Mo concentration in the pore water showed that powellite did form and that this did result in a decrease in the aqueous Mo concentration over time. Further, it has been proposed that Ca2+(aq) can react with bicarbonate ions in the pore water and precipitate as calcium carbonate (e.g., CaCO3). This reaction would limit the aqueous bicarbonate present in the tailings that could react with uranyl ions to form soluble uranyl-carbonate complexes. We have identified several trace Ca-bearing species, including carbonates, in the tailings using XAS and X-ray microprobe.

Jan 1, 2020

By Suman Giri

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) is a method of extracting appliance-level power consumption information from aggregate circuit-level data with the goal of giving users feedback regarding their energy consumption so they can take control of their consumption habits. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for classification of on and off states of appliances. We compare the performance of our algorithm in on state detection with a pervious paper that evaluated the same dataset and show that it performs up to 13% better. We also present the results of a case study where we collected data for different modes of a cooktop, microwave and dishwasher and used our algorithms to perform power estimation. The error on ten different setups in the test bed ranges from 1% to 32%. We discuss our results and lay out ideas for future work.

Aug 1, 2013

By I. Silin, M. Stapelmann, H. Wotruba, K. M. Hahn, C. Gerold, J. Katzmarzyk

New deposits are often characterized as low-grade and complex ore bodies. To date, processing of fine grained ore deposits implies complex processing routes with high energy consumption. For that reason, the investigation of dry grinding, e.g. with vertical roller mills (VRM), is an approach to save energy reserves. It is already proven that dry grinding can influence subsequent processing steps. In terms of flotation, the surface characteristics of the minerals are crucial for a successful flotation process, e.g. the sufficient adhesion of mineral particles and air bubbles. Wet grinding results in different surface properties of the product entering the conditioning stage than dry grinding, which has direct influences on the subsequent flotation process. To investigate the consequences for flotation, processing of a copper sulfide ore containing chalcopyrite and bornite was investigated, including grinding and rougher flotation. The effects of wet tumbling mill and dry VRM grinding on the degree of liberation of valuable minerals are characterized using mineral liberation analysis by scanning electron microscopy. The obtained flotation results, as well as the recorded flotation parameters such as dissolved oxygen, oxidation reduction potential and conductivity are presented and discussed. INTRODUCTION Copper production is mainly connected to porphyry copper deposits as main source for copper sulfides such as chalcopyrite and bornite. State-of-the-art processing of these deposits is already established worldwide for decades, combining crushing, fine grinding and subsequent flotation with rougher, cleaner and scavenger stages (del Villar, Desbiens, & Maldonado, Bouchard, 2010). While the demand for copper is increasing, copper grades of the deposits are decreasing and the remaining ore bodies have more complex mineralogy and finer particle size distribution. This implies processing routes with high water and – due to the liberation of fine grained valuable minerals – high energy consumption by fine grinding. One of the main energy consumers in processing plants is the grinding section, which accounts for more than 50% of the energy consumption in processing plants and even 4% of the worldwide energy consumption (Jeswiet, & Szekeres, 2016). Therefore, dry fine grinding alternatives are applied to enhance the overall energy consumption of mineral processing plants: high pressure grinding rolls (HPGR) and vertical roller mills (VRM).

Jan 1, 2019

By Jaeheon Lee, Junmo Ahn, Isabel F. Barton

"Newmont’s Mike prospect, currently undeveloped, is a blind Cu-Au(-Zn) deposit on the Carlin Trend, containing >8.5 M oz. Au, 1027 M lbs. Cu, and 809 M lbs. Zn as Carlin-type gold and polymetallic Cu-Zn minerals in Paleozoic lower-plate carbonates and shales. This project was undertaken 1) to examine the effectiveness of different lixiviants for leaching the Mike supergene Cu-Au ores via bottle roll tests, and 2) to determine what ore minerals resist dissolution in each leaching agent by comparing the mineralogy and chemistry of head and tail samples. Sulfuric and sulfurous acids were used to leach copper and cyanide was used to leach gold. Thiourea, glycine, and other lixiviants were used to leach both base metals and precious metal. QEMSCAN and SEM study of six samples of different ore types and grades indicate that the Au occurs as varieties of native gold, including auricupride and electrum. Major Cu minerals are native Cu, cuprite, malachite, chrysocolla, and conichalcite (Ca-Cu arsenate), with locally significant Cu in jarosite and goethite. Gangue mineralogy is dominated by quartz, sericite, chlorite, alunite, smectite and kaolinite, K-feldspar, and iron oxides (sensu lato). Results of bottle roll tests and leach residue mineralogy will be presented and discussed at the conference.INTRODUCTION Resource and Geologic Setting The Mike deposit is a large, blind Cu-Au(-Zn) deposit in the Maggie Creek district of the Carlin Trend of Nevada, USA, near the Gold Quarry mine (Figure 1). The mineral inventory, based on drilling, is 8.568 Moz. Au, 1027 M lbs. Cu, and 809 M lbs. Zn at average grades of 0.72 g/t Au, 0.34 wt% Cu, and 2.13 wt% Zn (inventory for a cone at $400/oz Au and $0.80/lb Cu by Norby and Orobona, 2002)."

Jan 1, 2017

By A. Ingelson

Conflict over mineral development and its impacts on indigenous peoples occurs in many countries around the world. Canada, Bolivia and Peru have experienced mine development for centuries in areas where indigenous communities have been and continue to be affected by the mining industry. On a global basis the mining industry continues to face the challenge of implementing meaningful consultation programs with indigenous peoples. Many governments around the world have adopted sustainable development as a policy and one important element of sustainable development is minimizing social conflict. John Moffet and Francois Bregha (Moffet & Bregha, 1996), in their analysis of the role of law reform in promoting sustainable development, noted that stakeholder participation can reduce this type of conflict. Social conflict can result in expensive litigation and costly project delays for mine developers. Meaningful consultation with indigenous peoples in areas where mine development is proposed can be a critical factor in securing a social licence to operate. A report released by the United Nations in 2005, outlined the elements of a concept called ?free, prior informed consent? (FPIC) that promotes more sustainable development. FPIC provides that mineral exploration and mining should not proceed unless the mining company has secured the consent of the relevant indigenous group(s). This paper employs a comparative approach to evaluate the extent to which three active mining nations, Canada, Bolivia and Peru, require consultation with indigenous residents and adhere to the principle of FPIC. The comparative approach assists in the identification of those consultation elements in the legal regimes of each country that can minimize social conflict in mineral exploration and mine development and therefore contribute to more sustainable development. First, we examine the legal requirements to consult with and accommodate indigenous communities in Canada, a country with a long history of mineral development over a large geographic area that has entrenched in its Constitution the protection of indigenous peoples? rights. We then turn to an analysis of Bolivia, one of the most indigenously conscious mining jurisdictions that has followed the Canadian lead in entrenching constitutional protection for indigenous peoples. Third, the approach to consultation with indigenous peoples in Peru, a nation that has not adopted the Canadian and Bolivian approaches to constitutional protection of indigenous peoples rights, is considered.

Aug 1, 2013

By J. Contreras

In the period 2003-2004, the situation of the copper concentrate market was unfavourable for smelters and refineries, with low TC/RC values and euro-dollar parity affecting European companies negatively. Within this scenario, Atlantic Copper decided to develop a plan to increase its competitiveness and to improve its results in these market circumstances. The plan affected all departments in the Company and was based mainly on cost reduction in energy and manpower. A general analysis of the Complex's overall efficiency was carried out and, based on this analysis, two major Projects emerged, "Primavera" and "KF". Each Project consisted of smaller sub-projects which aimed at improving the areas which could perform better according to our general analysis. The paper describes how this entire project developed and the final results obtained by the Company.

Jan 1, 2007

By Andrea Lisjak

The mechanical behaviour of Opalinus Clay, an indurated over-consolidated argillaceous rock, is heavily influenced by the presence of preferably oriented bedding planes. The objective of this study is to illustrate a new modeling approach aimed at capturing the bedding-induced anisotropy of Opalinus Clay as observed in the laboratory and in situ. The combined finite-discrete element method (FEM/DEM) is employed as the main simulation tool. FEM/DEM is a numerical method that models material damage processes by explicitly considering fracture nucleation and propagation. A transversely isotropic elastic constitutive law is used to account for different elastic property values in the direction parallel and perpendicular to the layering, while strength anisotropy is captured using a directional cohesive fracture model. Quantitative calibration and validation of the model is based on laboratory results of indirect tensile tests and uniaxial compression tests. Emergent strength and deformation properties, together with the simulated damage mechanisms, are shown to be in good agreement with experimental observations. Preliminary results relative to the analysis of a circular tunnel show that the approach is able to reproduce the main Excavation Damaged Zone (EDZ) formation mechanisms as observed in the field.

Jun 1, 2012

By E. S. Moore

Introduction The geology of the Sudbury nickel field has been studied extensively, but there are few reports dealing with the structure of the interior of the basin. It was not until the Treadwell-Yukon zinc-lead deposits were discovered that attention was strongly directed toward the large-scale faulting that has split the basin parallel to its long axis. This faulting has been responsible for the , ore deposits in the basin and it may be regarded in many ways as the most important geological event, next to the intrusion and differentiation of the nickel eruptive sheet, that has occurred in the Sudbury region. The early reports on the nickel region by Bell, and Barlow, were chiefly concerned with the nickel-copper ores and with the formations of the region. Coleman was the first geologist to map the nickel eruptive as a continuous sheet around the belt and to emphasize its basin character. On the map accompanying his later report, he shows an important offset in the nickel eruptive at its southwest end, where the large fault cuts this portion of the basin, but the fault was not traced into its interior, as little detailed work was clone in the basin at that time. No ore-bodies had been developed outside of the nickel-copper deposits associated with the norite when the map was prepared, and attention was mostly concentrated on the nickel eruptive. Coleman did, however, map and name the various formations found within the basin and, in general, his delineation of these has remained the standard for prospectors and other workers in the field until the present day.

Jan 1, 1930

By J. Coffin, M. Muinonen, D. Fragomeni, R. Multani, C. Deredin

"Rejection of pyrrhotite from pentlandite is of critical importance to the economics of nickel concentrate production and the main goal of the Strathcona milling operations. A joint team of XPS, Glencore Technology and Strathcona Mill personnel executed a comprehensive program of work to develop and implement strategies for increased Po rejection with focus on challenging ores containing high feed Po/Pn ratios (> 7) and significant hexagonal Po content (> 40% of total Po). This paper describes the team results including minerology, bench-scale flotation tests, and plant validation tests and modeling that have defined the path forward to improving the metallurgical performance and economics of the mill operation. Techniques to quantify hexagonal and monoclinic pyrrhotites were developed at XPS to assess the differences in their metallurgical behavior since their flotation responses are quite different. Mineralogical tools including QEMScan were extensively used to determine mineral liberation, associations, optimum grind size, and nickel deportment into pentlandite, pyrrhotite and non-sulphide gangue. Several reagents/strategies were evaluated during bench-scale flotation testing to significantly increase Po rejection. A significant shift in the Po-Pn selectivity and grade recovery curves was achieved using several strategies including the use of DETA and sodium metabisulfite, and regrind of the rougher concentrate and rougher cleaner/rougher tails.INTRODUCTION The Strathcona Mill is owned and operated by Glencore Nickel – Sudbury Integrated Nickel Operations and has been processing Ni-Cu ores from the Sudbury Basin since 1968 (valuable sulphides: pentlandite (Pn) – (Ni,Fe)9S8 and chalcopyrite (Cp) – CuFeS2). Currently Strathcona Mill receives ore mined from two main sources in the Sudbury area and produces two concentrate streams – a nickel-copper concentrate that is shipped to the Sudbury Smelter and a copper concentrate that is sent to the Fonderie Horne (Glencore Copper, Rouyn-Noranda). The general flowsheet currently used at Strathcona is displayed in Figure 1. It is highlighted by separate feed circuits for regular grade Ni ores and high grade copper ores. The copper circuit has a preflotation stage prior to a rougher-scavenger stage, a copper-nickel separation circuit, and a pyrrhotite (Po) rejection circuit."

Jan 1, 2018

By Donald S. Macdonald

"I AM thankful for this opportunity to address the Toronto Branch of The Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. The Members of your Institute can have a great influence on the direction in which the mineral policies of Canada will evolve, and to assure that optimum benefits from our country's vast mineral resources will accrue to the nation as a whole and to all its citizens. Today, I want to: (1) offer an outlook on the mineral industry for 1973; (2) talk briefly about the role of minerals in the total economy; and (3) outline some of our thinking with respect to a national minerals policy for Canada."

Jan 1, 1973

By Ian Sherrell, Michael Pirie, Riddhika Jain

"Conventionally, direct reduced iron (DRI) mixed with char from rotary furnace discharge is cooled down before separating the char via magnetic separator. The DRI must then be reheated for further downstream processing (i.e. smelting). Outotec has developed the PyroMagTM specifically to conserve thermal energy during this separation process. DRI is cleaned by feeding hot particles directly after reduction onto a rotating surface just above a stationary magnet assembly. This allows hot feeding of the clean DRI to the downstream equipment which renders the entire process more energy efficient.Continuous testing of the PyroMagTM was performed to verify design and separation. Because the use of DRI/char was not practical for test use, the pilot plant testing was conducted using a magnetite/sand mixture heated up to and beyond the Curie temperature of magnetite. The separation was efficient for both cold and hot processing with recoveries varying from 98.6% to 99.74%. As expected, the recoveries decreased to as low as 83.99% as the temperature was increased beyond the curie temperature of magnetite (585°C). Long term separation was thermally efficient and sustainable.INTRODUCTIONMagnetic drum separators are widely used in the mineral processing industry. These low to high intensity magnetic separators are used to concentrate various magnetic material, such as iron ore, and less magnetic materials, such as ilmenite and garnet from silica and other contaminantsThere are multiple classes of magnetism based on the effect that each material displays while in and out of a magnetic field. In a simplified fashion, which is more appropriate for mineral processing, the magnetic susceptibility of a mineral is used to define it as being ferromagnetic, paramagnetic or nonmagnetic. In this respect, minerals with varying degree of magnetic susceptibility can be selectively separated with different types of magnetic separation equipment in different stages of a process flow sheet. The lower strength magnets are employed early in the process to remove highly magnetic fractions. Later stages utilize greater magnetic fields for capture of less magnetically susceptible material."

Jan 1, 2016

By C. Samuelsson, G. Carlsson

Characterization of dust from Boliden Mineral AB’s copper-plant in Sweden was carried out using chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, energy dispersive analysis and wave length analysis using electron microprobe equipment. Dust from four different locations was characterized: the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) after the roasting furnace; the ESP after the copper smelting furnace; from the copper converter ventilation bag house filter; and from the bag house filter collecting dust from the settling furnace and tap gas ventilation. The results showed that the dust is composed of small solid and/or liquid particles from the furnace reactor which have been transported with the process gas to the dust collecting devices. This portion of the dust is mechanically formed. It also contains compounds that have been vaporized in the process and then condensed from the process gas at lower temperature, chemically formed dust. The proportion of mechanical and chemical dust varies with the process generating the dust.

Jan 1, 2001

Iron deposits of every major type except laterite occur in Quebec, and form one of the major iron ore resources of the world. The five principal types of ore described are: (1) hematite-goethite masses derived from iron formation through the oxidation and enrichment of iron by natural processes; (2) taconites consisting of fine-grained iron formation; (3) metataconites composed of coarse-grained iron formation; (4) iron and titanium oxide minerals in massive or disseminateed deposits within gabbro and anorthositic rocks; and (5) replacement or contact? metasomatic magnetite deposits associated with complex silicate and skarn mineral assemblages. Most of the ore, although relatively low grade, is easy to concentrate. The physical properties of the ores that affect the choice and efficiency of beneficiation methods are described. The extent to which iron ore from this area can be utilized in the future will depend on the continued use and improvement of highly efficient methods of beneficiation.

Jan 1, 1964

By H. F. Maulson

For the benefit of those who are not familiar with the history of the western Provinces-Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta-as regards our natural resources, a few words of explanation may be in order before taking up the consideration of the Mines Act of 1930. In 1867, The British North America Act was passed by the Imperial Parliament. That Act, which is our constitution, created a union between the provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Upper and Lower Canada (now known as Ontario and Quebec respectively) under the name of the Dominion of Canada. Provision was made therein for embracing other parts of Canada from time to time. That portion of Canada which today comprises the Provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta and the lands to the north of them, was then known as Ruperts Land and the North West Territory. In the year 1670, King Charles II had granted by Letters Patent to Prince Rupert and his associates, known as ?The Governor & Company of Gentlemen Adventurers of England, Trading into Hudson's Bay?, commonly known as the Hudson's Bay Company, the lands and territories therein described, being roughly all the lands adjacent to and west of Hudson's bay; also the gold and silver to be found or discovered therein and other rights as more fully described in said Letters Patent. The land so granted was called 'Ruperts Land'.

Jan 1, 1930

By S. Jain

Construction industry is considered as labour intensive, having shortage of skilled labour, unsafe with large number of industrial accidents. Construction industry requires high technology automation products (Robots) for improving productivity, safety, quality etc. Robots are developed by various countries in different areas like demolition, earthwork, bridge, tunnels, road work, underwater works, trenches and piping, maintenance etc. however they are still not used to their full potential by construction industry. Hence in this paper, the authors propose a ?model for adoption? of robots in construction industry. This model considers how a construction firm will adopt full scale robots like manually controlled machine, tele-controlled machines, computer controlled machines and cognitive robots and assimilate them through various stages.

Aug 1, 2013

By M. Isac, R. I. L. Guthrie, S. Ge

The Al-Mg-Sc-Zr alloys have shown exceptional potential as structural materials for transportation applications. These alloys have proved to be good candidates to be processed as thin strips via the Horizontal Single Belt Casting (HSBC) process. The HSBC process is a near-net-shape casting technology, which involves casting molten metal directly into thin strips, close to the final product thickness, at high cooling rates. It offers an efficient, economical and environmentally-friendly approach to the production of metal strips. Fluid mechanics and associated heat transfer are important aspects of any casting process, and the novel HSBC process is no exception. Three dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations using ANSYS FLUENT 14.5 were performed, in order to assess the importance and effects of the various operational conditions of the HSBC process. This enabled process parameter optimization. Numerical predictions were validated against experimental casting results.

Jan 1, 2014