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By Gaby Steinbach

A novel synthesis is described for the preparation of supported gold catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation. The novel route is a variation of the inverse co-precipitation method and requires amphoteric metal hydroxides, with zinc and aluminium hydroxides chosen. Catalysts were prepared by inverse co-precipitation (ICPa) and by the novel route (ICPb) and tested for CO oxidation at 60ºC. Preliminary results showed the novel route to be superior to ICPa; the catalysts prepared by ICPb showed higher catalytic activities. The effect on catalytic activity of parameters such as pH, calcination temperature, washing of precursor and calcined catalysts and ageing was investigated. A preparation pH of 9 and a Zn to Al mass ratio of 3 proved to be optimal. It was possible to remove residual chloride by washing thereby enhancing catalyst performance. Ageing and Mg citrate addition were also shown to improve catalyst performance. Characterization of the catalysts revealed that better activities were obtained when the support was more crystalline and had a higher surface area. The presence of carbonate-containing species in the support decreased catalytic activity. 197Au Mössbauer Spectroscopy revealed the presence of Au3+ when catalysts were heat-treated at temperatures of 200ºC and below. Catalysts calcined at 400º had 75% of the gold present as Au0, with the remaining gold present as Au3+.

Oct 1, 2003

By Ch. Enkhbold

Underground mining of minerals is becoming an increasingly complicated technological and ecological problem. It can be explained both by worsening of geological conditions of mining and by a specific character of mining industry, which, in contrast to processing branches of industry, intrudes into one of principal components of the nature ? the Earth's interior. At a traditional organization of mining industry, the entire volume of the produced rock mass is brought to the Earth's surface, where valuable components are extracted. This entails not only power over expenditure for long-distance transfer (especially in the vertical direction) of the waste rock forming a part of the original mineral, but also the formation of huge volumes of worked-out spaces. The latter leads (nature cannot stand emptiness!) to an irreversible development of geomechanical processes of shifting of overlying rock masses resulting in an irreparable damage of all surface structures located on the territory undermined by deep mining. Owing to their high productivity combined with low power consumption and instrumental compactness, novel bifunctional technological processes of minerals dressing successfully solve the problem of rock mass processing in underground conditions with subsequent operative disposal of final tailings of such underground dressing in the worked-out space. Besides, an integration of two processes into one is achieved, for example, a decrease in the rock mass coarseness with a simultaneous precise separation of valuable and waste components.

Aug 1, 2013

By D. G. Klaren, E. F. de Boer

Self-cleaning fluidized bed heat exchangers have demonstrated unparalleled performance internationally for the implementation of indirect heat transfer in severely fouling fluid environments. The ingenious configuration of recirculated cleaning particles through the tubes of vertical shell and tube heat exchangers provides the ability to solve any problems that arise as a consequence of tube-side fouling during indirect heat transfer to process fluids or slurries. In most cases, the cleaning particles consist of chopped metal wire, however other process-specific materials have been used. In addition to the mitigation of fouling effects, a number of other significant benefits for slurry heating are afforded by the mode of operation of the self-cleaning fluidized bed heat exchangers. Increased turbulence at the slurry/tube interface is imparted by the action of the fluidised particles, resulting in very high heat transfers at relatively low liquid velocities. Furthermore, given the thixotropic nature of most process slurries, the action of the fluidised particles imparts additional shear to the process slurry, resulting in shear thinning effects with a consequent reduction in pressure drop and enhancement of heat transfer across the heat exchanger. The benefits provided by the self-cleaning fluidized bed heat exchanger make it the ideal option for the indirect heating of laterite nickel slurry for High-Pressure-Acid-Leach (HPAL) plants. This article explains the principle and application of the self-cleaning fluidized bed heat exchanger technology for the processing of laterite nickel and cobalt slurries in HPAL plants. It also presents an elegant method to revamp existing direct heated laterite nickel and cobalt processing plants into an indirect heated configuration employing self-cleaning fluidized bed heat exchangers.

Jan 1, 2004

By J. P. Dick

THIS paper is a description of the milling practice and metallurgy at the Moneta Porcupine mine, Timmins, Ontario. The results obtained with an all-cyanide circuit and later with flotation followed by cyanidation are described. The ?investigation which prompted the various changes in milling practice have also been dealt with. Moneta ore is possibly the most refractory now being milled in the Porcupine district. This is due to the ultra fine state in which the gold occurs and to its intimate association with pyrite. No doubt there is ore of similar characteristics on the neighbouring properties but it probably forms only a small portion of the tonnage being mined, whereas at Moneta the bulk of the ore requires an extremely fine grind to liberate the gold. The fineness to which an ore can be ground economically has gone far beyond what was thought to be the limit only a few years ago. Formerly, a set of standard screens was all that was required to measure the fineness to which an ore was ground. At present, the Haultain infrasizer is practically indispensable, and the nominal micron has become a familiar unit of measurement to all those dealing with the problems of fine grinding.

Jan 1, 1941

By P. Woo, N. Brodusch, R. Gauvin, H. Demers

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was primary developed for imaging applications. With the introduction of the Si(Li) energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), simultaneous imaging and x-ray microanalysis became possible. However, long working distance and high current were needed because the position and small solid angle of the EDS detector. The high spatial resolution is generally obtained at short working distance with a SEM. Unfortunately x-ray microanalysis is never performed in the best imaging conditions. The annular silicon drift detector system is inserted below the objective lens which gives a higher solid angle (up to 1.3 sr). In consequence, a lower working distance and probe current can be used. An improved spatial resolution becomes possible during x-ray microanalysis. With this x-ray detector installed on a cold-field emission scanning electron microscope, quantitative x-ray microanalysis with high spatial resolution at low beam energy and low current becomes possible with the possibility of using the various different type of imaging at the same time. Also, since the count rate can be as high as 1,500 kcps, which lowers significantly the detection limit of elements as well as the minimum feature sizes of different phases that can be distinguished.

Jan 1, 2014

By T. Loos

The Norddeutsche Affinerie operates an Outokumpu-Flash-Furnace as a smelting unit. The pyrometallurgical slag cleaning process is based on the slag reduction and settling in the electric furnace. Since 1972 when the slag cleaning furnace was built the throughput could be increased fourfold. However, an extensive optimisation effort is required in order to keep the copper loss low. A parameter study with a neuronal network model based on real process data was conducted to identify parameters impacting on the copper loss in the slag. It could be demonstrated that the main parameters responsible for copper loss in the final slag are fixed parameters of the flash furnace. For a better understanding of the copper loss in the electric furnace microscopic analyses of the slag structure and viscosity measurements were performed. Based on these results the reduction and settling of the copper containing droplets could be increased in both pilot plant studies and industrial scale. 4

Jan 1, 2007

By Brett Triffett, Mark Weidenbach, Christopher Treloar

OZ Minerals owns and operates the Prominent Hill copper-gold concentrator in South Australia, built in 2008 and commissioned in early 2009. The concentrator operates via semi autogenous grinding in a thirty four foot ThyssenKrupp Polysius mill followed by a twenty four foot Polysius ball mill in closed circuit with hydro cyclones, designed for an ore throughput of eight million tonnes per annum. The main aspects of designing the circuit are discussed along with the issues faced in the early stages of operation. A review of the optimization strategy applied to the milling circuit such as cyclone optimization, advanced process control strategy implementation and reline management to improve availability is then discussed highlighting areas of significant process improvement that have seen the plant exceed nameplate throughputs above nine million tonnes per annum.

Jan 1, 2012

By Longjiang Li, Song Mao, Zhengyang Qiao, Qin Zhang, Guizhou University, Ling Wang

"After a study on the advantages and disadvantages of flotation column, according to the limitation of ordinary flotation column only is used for a flotation of microgranular minerals, the paper designed a new kind of layered convection coarse particle flotation column.Using a bauxite to test the rationality of the flotation column.The test results show that the new layered convection coarse particle flotation column is feasible.It has certain advantages about coarse particles flotation.INTRODUCTIONFlotation column has many advantages, for example,a simple structure, high efficiency and energy saving, the obvious advantage of fine particles flotation , the index superior and so on. The advantages gradually getting people's recognition. Research of flotation column has been a breakthrough, however, due to it only is used for the flotation of microgranular minerals, and the microgranular mineral particles will lead to a series of problems, and makes the processing cost is increased. Due to increase grinding fineness can save the grinding time and reduce the cost of grinding, also can avoid the disadvantage of fairly granular mineral particles cause a deterioration in the flotation. So it is necessary to research a kind of coarse particle flotation column.After a research on the advantages and disadvantages of flotation column, the authors designed and manufactured a new layered convection coarse particle flotation column, the flotation column both in theory and operation is better than flotation machine.DESIGN OF THE LAYERED CONVECTION COARSE PARTICLE FLOTATION COLUMNAdvantages and Disadvantages of the Traditional Flotation ColumnIn the field of mineral processing, as the increasing proportion of ore that has low grade, fine dissemination size, complex mineral composition characteristics. The limitations of traditional flotation machine is increasing[1],for instance, the high energy consumption, severe wear, inconvenient configuration , large amount of maintenance and so on. Compared with flotation machine, the flotation column with high separation efficiency, low investment and production cost, covers a less area low installation cost, less reagent dosage, more suitable for separation of fine particles and can automatically control, etc[2]. At present, the ore is facing the world energy crisis situation, and becoming increasingly difficult to flotation. So it is important to invent a coarse particle flotation column."

Jan 1, 2016

By M. Vallée

"RÉSUMÉDurant les 10 dernières années, les améliorations dans le contrôle des limites des sautages et les arpentages après l’exploitation ont fourni des informations préalables et post facto sur les limites minières réalisées par rapport à la planification, plus particulièrement pour les grands chantiers exploités par les méthodes chambres vides et sous-niveaux. Cependant, peu de recherches ont été faites pour améliorer la délimitation du minerai, l’estimation des ressources et des réserves, les études de faisabilité et la récupération minière dans d’autres types de gisements. Il faudra d’abord expliciter les impacts des lacunes, en quantité et en qualité, de l’information géologique et de l’échantillonnage sur le rendement de l’extraction. Il faudra également remplacer la notion de « dilution générale » par celles de « dilution » et de « perte de minerai ». Les impacts des lacunes observées sur l’exploitation des gisements d’or filoniens sont démontrés par une simulation basée sur des résultats d’études antérieures à la mine Thompson d’Inco, des impacts financiers de densités d’information moindre et par des analyses des valeurs actualisées nettes (VAN) de deux cas types.Deux gisements similaires, de 3 m et 6 m de largeur et exploités par chambres vides sont étudiés, en prenant pour cas de base la délimitation sur maille de 7,5 m (25 pi.) et en étudiant les impacts des limites moins précises supportées par une maille de 15 m (50 pi.), en assumant que ces imprécisions moyennes de +/- 0,62 m se transforment soit en surestimation (dilution), soit en sous-estimation (pertes de minerai).Les impacts d’information moins précise ont été beaucoup plus forts sur le gisement plus étroit : autant la dilution que les pertes de métal ont diminué les VAN du gisement de 3 m de 39,27 % et 45,41 % respectivement, tandis que les VAN du gisement de 6 m ont été diminuées que de 12,84 % et 11,55 %.Ces impacts des valeurs actualisées nettes diminuées justifient et exigent des efforts plus systématiques pour s’assurer que les travaux de mise en valeur et les études de faisabilité soient réalisés de façon requise pour optimiser l’exploitation et offrir aux investisseurs des rendements compétitifs par rapport à ceux des autres secteurs industriels. ABSTRACTDuring the past 10 years, research work to improve the survey of stope limits after mining supplied useful information, particularly for large open and sub-level stopes, regarding waste dilution caused by differences between final production limits and planned stope limits.However, the efficiency of this information to improve the overall efficiency of the mining process is limited, given that the impacts of inaccurate ore limits leading to dilution (sensu stricto) and ore losses have not been considered adequately. Geological/sampling information should be optimized in terms of quantity and/or quality for the deposit characteristics and the constraints of the mining method used. As industry practice regarding the definition and recording of dilution is flexible and as ore losses frequently are poorly documented, the use of these terms is reviewed.Simulations were carried out on two typical narrow gold deposits, based on an earlier study at Inco’s Thompson mine regarding the impacts of wide to narrow delineation grids using recorded variations of vein geometry. Vertical to sub-vertical deposits of 3 m and 6 m widths mined by long-hole open stopes were considered. Deposits delineated by 7.5 m (25 ft) grids were taken as a base case and the impacts of less accurate limits in conjunction with long hole mining based only on a 15 m (50 ft) delineation grid. The impacts of overestimation (dilution) and underestimation (metal losses) were considered separately, using the average error of +/-0.62 m recorded in the Inco study.The impact of less accurate information was much stronger on the narrower deposit: both dilution and ore losses diminished the net present value of the 3 m wide deposit"

Jan 1, 2005

By Michel Guillot

Gaz metal arc welding is commonly used for producing large frames and assemblies. Even for light aluminum and thin wall assemblies, the GMAW technique is increasingly preferred over the GTAW technique. This is particularly true where the welding gun motion is achieved accurately with automated or robotic systems and when using pulsed or regulated metal deposition. In this study, butt joints in floor welding position are tested at speed ranging from 1.5 to 16 m/min. Attempts are made of find parameters providing good and repeatable joint quality with minimal distortion and good appearance even at high travelling speeds. Taguchi experimental plans are proposed with different parameters tested with sheet metal samples. The parameters include typical GMAW machine settings, joint preparation geometries, wire gages, gun angles, wire feeds, and more. The robot motion speed and the proximity of the part are also considered. Direct monitoring of machine welding current and voltage is achieved. Once is found the best set of parameter settings, additional tests are carried out to verify the repeatability of weld quality. Secondly, these conditions are applied for joining and testing a floor panel made of several extrusions. Weld quality is established with Vickers micro-hardness measurements, cross section geometries of the weld pool including penetration, tensile tests and metallographic observations to establish the amount of porosity and weld microstructure in the HAZ.

Jan 1, 2011

By L. Shasko, M. Hurlbert

As climate change is increasingly perceived as a problem, and fossil fuel based power production options are increasingly limited through regulatory restrictions and public distaste, future options become constricted. Reflexivity and social learning elicited through qualitative and mixed research methods offer important insight into what future power production pathways might be. Given factors of cost, baseload requirements, and energy density, options such as nuclear may be increasingly accepted. This paper explores this literature and possible methods of pursuing the reluctant acceptance of nuclear energy.

Jan 1, 2020

By Chris M. Healey

"Abstract- The Jasper Gold mine in northern Saskatchewan produced a total mill feed of 140 127 tonnes at an average grade of 19.0 g/t Au. Both diamond drilling and chip samples from under­ ground workings returned extremely high values, up to 12 851 g/t (375 oz/I) Au over 0.10 meter from a chip sample. In the presence of such extremely high grades, the accurate estimation of reserves is a major problem.ln the first part of this study, production data from the mine were used to evaluate the results of a variety of reserve estimation techniques in this environment. In two out of three cases studied, indicator kriging with assays cut to 342.9 g/t (10 oz/I) gave extremely good results. In the third case, however , indicator kriging gave unacceptable results. Instead, lognormal kriging of uncut data gave the best results.Secondly, from the same database, a number of drill-hole spacings were simulated, and reserves estimated from the simulations. As may be expected, the results of this analysis show increasingly better results with tighter drill-hole spacing. However, even with a 5 m by 5 m spacing the variation from actual grade was quite large. This is not a systematic under- or over-estimation of grade, rather a random scatter of results .The results of this study show very clearly the problems of deriving good estimates of reserves when extremely high-grade samples are encountered. There is a high degree of randomness to this database, so reserve estimation in this situation will remain a high-risk operation."

Jan 1, 1993

By S. Klemmer

Potential problems associated with groundwater inflows are a major concern to many Saskatchewan mining operations. Rock mass behaviour and stability have been linked to groundwater inflow potential. An estimate of the hydraulic conductivity of the rock mass is an important factor for assessing groundwater inflow potential. This paper presents a procedure that was developed to conduct air permeability tests, for estimating the hydraulic conductivity of the rock mass. Tests were conducted near underground excavations with the goal of assessing links between measured air permeability, rock mass classification and the rock mass response to adjacent excavations. Measured changes in air permeability corresponding to the distance from excavation boundaries may indicate changes to joint properties such as joint aperture, continuity and frequency. This study outlines the instrumentation, the experimental and analytical procedures, and the preliminary results from testing.

Nov 1, 2011

By C. E. Rodgers

WHEN I was asked to prepare, for presentation at the 1938 Annual Meeting of the Institute, some data concerning low-discharge grinding at the Sylvanite mill, it seemed entirely reasonable to expect to have at my disposal the results of at least four full months' operation after the last unit, as then proposed, was installed. Delays in delivery of equipment, nevertheless, shortened the interval, as will be shown herein. In submitting the data contained in this discussion, I wish distinctly to state that the intention is not to claim that final conclusions can be reached at this time concerning our operation. Test periods, in certain instances at least, have been too short for this purpose, although some, where so stated, have been extended through March and April. It is hoped, however, that an advantageous trend in practice can be shown and that the experience related may be of interest to others who are now operating, or who are considering the operation of, low-discharge grinding mills. In the plant under review, four mills are in use: one primary and three secondary. Present mill capacity (grinding, as shown by screen test, about 99 per cent through-200-mesh and approximately 88 to 89 per cent minus-325-mesh with infrasizer giving about 90 per cent of the latter) averages about 525 tons per day. A brief description of each unit will be given and comments will also be made relating to operation. This will be followed by certain test data from which, in conclusion, operating results are summarized.

Jan 1, 1938

By M. A. Tomlinson, A. Di Feo, T. C. Cheng

"Goldcorp is evaluating the potential for economic reprocessing of historic tailings at several sites, including the Aunor A facility located in Timmins. The overall project is investigating the ability to recover value, remove sulphide minerals and alternative tailings re-deposition strategies. Desulphurization of tailings will eliminate potential acid generation while improved tailings re-deposition could reduce long-term liabilities and closure costs. Through a task-share project between CanmetMINING and Goldcorp, tailings obtained from Aunor A site have been characterized using mineral association analysis and diagnostic separation techniques. The selected tailing samples contain about 2 g/t of gold. Mineralogical analysis has identified coarse agglomerates bound with gypsum and significant free gold, confirmed by high recoveries in cyanide leach tests. However, despite no evidence of surface passivation on the minerals, conventional flotation techniques were found to be ineffective in concentrating gold or sulphides due to the high fines content and highly agglomerated particles.INTRODUCTION Aunor Mine is one of the historic mines that belongs to Porcupine Gold Mines (PGM) in Timmins, Ontario. PGM has undertaken an extensive mine closure program to remediate the legacy and closed mines with the funding supported by operating mines since 2006. Over the course of 100 years of operation in the Porcupine camp, it is estimated (Stevens et al., 2013) that about 130 million tonnes of tailings have been generated. Aunor Mine produced 2.5 million troy ounces of gold between 1940 and 1984, while processing over 7.6 million tons of ore. The original gold grade of Aunor Mine ores was about 10 g/t. With 95% gold recovery at the time, an estimate of 0.5 g/t of gold remains in the Aunor Mine tailings. Aunor Mine has two tailings impoundment areas: designated as Aunor A and Aunor B. The two sites are similar in size, about 7 hectares each. The amount of tailings in the Aunor A site alone is about 3.2 million tonnes. In 2017, bulk tailings were sampled from five designated locations in Aunor A. They were characterized using mineral association analysis and diagnostic separation techniques. The bulk tailings samples contained about 10% total sulphur, 10% iron, 2% arsenic and 2 g/t of gold. The prime objective of this collaborative work between CanmetMINING and Goldcorp is to facilitate the timely development and deployment of innovative tailings reprocessing solutions, specifically in the areas of desulphurization, and recovery of metals. This work targeted specific tailings of interest to Goldcorp which goals are to improve its environmental footprint and to reduce long-term liability. Thus, it is imperative to look for innovative reprocessing options that can overcome not only technological challenges but also achieve economic benefits to offset the costs associated with reprocessing the tailings. Moreover, the greater goal is to demonstrate and deploy tailings reprocessing solutions to solve one of the industry’s most difficult challenges for a sustainable mining industry in Canada."

Jan 1, 2019

By Dalton Fowler

"Pressure vessels used in pressure leaching and pressure oxidation processes in the mining industry are often lined with acid resistant brick and membrane systems. Although the options available when it comes to selecting materials and linings designs for these vessels appear somewhat limited there are, nevertheless? several choices which must be made in order to successfully design, manufacture and construct these linings. These choices require careful evaluation of materials properties which include, among others, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, chemical swell, and modulus of elasticity, as well as a variety of construction methods.Some of the options available, and some of the means of evaluating them objective of this discussion."

Jan 1, 1999

By Hugh P. Godard, K. Winslow

"AbstractA number of panels of various aluminum alloys in different combinations and secured by steel and three types of aluminum rivets were exposed underground at two locations in a Northern Ontario gold mine for two years and then examined to determine the extent of corrosion. The results indicate Alcan 65S-T to possess considerable advantages over Alcan 178-T, which has been employed in the construction of light skips and cages with considerable success for almost twenty years. Information on the behaviour of these alloys when used with steel rivets and in mixed combinations with themselves was obtained.IntroductionBy the complete substitution of aluminum alloys for steel in the fabrication of mining skips and cages, their weight can be reduced as much as 50 per cent. Lesser savings are possible though its savings are possible through its plates, doors, reinforcing members, etc. Reduced weight leads to economy through increased hoisting efficiency.For a new installation, the basis of design is the rate of production, which thus fixes the live load to be hoisted per trip. A lighter skip permits the use of a lighter rope and a smaller hoist. In deep shafts with high-speed hoists operated in balance, the power required for accelerating is considerable. The hoist size is determined by the weight of skip, load, and rope plus the force required to accelerate or decelerate these three elements A light skip may result in a considerably lighter rope. This is important because, even though the skip can be completely balanced this is not true of the rope. Partial balancing is possible, but conical hoist drums or other devices for this purpose are costly; thus a smaller rope results in a smaller hoist, with consequent general reduction in cost of the whole installation. A reduction in power consumption is also obtained as a result of keeping to a minimum the amount of unbalanced load and the weight of all moving parts which must be accelerated."

Jan 1, 1950

By Jan E. Nesset, James A. Finch, Wei Zhang

"Bubbles are unquestionably the heart of the flotation process. Their size and combined surface area are largely what drive the recovery process. This suggests that plant engineers should be aware of where their plants are operating with respect to what is achievable for these key parameters. The paper presents a model of how the key operating variables of frother type and concentration, gas rate, altitude (above sea level) and viscosity affect the Sauter mean bubble size (D32) and bubble surface area flux (Sb). The results are compared to a set of plant measurements that demonstrate the benchmarking capability of the approach. A case study is used to link hydrodynamic change to improved metallurgical performance.INTRODUCTION At the beginning of the 20th Century the early practitioners of flotation were aware of the importance of understanding bubble behaviour (Rickard, 1916) but measurement of individual bubble and gas behaviour in the industrial environment was not possible due to a lack of adequate sensors. This situation was not rectified until three quarters of a century later with the advent of industrially-robust sensors developed, notably, at the University of Queensland’s Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre (JKMRC) (Schwarz & Alexander, 2006) and McGill University (Gomez & Finch, 2002). What emerged was not the chaotic environment perhaps expected, but defined relationships between gas rate, gas holdup, bubble size and the total surface area of bubbles. These relationships could be defined by mathematical expressions and predicted from an understanding of the key process variables (Gorain, Franzidis & Manlapig, 1997; 1999) (Hernandez-Aguilar, Gomez & Finch, 2002) (Gomez, Cortes-Lopez & Finch, 2003) (Nesset, Gomez & Finch, 2007). The early JKMRC work focused on a large pilot cell (3 m3) installed in plant environments, while the McGill work was initiated on flotation columns (Finch & Dobby, 1990) (Xu, Finch & Uribe-Sales, 1991) and later adapted to industrial mechanical cells (Cooper, Scott, Dahlke, Finch & Gomez, 2004) (Dahlke, Gomez & Finch, 2005) (Nesset, Gomez, Finch, Hernandez-Aguilar & Difeo, 2005). Yianatos of Santa Maria University (Chile), a graduate of the McGill research team, carried the work to industrial settings in South and Central America (Yianatos, Bergh, Condori & Aguilera, 2001). The methods of gas dispersion measurement are now well accepted and most major research centres and flotation cell manufacturers have adopted the technology (Pyecha, Sim, Lacouture, Hope & Stradling, 2006) (Yañez et al., 2009) (Collins, Schwarz & Alexander, 2009)."

Jan 1, 2012

By Staff

Introduction The Hedley mine, perhaps better known as- the Nickel Plate mine, is one of the outstanding properties of southern British Columbia. Discovered in 1898 by Woollison and Arundell, prospectors, the property was bonded in 1899 to M. K. Rodgers for the Marcus Daly Estate, of Butte, and development was started the same year. From the high grade of the ore outcrop, and its colour, due to oxidation of the arsenopyrite, it was not difficult to open up and trace the showing. The Nickel Plate ore-shoot, which apparently had been easy to follow on surface, was more difficult to trace underground. In 1903, prospecting on an adjoining property, the Sunnyside, showed commercial ore at surface, but it was only after two years' work that the ore-body was defined and shipments started. From this property, $1,200,000 have been taken out. Prospecting was also carried on on the IXL, Climax, Copper Cliff, Mound, Bulldog, Exchange, Silver Plate, Gold Plate, and other properties, all of which had surface showings, but up to date only the Nickel Plate, Iron Duke, Morning, and Sunnyside have produced commercial ore. In 1904, the Bulldog looked like a very promising mine, but it failed to make good. In 1905, the Sunnyside No. 1 was in the limelight, but it also failed to make the grade. In 1906, an outcrop on the Sunnyside No. 3 looked interesting. Subsequent work. on this claim produced $840,000, and at the same time ore which yielded $400,000 was mined from the Sunnyside No. 4. In 1908, the Nickel Plate ore-body entered a lean zone and, as the diamond drill failed to give satisfactory results, the Daly Estate, after making a profit of $1,151,000, sold the property to the Hedley Gold Mining Company, Limited, for $760,000, retaining, however, a large interest.

Jan 1, 1929

By G. Wang, L. R. Moore, Y. Xiong, A. Gorken

"Mining is a very water intensive industry. As such, the industry has become dependent on applying alternate sources in efforts to minimize the impact on the locally available fresh water. Sources such as recycled water, sea water, and even acid mine drainage have been applied at some limited applications, while other mines may not even have the option of fresh water available in their region. However, the different sources of water will have varying concentrations and types of soluble salts and suspended solids, which can lead to dramatic differences in mineral processing when comparing these types of waters. Water quality is known to affect bubble generation and strength, mineral surface charge, and even reagent coordination properties. This paper focuses on the exploration of how water quality and soluble salts affect the flotation of iron and titanium containing minerals from feldspar, and the design of flotation collectors for optimal performance in this water.INTRODUCTIONFeldspar is defined as a tectosilicate mineral with the generic structure of MAlxSixO8, where M represents the cation (Celik, 2001). Feldspar is most often found naturally occurring with quartz, iron containing minerals (i.e mica), and titanium containing minerals (i.e. rutile). The alumina component of feldspar is of interest to glass making, while the alkali metal component is of interest to ceramics (Vidyadhar, 2002). In glass making, the alumina is known to improve product hardness, durability, and resistance to chemical corrosion. In ceramics, the alkalis act as a flux; a flux lowers the melting temperature of the mineral mixture, and assists in connecting the other components present in ceramics. Quartz is stated as having a negative effect on the melting point of the feldspar. Although quartz is typically not removed during the feldspar applications in the glass industry, it needs to be reduced for the ceramics industry. Iron and titanium based minerals are known to have negative effects on color and quality of the products in both glass and ceramics. Thus, these “contaminants” must be reduced to a certain product specification via feldspar beneficiation (Table 1)."

Jan 1, 2016