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By Raymond Philippe

Background ?Hatch Water has worked with most major mining companies in Chile on water supply and optimization projects ?Many(copper) mining projects are located in Northern Chile, which hosts the driest desert on earth Water supply options in Northern Chile ?River ?Availability/Rights ?Well(Brackish) Water ?Availability/Rights ?Municipal Wastewater ?Water rights ?Volume ?(Desalinated) Seawater ?Infinite source ?Cost depends on distance and altitude ?Recycling/Reutilization ?Water losses All these options present water quality issues

May 1, 2009

By John E. Udd, Peter Leinberger, Roman Kozarycz

"This paper is based on work done by the authors in a study of the structural features at a quarry excavated in Chazy limestone on the Island of Montreal. Observations on failures on the quarry walls and benches were recorded, and back analyses of small-scale failures were carried out, thus enabling an assessment to be made of the in-situ strength properties of the rock. Using this information, and data from shear tests in the laboratory, the authors made an analysis of the stability of the south wall of the quarry.IntroductionQuarrying, and excavating for foundations, in the Montreal area involves the removal of million s of tonnes of rock on an annual basis. Even when compared with the quantities mined at major open-pit mining operations, the production figures are impressive. At present, for example, crushed stone is produced at almost 20 quarrying operations either on, or near, the Island of Montreal. The annual capacities of the larger quarries are in excess of one million tonnes each. Lesser, but still substantial, production is achieved at the smaller quarries.Excavations, for foundations , especially during periods of peak construction activity, must also involve large quantities of rock . The writers, however , are not able to produce an estimate of the actual annual tonnages originating from excavations."

Jan 1, 1981

By Pieter van Nierop

Outline ? What is gasification? ? Gasification Technologies ? Gasification ?The early years ? Gasification ? The last decade ? The Alberta Situation ? The Importance of Gasification in Alberta ? Polygeneration ? Development ? Conclusion

May 1, 2004

By Rick Collins

Presentation Agenda 1.Sudbury Basin 2.Diamond Drilling 3.Planned Production 4.Safety 5.Timeline 6.Sustainable Development 7.Scope Elements 8.Progress 9.Delivery Approach 10.Owners and EPCM Roles 11.Contract Styles 12.Mine Systems & Technologies 13.Q & A

May 1, 2009

Cambior has been involved in the Guiana Shield since 1990, first in Guyana and then in Suriname starting in 1994. This paper presents the history of Omai Gold Mines Limited in Guyana, where commercial production started in 1993 after an investment of US $150 million. In 1995, the mine was expanded in order to increase the milling capacity to 21,000 tonnes per day. After ten years of production, approximately 3 million ounces of gold have been produced. Building on this experience, Cambior became involved in Suriname with the Rosebel Project. A US $95 million pre-production program started in the fourth quarter of 2002, and the mine should be in commercial production early in 2004.

May 1, 2003

By J. G. Trowell, D. T. Magee

"IntroductionMANITOBA'S first recoverable oil was from the California Standard Daly 15-18 well in Lsd. 15, Sec. 18, Twp. 10, Range 27, W.P.M., completed early in 1951. This well also gave the first indications of commercial production in the Williston basin, which is centred in North Dakota and extends into southeastern Saskatchewan and southwestern Manitoba. Subsequent drilling in the Manitoba portion of the basin has revealed the presence of oil in more or less commercial quantities at various points in an area approximately four townships in width and eleven townships in length.Although completions are becoming fairlly widespread in the area,, the greatest activity is in the Virden district, with the focal point in the Daly field, approximately eight miles west •of Virden. This paper will deal with the various techniques used in the Daly field, where •completion problems have •been unusually troublesome. Techniques evolved there have already been used with success at other points in southwestern Manitoba.Daly FieldGeneralTo date, all production has been from the Mississippian limestone, which is encountered •at depths ranging from 2,300 to 2,500 feet. Pay thickness is •of the order of 100 feet. Core analyses indicate average porosity .of about 9 per cent but permeabilities, for the most part, are extremely low."

Jan 1, 1953

By Fathi Habashi

New technology first introduced by Nippon Steel Corporation at Kitakyushu in Japan in 1976 now used at a number of plants in other countries, known as dry quenching of coke, uses nitrogen in a closed circuit to avoid environmental emissions. In addition, heat is recovered in the form of steam, from the red-hot coke. In steel plants oxygen is used extensively and therefore by-product nitrogen from air liquefaction can be effectively utilized in this way.

Jan 1, 2014

By G. M. Mason

History Due to its strong affinity for oxygen, aluminium as an element was isolated only after many other rarer metals had been prepared and studied. It was just over one hundred years ago that two scientists, Hans Christian Oersted and Friedrich Wohler, produced the first few pellets of aluminium and determined its physical properties. These early investigators used metallic potassium as a reducing agent. Later, St. Claire Deville, by using sodium instead of potassium, improved the yield in the reduction and produced some pounds of aluminium. From a figure of about $110 per pound in 1855, the price had fallen to about $4 per pound by 1886. In that year, a very important discovery was made independently by Charles Martin Hall in Oberlin , Ohio, and Paul . Heroult in France. Stated in its simplest terms, the discovery of Hall and Heroult was that aluminium could be produced by electrolyzing a solution of the oxide in molten cryolite. The application of the Hall-Heroult process made the metal immediately available in commercial quantities and, by 1900, the price had fallen to 23 cents per pound. The growth of the industry in the past fifty years is well known, and is outside the scope of this paper. It is, perhaps, not generally known that aluminium was first produced in Canada at Shawinigan Falls in 1901. Since that time, production has been continuous at one or more smelters in the Province of Quebec. The largest of these smelters, which is also the largest aluminium smelter in the world, is at Arvida, Quebec, on the Saguenay river. A large power potential and access to ocean shipping were the two principal reasons for the establishment of aluminium production facilities in the Saguenay district. It is interesting to note that the aluminium industry, as a large user of power, took an active part in the early industrial development at Niagara Falls and Shawinigan Falls, and is now repeating the process in the Saguenay valley.

Jan 1, 1949

By V. S. Sastri, G. R. Doey, R. W. Revie

"Different forms of corrosion, the various corrosive environments encountered, the mining equipment subject to corrosion and the methods to control corrosion in the mining industry are briefly reviewed along with the savings that could be achieved by corrosion control. IntroductionCorrosive conditions in mines and metallurgical plants, lead to deterioration and wastage of equipment and of materials. The cost of corrosion in the mining industry can be significant, and measures to minimize corrosion must be taken to reduce this cost(l-3). Although the data in Table I are twenty years old they indicate the significance of corrosion costs in four industrialized countries. The costs of corrosion in the U.S. metallic ores sector and in the Canadian mining industry are presented in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. Significant savings in the mining industry can be achieved by using corrosion control methods. For example, corrosion in the Canadian mining industry in 1991 cost $1460 million of which $97 million was avoidable. Indirect costs of corrosion associated with plant shutdown, lowered efficiency of equipment and overdesign are additional to the direct costs cited here."

Jan 1, 1994

By L. H. Thorleifson

Demand for both gem and industrial diamonds is very strong. Synthetic production supplies industrial uses, but synthetic gems remain inferior and expensive, so the large gem market is supplied by mining. Several major mines have been depleted, and the market is receptive to new sources of high quality gems. Canada's Precambrian terrane, extending across the Canadian Shield and under the Phanerozoic cover of the Plains and Hudson Bay, has excellent potential for diamonds, but exploration conditions are difficult due to recent glaciation. Early world exploration relying on recognition of diamond in alluvial sediments was adequate to launch pre- 1900 production from India, Brazil, and Africa. Exploration success in Canada, as was the case in Russia and other more recently discovered sources, however, had to await large investments in effort supported by advanced science and technology. Canadian exploration in many ways is similar to that in other regions, relying on analysis of tectonics, indicator minerals, geophysical surveys, and multiple stages of drilling and sampling. Very different from other regions, however, is Canada's surficial environment, in which recent glaciation has caused fresh indicator minerals to be transported hundreds of km. Exploration accelerated in Canada after 1960, first in Ontario and the Arctic Islands, then in Saskatchewan in 1988, and most importantly after the Chuck Fipke - Stew Blusson discovery at Lac de Gras, Northwest Territories, in 1991 that led to the billion-dollar BHP - Dia Met Ekati Mine that opened in 1998. In 2003, production from Ekati will be supplemented by that from the similar and nearby Diavik Mine of Rio Tinto and Aber. These mines will bring Canadian output to over 10% of world supply, and will position Canada with Botswana and Russia as world leaders in production of high quality gem diamonds. There could be other mines as well, as sites across the Arctic and in the south from Alberta to Québec are being explored by an array of companies, including De Beers, other majors, and several juniors.

May 1, 2003

By Holt. Grover J.

"IntroductionThe history of iron ore production in the United States has followed a pattern not far different from that set in the production of non-ferrous ores; the first interest of the prospector and miner being the discovery and development of high-grade ores. In the early stages of development of most mining districts, high-cost low-grade ores are usually of slight interest due to the additional capital investment required in concentrating plants, as well as the increased requirements of •power and other facilities. As the reserves of higher grade ores are depleted and the technical knowledge of ore beneficiation is broadened, production of concentrates from the lower grade ores is stimulated.The real stimulus necessary to arouse serious consideration of beneficiated iron ore in the Lake Superior district has been provided by the serious inroads made in the high-grade ore reserves by two World Wars.The first shipment of high-grade iron ore from the Mesabi range in Minnesota was recorded in 1892, and the first token shipment of concentrates was made 15 years later, in 1907. Not until 1910 did the production of concentrates assume any great importance. A steady increase in concentrate production over the years is shown by the fact that, in 1910, concentrates accounted for 8 per cent of the total shipments from the State, whereas by the time of World War II this percentage had increased to 22 per cent and by 1948 had risen to 26 per cent. It seems a safe assumption that the shipment of concentrated iron ore, from the Mesabi range in particular, will continue to increase even more rapidly from now on, with other iron ranges of the Lake Superior district following this lead."

Jan 1, 1950

By Jaime V. Ongpin

"The author will give a capsule history of Benguet Corporation and attempt to identify its operating environment and underlying ""strategy"" until 1974, when the company's management assumed office. The company's operating environment and ""interim strategy"" from 1975 to 1980 will be described. The discussion will cover an environmental forecast and define the company's"" strategy for survival"" for the balance of this century.IntroductionIn December last year, I was asked to deliver a pa per for the management lecture series a t the Asian Institute of Management in Manila. The paper was entitled "" The 1970's: A Decade of Disaster For New Mining Projects"" . In that paper, it was my task to review the results of new mining projects in the Philippines during the previous decade. The task was not a happy one, for the results themselves were not only unhappy, but disastrous on a scale unprecedented in Philippine history. Out of a total of 17 major mining project s involving an aggregate capital investment in excess o f US $2 billion during the 1970s, only three project s have been profitable, and all the rest have either gone "" belly up"" or are teetering on the very edge of financial disaster.It is in the context of this shocking record of widespread financial dislocation in the Philippine mining industry, (which in varying degrees appears to have been paralleled in virtually every other country in the world where mining is an important sector of the economy) that I address myself tonight to the theme of this symposium. My paper is entitled ""Risk Management Strategy in Mining"" and it is sub titled ""Can Benguet Corporation Survive to Celebrate its Centennial in 2003?"". I have inserted the word ""Strategy"" and added the subtitle, because I wish to make it clear first, that my presentation to you tonight will be focused exclusively on the strategic aspect s of risk management, and second that I will limit myself to Benguet's own ""in-house"" experience and perspectives on this subject. I would caution you therefore, to consider my views within this restricted framework, and in light of the particular and sometimes peculiar circumstances within which Benguet Corporation operates."

Jan 1, 1983

By M. L. Haider

Introduction I Appreciate very much the opportunity of discussing with you tonight oil developments in western Canada. These developments are of importance to all of us, first because of their great economic significance to all of Canada, and second because of the location of the new oilfields. Situated as they are in the west and northwest, they are of considerable strategic value from the standpoint of continental defence. The story of oil development in Canada covers a span of almost a century, during which time success in finding reserves of petroleum was barely sufficient to maintain interest in continuing the search. Finally, in 1947, a well of the first importance was completed in Alberta and, judging by discoveries made since then, it appears that Canada, at long last, is to become an important producer of petroleum.

Jan 1, 1950

By J. W. Sanger

The establishment of a central steam-heating system in Winnipeg and its inauguration in October, 1924, has attracted a considerable amount of attention. Not only does it excite the curiosity of the engineer, but it has stirred financial and civic bodies throughout Canada to such a degree that there is now a much keener general interest in this particular type of public utility than has been shown heretofore. This does not mean that we may expect a mushroom growth of central-heating systems in all our larger Canadian cities in the near future, but it does mean that the pioneer work which Winnipeg is now doing will undoubtedly be used to guide others in their judgment as to the feasibility of similar projects elsewhere. The success of the municipal hydro-electric system in Winnipeg, and the low rates for electricity resulting therefrom, was without a doubt the most important factor influencing the citizens of Winnipeg to venture into this new field. The events which led up to the central steam-heating proposal in Winnipeg are interesting.

Jan 1, 1926

By H. H. Bird

Kilembe is situated in the foothills of the Ruwenzori Mountains in Uganda. Precambrian stratiform copper de-posits are currently being mined at a rate of 90,000 tons per month. Complex ore structures and variable ground conditions have led to diverse mining methods in the past. New mining areas contain more shallow-dipping, highly contorted orebodies, in heavy ground. Cut-and-fill mining will be practised in the future. The geology, mining and milling are described.

Jan 1, 1968

By E. S. Moore

To properly understand industrial conditions in Spain it is necessary to consider the early history of the country. Spain is very backward in many lines. They use the sickle for cutting grain, and plows for cultivating the land, which resemble those of Biblical days. In the great mining camp at Bilbao only one steam-shovel is in use, although about two hundred million tons of ore has been produced, and this almost entirely from open cuts. It is the lack of industrial development, such as is found in many other countries, which permits large mining enterprises to be controlled almost entirely by foreign capital, although Spain is such an old country, and which permits mines opened in the days of the Phoenicians to still operate. Such deposits in America would be exhausted in a comparatively few years. The Phoenicians are supposed to have reached Spain about 1100 B.C. and to have worked some of the properties in the Rio Tinto district. The Carthagenians invaded the country about 236 B.C., and they were driven out about 205 B.C. by the Romans. The Romans ruled until 483 A.D., when they were overthrown by the Visigoths. Then, about 711 A.D., the Moors from Africa became prominent and they were finally expelled by the Spaniards in 1492. Spanish power reached its zenith under Phillip II, during the latter half of the 16th century, and since the close of that century the country has lost its prominent place among the nations. There are some evidences of revival in the development of good roads, the construction of a satisfactory network of railways, and the building of magnificent thoroughfares through the capital city, Madrid.

Jan 1, 1927

By D. A. Barr

"Most of the lode and placer gold production in the Canadian Cordillera has been derived from mines and placers in the Intermontane and Omineca belts. Gold has been produced from rocks of Precambrian to Eocene age, but the preferred host environment contains Upper Paleozoic to Upper Jurassic eugeosynclinal or arc-type sedimentary and volcanic rocks adjacent to plutonic complexes which have a wide variety in both size and composition. Auriferous quartz lodes occur in fissures and shear zones which are commonly subsidiary to strong fault zones. In common with most vein-type deposits, structural complexities are an essential part of the mine environment.Gold production from the Canadian Cordillera to the end of 1978 totals 35.0 million ounces, of which 47 per cent has been produced from placer mining, principally in the Klondike and Cariboo districts. The balance has been derived from lode gold (80 per cent) and base metal (20 per cent) mines.Gold reserves in producing mines and deposits committed for production as of January 1, 1978 were 87.4 tons, or 21.6 per cent of total Canadian gold reserves contained in all types of deposits. Although more than 100 lode mines have operated in the Canadian Cordillera since the turn of the last century, over 75 per cent of the lode gold produced by 1978 was recovered from five mining camps, namely the Rossland, Hedley, Bridge River, Premier and Barkerville.The average grade of the principal producers in these camps was about 0.45 ounce of gold per ton. Individual camps yielded from 3 to 8 million tons during their operating lives, which varied from 28 to 43 years. The last of these mines ceased operating in 1971.Most of the total lode gold production has been derived from quartz veins, frequently with associated carbonate and ankerite, occupying fractured and faulted zones in Mesozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks closely associated with a variety of intrusions. A review of the literature suggests that several deposits may have evolved by remobilization of ore constituents from earlier concordant gold-bearing formations. The principal metallic minerals in the deposits are native gold, electrum, tellurides, pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena and chalcopyrite.As the mineralogy suggests, many of the Cordilleran lode gold deposits have yielded important co-products or byproducts, including silver, copper, lead, zinc, cadmium and tungsten. Significant by-product gold production has also been derived from porphyry copper, volcanogenic, replacement and pyrometasomatic deposits, particularly in recent years.No major lode gold discovery has been made in the past 67 years, although little exploration activity for gold has taken place during the last 30 years. Several relatively small lode gold and gold replacement deposits have been discovered in recent years, either serendipitously (Chappelle) or on very low initial budgets (Northair and Carolin). Based on well-established precedents, one or more of these may eventually be developed into a large mine.A detailed study of the Canadian Cordillera gold deposits based on recent genetic models could prove rewarding, not only in up-dating information on their origin and depositional characteristics, but in stimulating the search for undiscovered gold deposits, in the Cordillera and other parts of Canada."

Jan 1, 1980

By T. G. Edgeworth

Some of the historical background of the industry is reviewed, with reference to the different types of reduction cells in use for aluminum smelting. Factors to be considered in cell des1gn involve capital, power, and operating costs. The trend is apparently toward larger cells. The industry is studying new construction materials for cell linings, as well as alternate electrolyte compositions and other design changes which will improve productivity and energy efficiency. The aluminum smelting activity in other countries is briefly reviewed. TODA Y'S industrial production of aluminum is still based on the simultaneous discoveries made in 1886 by Charles Martin Hall in Ohio, and Paul Heroult in France. Up to that date, only about 50 tons of aluminum had been produced in the world, and the price at that time was about $5 per pound. Sucl1 figures must be contrasted with the present world aluminum smelting capacity of over five mil-lion tons per year, and a price of about 25 cents per pound.

Jan 1, 1962

In some parts of the world explosions in mines are more commonplace events. Even in the more developed nations explosions have occurred in recent times. In some cases these mines have significantly lowered their lost time injury frequency rates and as such considered themselves to be ?safe? operations. The consequence of these explosions has been devastating. It is not just the loss of those underground, but also to the families that have lost people in them and the broader community that has lost friends, income, business opportunities, and in many cases support and sponsorships. It begs so many questions, ?What went wrong??; ?Why were the circumstances not foreseen??; ?What could have been done to prevent it??; ?How is it that no one stopped it, reported it, fixed it etc.??. Being held accountable for negligence, should not be overlooked, however this may not aid the processes required to find all the answers. If the nature of explosions is understood, the circumstances and tools to prevent them are readily available then the occurrence and reoccurrence are due to weaknesses or inadequacies of the systems of work or in the implementation of them. This paper restates the fundamentals of gas explosions, examines the options to control the underground environment through ventilation, gas management and monitoring, education and training. Case studies have been used to examine systematic failures in ventilation management. In some of these cases it is not so much, the system that had been developed, but the interpretation and implementation of the system that resulted in the failure and subsequent loss.

Aug 1, 2013

By Robert B. Parsons

"It is generally acknowledged that Canadian and foreign-based mining companies are spending relatively fewer dollars in Canada and more dollars abroad than was the case not many years ago. It is common to see the Canadian tax system being fingered as one of the causes in this shift in direction. However, if one takes the time to peel away the surface of our tax system, and to probe a little deeper into its substance, it will be found that the Canadian taxation of mining is generally quite competitive. IntroductionCross-border shopping in the mining industry? - Absolutely! Economics 100 teaches that dollars are votes in the capitalist system, and mining companies are going to cast their limited number of votes where they can achieve the highest return at the least risk. The Canadian consumer knows that taxes are a major factor in cross-border shopping, and mining company executives know that the same tenet holds true in their industry. Unfortunately, mining operations are subject to such a bewildering array of tax rules that making an intelligent decision is not always an easy matter.Statutory Tax RatesConsider, for example, the ""statutory"" tax rates shown in Table 1. (Statutory tax rate in this table refers to the simple sum of federal and provincial tax rates on profits as specified in the tax legislation.) Looking only at the total statutory tax rates (such as 66070 for Manitoba) , one might quickly observe that the Canadian mining industry is subject to a truly onerous tax regime, especially as compared to the United States where statutory tax rates can be in the 34% range."

Jan 1, 1992