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By WENDY MARTIN

The Eastern Townships and Asbestos Hill areas are the current asbestos-producing districts of Quebec. Mining in the two areas began in the /are 1870s and 1972 respectively. Production from the Eastern Townships is derived from rhe Serpentine Zone of ulrramafic rocks, specifically from basal serpentinized peridotite members of what are now considered to be allochrhonous ophiolitic material that was abducted onto the Early Ordovician continental margin. From south west to northeast, the rhree allochthonous asbestos-producing sections of the Serpentine Zone are designated the Asbestos Ophiolite Complex, the Thetford Mines Ophiolite Complex and the Pennington Dyke; the Pennington Dyke is considered to represent a segment of serpentinized Alpine peridotire that was fragmenred from a larger, more complete ophiolire complex. The Asbesros Hill deposir on the Ungava Peninsula lies in what apparenrly is an inrrusive sill found wirhin rhe Chukorar Group, the uppermosr group of Precambrian-aged Cape SmithWakeham Bay Belr of volcanic-sedimentary rocks.

Jan 1, 1984

By Arnold R. Miller

Overview ? Vehicle Projects LLC (prime contractor) and the Fuelcell Propulsion Institute have developed the world?s first fuelcell locomotive. ? Principal applications are underground mining and tunneling. ? Because fuelcell vehicles solve the problem of underground emissions, mining is expected to be their first commercially viable market. ? The first year of a three-year project to develop a fuelcell mine loader is funded and underway.

May 1, 2002

By Alan A. Barton

Introduction The Little Long Lac mine is situated in the Thunder Bay mining district, township of Errington, Ontario. The mine is located on the south side of the most westerly bay of Little Long Lac. The property consists of 36 claims, which comprise some 1,400 acres. This group of claims was staked in August, 1932, by Tony Oklend and Tom Johnson, and, after surface sampling, was optioned by the present controlling interests, who diamond-drilled it during the winter of 1932-33. In early spring, a small steam-driven plant was installed, and shaft sinking commenced on June 1st, 1933. During the summer, all supplies are transported to the mine from Hardrock station, at mileage 18 on the Canadian National Railway line from Longlac to Port Arthur. At Hardrock, which is seven miles from the mine, the railway skirts a bay of Little Long Lac, and supplies are loaded directly from railway cars to scows. Two scows are used, of 30-and 45-ton capacity, respectively. A 36-ft. pointer, powered by a 35 h.p. engine, is used as a tug. A good winter-road has been cut out from Geraldton to the mine, for winter transportation. Geraldton is about two miles north of the mine, and is also located on the Canadian National railway. A hard-surface road is now being constructed for summer as well as winter use. Geology The Little Long Lac gold area covers the northern limits of a large synclinal structure, the contact of the Keewatin flows and sediments, striking about twenty degrees north of west, with the dip of the sediments varying from eighty degrees north to seventy degrees south, the average being around eighty degrees south. The vein worked by Little Long Lac Gold Mines occurs in massive sedimentary rock of about the composition of arkosic or quartzitic greywacke, and consists of a shear-zone up to fifteen feet in width, striking N.75°E. and dipping steeply to the south, which has been filled by numerous narrow, parallel quartz veins and. veinlets. These are well mineralized. with arsenopyrite, pyrite, and some chalcopyrite and stibnite, and carry considerable quantities of visible gold. They show more than one age of quartz deposition, the quartz being fractured and re-cemented. The arkosic rocks separating the veins and veinlets are also slightly mineralized with pyrite. Work to date has indicated the probability that the vein-shear is controlled by local drag-folding.

Jan 1, 1935

By Claudio Acuña, Sergio Romo, Gerardo Fuentes

The leaching kinetics of a zinc concentrate in autoclave reactors were studied. A sample of concentrate from Bolivia, with typical mineralogical characteristics of the Andes region, was used. A concentrate containing 49% zinc and 145 ppm of silver from Minera Viacha was characterized chemically and mineralogically (atomic absorption, X-ray diffraction, and SEM microscopy) and tested in bench scale reactors. Two types of autoclave batch reactors were used at 40 bars of oxygen pressure and three levels of temperature (150°C, 200°C and 250°C). The solid to solution leaching ratio was 1:10 (10% sulphuric acid concentration). The effect of the particle size of the concentrate on the leaching kinetics was studied (P80: 145 and 45 µm). Iron from the leaching solution was removed by precipitation by increasing the pH in order to generate a clean solution for zinc electrowinning. The zinc solution was used to evaluate the feasibility of cathode production at the laboratory scale. Zinc extractions with higher liberation (P80 = 45 µm) reached up to 98%. Ground concentrate with finer sizes resulted in agglomeration and the use of dispersing agents did not improve slurry mixing. The leaching solution contained 55 g/L zinc and 7 g/L iron; it was purified by precipitating iron. The precipitation was evaluated using sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide. In the first case, a colloidal suspension of ferric salts was formed while in the second case, different iron compounds were precipitated. The precipitate obtained with ammonium hydroxide had better filtering properties. Electrowinning was carried out using two types of cathodes (stainless steel and aluminium) and solutions purified with ammonium hydroxide. Zinc cathodes formed on stainless steel presented a better physical quality than those formed on aluminium.

Jan 1, 2015

By J. -F. Blais, M. -O. Simonnot, P. Charbonnier, J. Mocellin, Université de Lorraine INRA, G. Mercier

"Huge amounts of air pollution scrubber sludge have been generated during ferromanganese production using blast furnace. These residues have been historically deposited in ponds near steel making plants. They are very rich in zinc, manganese and lead (5 to 40 %) and also contain aluminum and iron. Considering the market value of these metals, brownfield sites can now be used as secondary resources. These ponds also have to be cleaned up to meet the environmental regulations.We have developed a hydrometallurgical process to recover Zn, Mn and Pb in order to produce valuable compounds of Mn and Zn and recover the final Pb residue by pyrometallurgy. The Zn and Mn compounds need to be pure enough to be economically valuable. Batch laboratory tests were carried out to determine suitable selective leaching conditions. The investigated operating conditions were acid concentration, pulp density and temperature. Optimal conditions to maximize zinc extraction (100 %) and manganese extraction (95.9 %) were found using sulfuric acid and sodium metabisulfide. The final residue contained 14.8 to 23.8 % of Pb. Then, Zn was recovered in the form of ZnO or ZnS by precipitation and Zn metal by electrowinning, while Mn was recovered as MnCO3 with a fairly acceptable concentration of impurities.INTRODUCTIONFerromanganese has been produced by pyrometallurgy in much of Western Europe for centuries. Use of wet scrubber to remove pollutant and dust particles from gas stream was common for most of these operations. Those residues contain high concentration of Zn, Mn and Pb. They have been left to decant in settling ponds installed close to the steel production plants. They now constitute heavily contaminated artificial soils. Those sludges are so contaminated with Zn, Mn and Pb that they can be used for metal production. Currently, no method is available to decontaminate these residues and recover Zn, Mn and Pb. Therefore, an approach considering these brownfield sites as secondary resource is in development. Doing so would achieve two goals, decontaminate the site and produce metals.. (Huot, Faure, Biache, Lorgeoux, Simonnot, & Morel, 2014a; Huot, Simonnot, Marion, Yvon, De Donato, & Morel, 2012; Huot, Simonnot, Watteau, Marion, Yvon, De Donato, & Morel, 2014b)."

Jan 1, 2016

By A. C. A. Howe, J. C. Rowntree

"The Bernie Lake pegmatite near Lac Du Bonnet in southern Manitoba is a complexly zoned pegmatite containing several lithium-bearing units in addition to the western world's largest known reserve of cesium. The pegmatite forms a flat-lying ellipsoidal body within an east-west-trending Precambrian amphibolite. The pegmatite enclosed by this vertically schistose amphibolite lies near the eastern tip of a granitic intrusive. The relationship of this intrusive to the pegmatite is obscured by Bernie lake. To date, the pegmatite body has been delineated aver an area of approximately 80 acres; it attains a maximum thickness of 280 feet. Several distinct zones, including three assemblages of economic importance, comprise the pegmatite itself. The combined spodumene and lepidolite assemblages provide a recoverable defined lithium ore reserve of almost 5 million tons averaging more than 2 per cent lithium oxide. The recoverable cesium ore of the pollucite assemblage provides 300,000 tons averaging more than 20 per cent cesium oxide; this represents more than half of the western world's pollucite reserve. The Bernie Lake pegmatite deposit, owned by Chemalloy Minerals Limited, is well located with respect to the growing United States markets, and its reserves of cesium are large enough to enable it, under favourable economic circumstances, to become the major producer of this metal in North America."

Jan 1, 1967

By A. Deneys

This paper reviews industrial gases used in primary copper production. Copper smelting industrial gas demand has steadily increased since the first commercial oxygenconcentrate smelting in 1952 [1]. In copper production oxygen for smelting is the dominant industrial gas use followed by oxygen for converting. Nitrogen is finding increased use in copper smelters. Nitrogen is used for porous plugs for copper converting and anode refining [2-5]. Nitrogen can be used for concentrate drying [6,7] and is also used in some Ni-Cu smelters as a coolant in Peirce-Smith converting [8,9]. Industrial gas supply options of cryogenic or adsorbent based on-site plant or cryogenic liquid delivery are detailed.

Jan 1, 2007

By C. S. Crocker

The Centennial orebody was discovered and named in 1970, Manitoba's centennial year. It is relatively small, about 2 million tons. Strike length varies from 400 to 600 feet and widths from 10 to 60 feet; dip is 75 degrees. Low grade and metal prices demanded low-cost mining, and the mine was developed for conventional sublevel stoping. As the ore lay entirely under a large lake, ground movement had to be avoided and the stopes were to be filled hydraulically. Late in 1973, vertical crater retreat mining was introduced at Inco Limited, Sudbury, to recover pillars between filled stopes. It proved satisfactory and the results were publicized by CIL, who developed the technique. The method seemed to offer some advantages and one stope at Centennial Mine was selected to be mined by VCR while production was maintained from blasthole stopes. The trial stope was safe and showed lower development costs, reduced drilling time, a favourable powder factor and good fragmentation. VCR mining is now an accepted method at HBM&S Co., Ltd., and its use is being extended.

Jan 1, 1979

By Fred G. Hewett

The Cassiar orebody is located in a sill-like serpentinite body intrusive into the Devonian-Mississippian sedimentary rocks of northern British Columbia. Subsequent intrusion of the Cassiar batholith formed the McDame synclinorium and produced chrysotile asbestos. Present information indicates an orebody of approximately 16,277,000 tons amenable to open-pit mining, but continued diamond drilling will be needed to accurately define total tonnage and grade. A program has been developed at the mine to provide the required information on a daily basis, and work is continuing on more effective dollar-value prediction methods.

Jan 1, 1978

By K. B. Chaudhurl

The thermodynamics of the reactions taking place are examined with the aid of equilibrium diagrams for the Pb-O-S system. Based on investigations of chemical, mineralogical and differential-thermo analyses of intermediate products of different desulphuration degrees, an attempt is made to explain the mechanisms of the reactions in the smelting shaft of the KIVCET furnace. The differences between this and other direct lead smelting processes are demonstrated by these thermodynamic and kinetic considerations. Proceeding from these results, the practicability of direct lead smelting processes is discussed with reference to the composition of the primary feed materials to be processed. This comparison also considers the behaviour of minor metals, the products obtained and their characteristics in respect to further treatment. For assessing the operating costs, the over-all energy consumption is considered taking into account various price relations between electric energy and fuels/reductants. Based on the peculiarities of the various processes, an attempt is made to compare the necessary means of meeting the pollution control requirements. The paper concludes with reference to the criteria and problems involved in comparable evaluations.

Jan 1, 1978

By K. Iturralde

Dense transport infrastructure areas lack green facilities, they produce annoying noise and they are big energy consumers. As far as there is no free land or space, adding a vegetal covering to existing infrastructures has become a choice in order to get a more pleasant and comfortable environment. Noise barriers are getting spread all over the highways and sometimes they install photovoltaic panels. Is this just a hype or are there real causes? A green acoustic barrier with an energy generator could be interesting for covering the existing urban transport infrastructures. The specific geometry of the infrastructures requires a personalized product. If we measure the infrastructure environment's characteristics, which are humidity, temperature, sunlight and size, we can create an accurate 3D model. This model would be used for various purposes. For instance, it could be a useful tool to design and fabricate the customized prefab acoustic barriers and plant containers. And it would be helpful for adjusting efficiently the future performance of the vegetation and photovoltaic panels. But the insertion of vegetal elements in infrastructure surroundings can be a tough operation. It requires special skills and techniques. Nowadays, those tasks are performed almost manually and they require a big effort. The prefab containers for vegetal elements would ease the robotic assembly on site.

Aug 1, 2013

By W. J. Stickney

"Over-all recovery of cadmium has been increased at the plants of the Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Co., Limited, since the construction of a slag fuming plant and baghouse where smelter flue dust is recovered. This pa-per outlines the distribution of the cadmium in plant products from the concentrator to the refining department.The leaching of cadmium-bearing precipitates from the zinc plant is also discussed. This consists of a two-stage leach; first with sulphuric acid and then with copper sulphate. Details of the leaches are outlined along with the safety measures practised in handling the hydrogen and arsine evolved.The paper describes the final preparation of electrolyte for the refining cells by purification for copper and thallium. Deposition of cadmium, using a polyacrylamide as an addition agent, is discussed.An outline is given of the melting procedures, under either sodium hydroxide or zinc chloride, and of the sub-sequent treatment of the dross to recover entrained cadmium and thallium."

Jan 1, 1966

By K. M. Mayhew, G. D. Barr, T. M. McCoy, C. T. Knilans

"Teck Resources Limited (“Teck”) has developed and extensively tested on a continuous basis the CESL Technology hydrometallurgical process for treating copper and nickel sulphide concentrates, including bulk copper-nickel concentrates. Copper, nickel and cobalt are leached efficiently into solution, utilizing CESL process conditions. Total precious metals including gold, silver, platinum and palladium are recovered from the residue stream via sulphur flotation. This paper describes the CESL Technology testwork on a bulk copper-nickel concentrate derived from Twin Metals Minnesota?s (TMM) deposits within the Duluth complex and evaluates the economic benefits (increased cash flow, increased revenue certainty) and investment criteria (capital cost, payback and cash flow) of incorporating CESL Technology into the staged development of TMM?s deposits.INTRODUCTION Mineral Processing and the Role of Hydromet in the Duluth Complex The Duluth Complex in northern Minnesota, United States (US), represents one of the largest undeveloped accumulations of copper, nickel, gold, and platinum group metals (PGMs) in the world, ranking second in copper and PMs and third in accumulation of nickel. The figure below identifies some of the larger known deposits within the Complex (see Figure 1). Copper, nickel, PM and PGM mineralization within the Duluth Complex is hosted by mafic to ultramafic intrusive rocks that are part of the overall intrusive complex.One of the mineral processing challenges of Cu-Ni-PM-PGM deposits in this Complex is the complicated, polymetallic nature of the mineralization1: copper occurs primarily as chalcopyrite and cubanite with minor occurrence of talnakhite; nickel occurs as pentlandite and refractory nickel oxide/silicates; iron sulphides are present as both pyrrhotite and troilite; and PMs/PGMs occur in both the sulphide matrix as well as discrete minerals. An additional challenge for the Duluth Complex is the ratio between copper and nickel; in most of the identified deposits, copper grade is three to four times greater than the nickel grade, which precludes the production of a simple bulk concentrate due to the lack of a traditional smelting market for a bulk concentrate of this character."

Jan 1, 2017

By F. Ebbutt

The copper-bearing waters now treated successfully at Britannia for the recovery of their copper content are almost entirely derived from what is known as the Fairview mine; this was the first extensive copper producer of the Britannia ore-bodies, and consisted of a number of almost parallel veins, carrying good copper values, the ore consisting of chalcopyrite and pyrite in a quartz gangue. These veins occur in what is known as the ?Britannia shear zone' (Schofield, S. J., G.S.C. Sum. Rept., 1918, Pt. B), developed for roughly five miles in a roof-pendant in the well-known Coast Range batholith. This .pendant is made up of Palxozoic rocks known as the 'Britannia Formation' (LeRoy, O.E., Portion of Main Coast of B.C. and Adjacent Islands; G.S.C. Memoir No. 996, 1908). These consist of dark carbonaceous slates, quartzites; and tuffs or basic flows, and within them are large quartz porphyry siJls. These Britannia rocks are sheared and altered, the resultant rock being a fissile quartz-sericite or quartz-chlorite schist. The mineralization invariably occurs in this chlorite schist, which in the more productive areas has mottles or blobs of chlorite developed. A narrow, though persistent, band of grey slate forms the footwall of the productive portions of the shear zone.

Jan 1, 1928

By H. Groeneveld, C. A. Connally, P. J. Hoenmans, W. L. Mason, John J. Justen

"A miscible displacement pilot, using a slug of LPG driven by separator gas, was conducted in the Cardium Reservoir of the Pembina Field. The injection pattern was a 10-acre, inverted, isolated five-spot. Upon completion of the LPG-gas phase, an .experiment was conducted using a slug of water followed by gas. Calculated performance of the pilot is compared with actual performance. Equations are developed to cakulate the distribution of LPG into zones of varying permeability, to estimate the progress of the flood at different times in the various zones, and to estimate gas rates after breakthrough. The analysis indicates that permeability stratification was a dominant factor in con-trolling oil recovery and that oil was completely displaced from the swept pore volume. The results of the pilot indicated that miscible flooding is a practical means of pressure maintenance in this reservoir. The total recovery from the pilot area was good in spite of the early breakthrough of LPG. The effects of stratification were reduced by injecting a slug of water into the partially swept reservoir."

Jan 1, 1960

By K. Schimann, H. D. Knipping, J. P. Fouques

"The Cigar Lake uranium deposit, in the Athabasca area of north Saskatchewan, was discovered in May 1981 by Cogema (Canada) Ltd., as operator of the Waterbury Lake Joint Venture.The deposit, which is devoid of direct surface expression, is located at the unconformity between the Lower Proterozoic (Aphebian) Wollaston Group meta-sediments and the Middle Proterozoic (Helikian) Athabasca sandstone, at a depth of 410 m to 450 m below surface.At the end of 1984, the deposit had been defined by 105 mineralized holes over a length of 1800 m and a width of between 25m and 105m. It has the shape of flat-lying /em 5 m to 30m thick and shows a remarkable longitudinal and lateral continuity from the information obtained to date. A well defined bulge of the unconformity underlies the mineralized zone over its entire length.The deposit appears to be controlled by an east-west trending structure within which a particular rock facies (""augen gneiss'') has developed in the graphitic metapelites of the Wollaston Group. It is surrounded by a strong alteration halo affecting both sandstone and basement, characterized by extensive development of Mg-AI rich clay minerals (illite-chlorite). The mineralization is hosted principally by the Athabasca sandstone, and consists mainly of uraninite and sulfa-arsenides of nickel and cobalt. Numerous geochemical and geophysical surveys have been carried out in the Cigar Lake area, and although no specific geochemical or geophysical anomaly can be directly associated with the mineralized body, there may be locally a good coincidence.However, a combination of several methods proved extremely useful in interpreting the regional geology and defining the drilling targets within the favourable areas.Although the Cigar Lake deposit shows many similarities with several classical deposits of the Athabasca region, it is characterized by the intensity of its alteration processes and the presence of massive, extremely high grade mineralization.At the end of 1984, the global geological reserves estimated by geostatistics on the main mineralized ""pod"" of the deposit amounted to 110,000 metric tonnes of uranium at an average grade of 12.2% U, with a precision of 25% at the 95% confidence level."

Jan 1, 1986

By Edward Martinez

Due to its unique properties, chrysotile asbestos is used in many diversified applications. In recent years, a better understanding of the structure and properties of chrysotile has evolved due to the research efforts of many investigators. A summary of the results of some of these investigations is given. An attempt is made to show the relationships between the properties of chrysotile and its crystal structure. Examples taken from the literature are cited in which methods have been developed for modifying the properties to improve the performance of asbestos in some applications. These include the effect of pH on the positive zeta potential and the addition of sodium silicate to improve filtration characteristics. The dehydroxylation and formation of forsterite when chrysotile is heated are also discussed.

Jan 1, 1966

By Bruce W. Smith

Non-contacting, radioisotope density and level gauges are discussed. The characteristics of the more commonly used isotopes, the techniques of detection and the methods of presenting information are reviewed. The gauge parameters of accuracy, response time and long-term stability are tabulated with reference to calibration techniques and operating requirements. Automatic control systems, both pneumatic and electrical, are used in conjunction with density gauges on filter feeds, and in thickener underflow and heavy media processes. These systems are described. Procedures for installation, start-up and operator training are outlined, along with considerations of preventative maintenance and service requirements. Typical gauge system costs, including capital expenditure, installation, start-up and service, are presented, wherever possible, in order to provide a basis of comparison with more conventional systems.

Jan 1, 1964

By E. McLaren, J. Sanftenberg, C. Cameron, H. Dello Sbarba

"A Ventilation on Demand (VOD) system has been optimized and maintained at Glencore’s Nickel Rim South Mine (NRS) in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada for the past seven years. The system monitors and controls air quality and quantity through real-time, dynamic automation of primary fans, secondary fans, automated airflow regulators, and air monitoring instrumentation with VentSim™ CONTROL, a VOD software. This paper will focus on the implementation of testing procedures and system maintenance methods. Overall, the results show a consistent reduction in energy usage.INTRODUCTIONThe Ventilation on Demand (VOD) system at Glencore’s Nickel Rim South (NRS) mine in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, involves the control of two 2,980 kW centrifugal surface exhaust fans with Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs), three 335 kW vane-axial surface intake fans with VFDs, 21 automated airflow regulators, six automated dampers, seven automatic doors and 198 underground auxiliary fans with ON/OFF starters. Additionally, the system monitors airflow at 48 locations, carbon monoxide (CO) at 40 locations, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at 21 locations, and dry bulb and wet bulb temperature at 21 locations. The VOD system is also integrated with a tagging and tracking system to modulate the ventilation system automatically and in real time according to the presence and position of the personnel and vehicles. The tracking system comprises of 75 vehicle tags with diesel status and hydraulic status (ON or OFF), 440 personnel tags, and 200 tracking zones. Finally, it also involves the configuration and updating of 55 level plan and interactive procedures and 24 daily scheduled events. NRS currently uses VentSim™ CONTROL, Ekahau Tracking and PI Datalink to control, monitor, and configure their VOD system."

Jan 1, 2019

"The Upper Mannville unit commonly consists of interbedded marine and non-marine sands and shales, but in northwestern Alberta the unit consists of marine shales of the Spirit River Formation. A thick tongue of marine shale (Clearwater Formation) ex-tends eastward into the Athabasca area below sandy Grand Rapids beds. Correlation of Upper Mannville rocks to the southeast is difficult, but in the Cold Lake area a thick sandy depositional cycle (Mannville ""C"" of this paper) appears to be approximately correlative with the Clearwater Formation. In the Lloyd-minster region, tongues of marine sedimentary rock occur in the lower part of the Upper Mannville unit. Most of the Upper Mannville oil occurs in the Grand Rapids Formation at Wabasca, in the thick ""C"" unit and younger Mannville sands at Cold Lake, and in the Sparky and General Petroleums sands of the Lloydminster region (Figure 2).The Lower Mannville unit was deposited on an erosional surface of considerable relief that truncated the Jurassic and older strata of the Western Canada basin. Continental, probably fluviatile, sedimentation persisted over much of the Western Canada basin during deposition of the Lower Mannville unit, but an Arctic or Boreal sea lay over part of northern Alberta. At the end of the depositional episode, the sea transgressed southward and eastward (Figure 3) and re-worked the Bullhead and McMurray sands of northern Alberta into the glauconitic Bluesky and Wabiskaw sands. Topography on the sub-Cretaceous erosion-al surface had a considerable effect on the deposition of the Lower Mannville (Rudkin, 1965), and the highest hills on this surface were not completely on-lapped by Lower Mannville sediments (Figure 3). The coarser elastic material was derived both from a western Cordilleran region and from an eastern Canadian Shield region (Glaister, 1959, p. 620; Mellon, 1956)."

Jan 1, 1966