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By Alfred W. G. Wilson

THE state of development of its iron and steel industries serves as a 1eading index to the general condition of a nation's business affairs. In this paper, the authors present an economic study of the progress of this group of industries in Canada for the decade 1927-1936. The statistical data and most of the tables which accompany this article have been com-piled by John Casey, Statistician, Bureau of Mines; the text and some of the computations have been prepared by the seni0r author. The principal source of statistical information has been the publications of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics; where other sources have been consulted, they are noted in the text. All weights are given in short tons. Records for the years 1913 and 1918 are also presented in the group of tables dealing with iron ore and pig iron; they will serve as a basis for comparison with nearly normal years in the two decades prior to 1927-36, which included the abnorma1 years of the Great War. GENERAL REVIEW At the beginning of the decade under review, this group of industries had returned to almost normal production, as determined by pre-war conditions. Iron ore consumption showed a steady increase between 1927 and 1930; a marked decline began in 1930 and reached its culmination in 1932, when the recorded consumption of ore was 293,353 to11s, about 16 per cent of the average consumption during the first four years of the decade; the last four years of the decade show a gradual increase in consumption; the amount of ore used in 1936 was still slightly below the amount used ten years before, in 1927 (see Table 1, top).

Jan 1, 1938

By E. Uzun

"In this study, H2SO4 and HCl leaching behaviour of an ore sample containing 1.87% of Ni, obtained from the Karaçam (Eskisehir-Turkey) lateritic deposit that started operation recently was investigated. Acid concentration, temperature and reaction time were investigated as variables by comparative leaching tests and the optimum leaching conditions were selected on teh basis of Ni, Fe, Co and Mg behaviour. For H2SO4 leaching, optimum leach parameters were 95°C, a 12 normal H2SO4 concentration and 90 minutes of reaction time, and under these conditions Ni and Fe dissolutions were 97.6% and 95.4% respectively. On the other hand, 70°C, an 8 normal HCl concentration and a reaction time of 90 minutes were found to be the optimum parameters for HCl leaching, and Ni and Fe dissolutions found were 97.1% and 97.8%, respectively.INTRODUCTION Today, nickel and various nickel compounds are obtained from sulphide and lateritic nickel ores (Moskalyk & Alfantazi, 2002). Even though about 72% of the world's nickel reserves constitute lateritic ores, only about 42% of nickel is produced from these ores. The decrease in production from sulphide deposits, on the other hand, and increases in the use of nickel in the iron and steel, and battery production sectors, and especially the production of nickel cast irons in recent years, have accelerated the importance of making use of lateritic deposits (Luo et. al., 2010; Chang et. al., 2010). In the beneficiation of sulphide nickel ores, mostly pyrometallurgical methods are used. On the other hand, about 39% of lateritic ores are beneficiated by pyrometallurgical, and 61% are beneficiated by hydrometallurgical methods (USGS, 2009). In laterite beneficiation, the ore properties are of significance; that is to say, limonitic ores are eneficiated by high pressure acid leaching or via the Caron process, nontronitic ores are beneficiated by high pressure acid leaching or heat treatment (smelting), and ores containing serpentine by pyrometallurgical methods (Berezowsky, 2004; McDonald & Whittington, 2008a; Dreisinger et. al., 2015)."

Jan 1, 2017

By Gordon R. Harris, Raymond Chalk

Descriptions of typical pulp and paper manufacturing processes are presented, with particular emphasis on the use of minerals and derived products. Some consideration is given to the future demand for these minerals by the pulp and paper industry. Possible influences of techno-logical change and social legislation are suggested and their effect on saltcake demand by the pulp industry is discussed. Predictions are made regarding trends for new and existing paper products.

Jan 1, 1968

By D. W. MacFarlane

In the formation of Oil and Gas Producing Units lawyer& and engineers are interdependent members of the same team. Management is, there-fore, entitled to expect no less than a total cooperative effort from the members of these professions. The petroleum and natural gas lawyer must diligently inform himself on the implications of engineering evidence. Otherwise he can be of little assistance to his engineering witness in a thorough, systematic and convincing presentation of his technical evidence. Conversely, the engineer must appreciate the concern of counsel that quasijudical hearings, whether technical or otherwise, be con-ducted in such a manner as to pre-serve some semblance of organized judicial procedures in the adjudication of property rights. The principal problems in unitization are the participation formula and the adjustment of investment in unit facilities. The equating of oil to gas, the effect of unit infill drilling, the relative values of producing zones and well productivity have •been controversial factors in several Saskatchewan units to date. Perhaps the most perplexing of these has been well productivity. While preserving current income, it may also preserve an ability to drain adjacent tracts plus an inequitable sharing of .reserves properly attributable to secondary recovery operations. However, inequity may also result in depriving an operator of the benefits accruing to him under competitive operations by virtue of his favourable reservoir position or his use of advanced production techniques. The Saskatchewan Oil and Gas Conservation Act has been construed by the Department of Mineral Resources as •completely negating any benefits inherent in the rule of capture when determining equities under unit operations. Under adjustment of investment provisions, large cash flows between owners of exploited acreage should be avoided upon the creation of a unit. These provisions should not deprive any company of the benefits it may have obtained under competitive operations in producing its fair share of the reservoir at a lower net cost per barrel than its competitors. Unitization should be concerned with physical conservation rather than in equalizing production costs as between operators.

Jan 1, 1960

By A. E. McIlhinney, I. E. Puddington, C. E. Capes, A. F. Sirianni

"Two main problems are associated with the removal of pyritic sulphur from coals. The first is due to the fine state of dissemination of pyrite, which requires grindin1 to a very fine size to accomplish liberation. The second problem is caused by the similar surface chemical characteristics of coal and pyrite, which complicates separatio11 methods based on this property. In the work described here, the problem of fine particle size was overcome by using the selective oil agglomeratioa method developed at the National Research Council of Canada. Recovery of more than 90% of the combustible values was possible, even with particles only a few microns in diameter. Experiments using conventional chemical depressants for pyrite met with little success. It was found, however, that pyrite may be rejected during coal agglomeration through treatment with the iron.oxidizing bacteria, thiobacillus-ferrooxidans. The conditions for maximum pyrite separation are described and possible mechanisms by which the bacteria act are discussed."

Jan 1, 1973

Uranium mining remains controversial in many parts of the world, especially in a post-Fukushima context, and often in areas with significant uranium resources. Although nuclear proponents point to the relatively low carbon intensity of nuclear power compared to fossil fuels, opponents argue that this will be eroded in the future as ore grades decline and energy and greenhouse gas emissions (GGEs) intensity increases as a result. Invariably both sides fail to make use of the increasingly available data reported by existing uranium mines through sustainability reporting ? allowing a comprehensive assessment of recent trends in the energy and GGEs intensity of uranium production, as well as combining this with reported mineral resources to allow more comprehensive modelling of future energy and GGEs intensity. In this study, detailed data is reported for numerous uranium mines around the world, including production, energy and GGEs intensity and reported mineral resources. An important aspect included ? arguably unique and never before published ? is the relationship between ore grade and recovery, which is crucial in future projections of uranium mining. Overall, the paper shows the importance of continuing to improve reporting by the uranium sector as well as the ability to analyse key trends and future projections in energy and GGEs intensity of uranium production.

Aug 1, 2013

By I. Farr, H. Wittens

"In 1989 and 1990 abnormally high levels of arsenic in ore from the Thompson Open Pit Mine threatened Manitoba Division's electro-nickel production. The paper will discuss our development of a flotation process to separate pentlandite and gersdorffite (the prime nickel and arsenic bearing minerals).The presentation will focus on the development of the process from conception, through lab and plant test work, to plant optimization and full scale production. The paper will conclude with the benefits and cost of the completed project.INTRODUCTIONRejection of arsenic from nickel sulphide ores was not a primary concern in the Manitoba Division until 1989. At that time increased production in the Thompson Open Pit mine, which contains high arsenic ore zones, resulted in excess amounts of arsenic in the Thompson Refinery affecting electro-nickel quality. This problem was resolved through extensive efforts by Mill personnel. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize the reader with- the Thompson Mill.- the mineralogy of the Thompson orebody.- the evolution of Ni/As separation in the Mill.- the metallurgical impacts of the separation on the Mill.- the importance of the separation to the Manitoba Division."

Jan 1, 1991

By G. V. Sirianni, G. E. Viens, R. A. Campbell, G. N. Banks

A combination shaft-electric furnace for the smelting of ores and the melting of metallized feed is being developed at the Mines Branch. When iron oxide pellets are smelted in this unit, they are preheated and partially reduced in the shaft before being transferred to the electric furnace where smelting is completed. Also, limestone flux added with the pellets is-preheated and calcined in the shaft. It has been demonstrated that, in smelting iron oxide in this unit, the throughput of the 250-kva electric furnace can be approximately doubled and the amount of electrical energy required can be very significantly reduced when the shaft furnace is operated in conjunction with the electric furnace. These benefits are achieved mainly by utilizing the sensible heat and latent energy contained in the arc furnace off-gases.

Jan 1, 1971

"The main purpose of geometallurgy is to develop a model to predict the variability in the mineral processing performance within the ore body. Geometallurgical tests used for developing such a model need to be fast, practical and inexpensive and include as an input data relevant and measureable geological parameters like elemental grades, mineral grades and grain size. Important in each geometallurgical program is to define the number of samples needed to be sent for geometallurgical testing to enable reliable metallurgical forecast. This is, however, a complicated question that does not have a generic answer.To study the question on sampling a simulation environment was built including a synthetic ore body and sampling & assaying module. A synthetic Kiruna type iron oxide - apatite deposit was established based on case studies of Malmberget ore. The synthetic ore body includes alike variability in rock types, modal mineralogy, chemical composition, density and mineral textures as its real life counterpart. The synthetic ore body was virtually sampled with different sampling densities for a Davis tube testing, a geometallurgical test characterising response in magnetic separation. Based on the test results a forecast for the processing of the whole ore body was created. The forecasted parameters included concentrate tonnages, iron recovery and concentrate quality in terms of iron, phosphorous and silica contents.The study shows that the number of samples required for forecasting different geometallurgical parameters varies. Reliable estimates on iron recovery and concentrate mass pull can be made with about 5-10 representative samples by geometallurgical ore type. However, when the concentrate quality in terms of impurities needs to be forecasted, the sample number is more than 20 times higher. This is due to variation in mineral liberation and shows the importance of developing techniques to collect qualitative information on mineral and ore textures in geometallurgy."

Jan 1, 2016

By Pamela Paradis-Sokoloski, Deni Thibodeau, J. Denis, Samantha J. Espley, P. O’Donnell

"During the previous decade, the role of spray-on liners within the mining industry was limited to providing a corrosion resistant coating to screen and bolts; however, increasingly, liners are being used as ground support products. Expanding use and testing of liners have demonstrated their ground support function, yet the definitive support mechanism is still under debate. The most promising theory is the retain/hold/reinforcement concept (Kaiser et al.,1992). This conceptual theory has been the basis for the recent underground trials at INCO where, specifically, shotcrete and MIROC Mineguard were tested in two trials to further define limitations and applications of each liner.In a cursory overview, shotcrete is becoming accepted as a support product, while Mineguard is only slowly gaining acceptance.This discrepancy is the result of the corresponding life-spans within the industry, whereby shotcrete has had wide-spread use for decades, yet Mineguard has only recently been introduced. Currently at INCO, shotcrete is primarily used: to provide support in poor ground conditions, to add stability when developing through backfill, and to provide damage control in seismically active mines. It is also used to protect production headings and secondary-blasting chambers from fly-rock damage during blasting. Despite an obvious support function of the liner, shotcrete has always been used in addition to bolts and screen. Comparatively, Mineguard is still in the testing stage, where the greatest potential is increased productivity for applications in multi-tasking development headings. In this scenario, Mineguard provides instant support to replace screen, and bolts temporarily. When the heading has advanced, the drill and support crews work in tandem, drilling off the next round and installing bolts for long-term radial support, respectively. Other potential applications of Mineguard are within production headings to replace screen in the back, and screen and bolts in walls. The potential for both liners to replace conventional support is clearly war-ranted, such that defining the support role was the primary goal of the two underground trials."

Jan 1, 1996

By C. Joulian, A. G. Guézennec, A. Chmielarz, Y. Ménard, M. Hanke, P. d’Hugues

"The copper concentrate used in this study is produced by flotation of a black shale organic rich ore. This resource is a carbonate-rich, polymineral concentrate. In the last 5-6 years, ore characteristics changed and the concentrate grades degraded. This study evaluated bioleaching of the concentrate in stirred tank reactors as an alternative to the pyrometallurgical technology that is currently applied, and which may no longer be feasible in future given the concentrate chemistry.The first part of the study focused on testing non-traditional operating conditions during continuous bioleaching experiments: high solids concentration (> 20% solids), reduced agitation and aeration rates. For the same residence time, bioleaching performance at high solids loading (25%) was the same as that reached during previous bioleaching experiments at 15% solids. No mixing or microbial issues were encountered. The bacterial consortium used in the experiments demonstrated a high copper tolerance.The second part of the study was devoted to technology development for metal recovery from copper bearing solutions obtained during bioleaching experiments. Due to the high copper concentration of the leachate, solvent extraction prior to electrowinning was not necessary. After iron removal, high quality copper cathodes (morphology and composition) were obtained from the PLS by electrowinning."

Jan 1, 2014

By C. A. Morais, L. V. Resende

"The technological development observed in recent years has stimulated the application of rare earth (RE) elements. Amongst their various applications it is well worth mentioning their use in electronics, superconductors, nuclear medicine, as well as in special inks - as those used in radar invisible airplanes. TV and computer monitor screens present as coating a powder containing some rare earth elements, mainly Europium and Yttrium. The recovery of the RE elements from electronic scrap is extremely important as the economic and environmental issues are concerned. This paper describes the study of the Eu and Y recovery from e-scraps. The first step of the process was the leaching of the powder obtained by manually scraping the inside surface of the screen. After the optimization of the leaching, the dissolution of Eu and Y was higher than 98 w/t% and a pregnant sulfuric liquor containing 11.9 g L-1 Y and 0.72 g L-1 Eu was obtained. The second step was the separation of the metals found in the liquor by the solvent extraction technique. The separation of Eu and Y was carried out in a counter current circuit compound of 3 extraction stages, 7 scrubbing stages and 15 stripping stages. DEHPA was used as the extractant, whereas a diluted sulfuric acid solution was applied as scrubbing agent and a hydrochloric acid solution at high concentration was used as the stripping agent.INTRODUCTIONThe rare earths (RE) are a moderately abundant group of 17 elements composed of lanthanides, scandium and yttrium. Amongst the RE, promethium (Pm) is extremely rare, however several of the RE elements are not very rare and occur dispersed in a variety of forms (Greenwood & Earnshaw, 1984; Tyler, 2004).The innumerable applications of the RE elements are based on their particular properties, mainly their spectroscopic and magnetic properties (Martins & Isolani, 2005). The technological development observed in recent years has stimulated the application of rare earth (RE) elements. They have been used in agriculture, electronics, superconductors, nuclear medicine, automobile industry, special inks – as those used in radar invisible airplanes, X-ray screens, high intensity mercury vapour light bulbs, neutron scintilators, charged-particle detectors and optical memory reading systems (Maestro & Huguenin, 1995; Nagaosa & Binghua, 1997; Sánchez et al., 1999)."

Jan 1, 2012

By J. S. Redpath, W. R. Dengler

"A description of the equipment used and the electrical-mechanical problems encountered in sinking a deep shaft is given. This shaft is currently being sunk to a depth of 7,115 feet. Some of the features of the sinking plant are a 6,500-hp double-drum hoist, a Blair stage hoist, special high-capacity mucking gear, a Galloway stage, high-tensile stage suspension ropes and 12-ton sinking buckets.INTRODUCTIONIN THE EARLY FALL OF 1965, a contract was let, by The International Nickel Company of Canada, Limited, to Shaft Sinkers (Canada) Limited -J. S. Redpath Limited -Joint Venture, • to sink and equip the Creighton No. 9 shaft at their Creighton Mine proper-ty in Ontario. This paper describes the electrical and mechanical equipment used by the contractor on this project, and details various problems that were en-countered.The shaft itself is circular in section and is lined with monolithic concrete. Upon completion, it will feature twin skip compartments, a cage compartment, counterweight compartment, manway and pipe compartment. The finished diameter of this opening will be 21 feet and the shaft will bottom 7,115 feet below the collar. The present depth of the shaft (April, 1968) is 5,400 feet. The opening is concrete lined as excavation takes place and the steel will be placed in the shaft upon completion of sinking. Hoisting is done on rope guides which are part of the stage suspension system."

Jan 1, 1968

By Brian Hart, Hong Zhong, Liuyin Xia, Kyle Douglas

"The application of hydroxamic acid as flotation collectors is fast becoming of significant interest for the selective flotation of oxide minerals along with upgrading oxidised based metal ores and minerals. In the hydroxamate molecule, both O and N atoms in the -CONHOH group are identified as coordination atoms in many complexes and their characteristic structure determines the strength of the chelation complex between the hydroxamate and metal ion. The chelating performance of hydroxamates with transition metals including Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, Cr, Mn and Co, the alkaline-earth metals (Be, Ca) and heavy metal (Pb) has been studied. Cytec has developed and patented a range of alkyl hydroxamates as flotation collectors for oxidised base metal sulphides, metal oxide minerals and precious metals. This paper introduces two new structures of hydroxamate collectors (Cyclohexyl and 4-tert-butylbenzoyl hydroxamates) and evaluates their characteristics relative to alkyl and benzoyl hydroxamates. Laboratory small-scale flotation tests were conducted with ilmenite and wolframite. The use of 4-tert-butyl benzoyl hydroxamate resulted in a best flotation performance for ilmenite. A relatively low cyclohexyl hydroxamate dosage was required in the flotation of wolframite to obtain comparable results to the alkyl and benzoyl hydroxamates. It is also shown a significantly improved flotation performance with 4-tertbutyl benzoyl hydroxamate in the flotation of ilmenite plant ore in comparison to the oleic acid or fatty acid collectors typically used for ilmenite flotation.INTRODUCTIONHydroxamic acid has been reported as an effective collector in small-scale flotation tests for a wide variety of oxide minerals and ores including copper (Lee et al., 1998, Lee et al., 2009), iron (Quast, 2000), tin (Sreenivas and Padmanabhan, 2002; Wu and Zhu, 2006), tungsten (Marinakis and Kelsall, 1987; Xia et al.,2004), and rare earth metal minerals (Ren et al., 1997; Pradip and Fuerstenau, 1991; Assis et al., 1996; Pavez et al., 1996; Zheng et al., 1996; Chen et al.,2005).As part of our previous research project, a selected suite of hydroxamic acid collectors including fatty, aromatic and modified hydroxamates (naphthoyl, cyclohexyl, benzoyl, octyl, 4-tert-butyl benzoyl, salicylic hydroxamates) were tested in order to examine their potential for recovery and selectivity of rare earth minerals. In these tests it was shown that the flotation performance with the hydroxamate collectors was significantly better than the phosphoric acid collectors on no slimes removed samples (Brian, et al., 2014; Liuyin, et al., 2014 and unpublished internal technical reports). Furthermore the tests revealed that for most of the hydroxamate reagents tested, their dosage requirements to achieve recoveries at the same levels was less than that for the phosphoric acid collectors. Recovery of both La and Ce was significantly better for the salicylic hydroxamate and that Nb, Y and Zr recovery were favoured by the octyl and benzoyl hydroxamates (Brian, et al., 2014; Liuyin, et al., 2014). Comparison among the hydroxamate collectors showed that the flotation and recovery performance of cyclohexyl (CHH) and 4-tert-butyl benzoyl (TBH) was not as good as the other hydroxamates for rare earth recovery."

Jan 1, 2015

By T. B. Williams

A SEARCH of the records indicates that evidences of accumulations of petroleum and natural gas within the boundaries of British Columbia were discovered at approximately the same time as were those of Alberta. They probably would have been developed as soon bad it not been for the fact that they are in such uninhabited parts of the Province. Even today, the seeps of the Flathead area, and the later discovered extensive seeps of the Peace River area, have been seen by very few people. From the geological evidence, there is reason for believing that British Columbia soon will be a petroleum producing Province. Fifty-eight operators, both companies and individuals, are now backing the money and the effort which they have invested with us, for the most part within the last three years, in a belief that this is so. The promulgation of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Act in 1947 marked the beginning of a new phase with regard to the exploration and the development of our petroleum and natural gas resources. Since August 15th, 1947, the date on which the Act came into force, the area under exploration bas increased from a few thousand acres, held by lease under the Goal and Petroleum Act, 1986, to 10,460,115 acres, including all active permits, licences, and leases. In addition there are 192,720 acres under application, bringing the total under issue and application to 10,652,835 acres. The total area is comprised of 105 permits, 20 licences, and 26 leases under the 1986 Act. The permits and licences, which ?represent active exploration and development, are held by a total of 82 companies and 26 individuals.

Jan 1, 1951

By Horst Konig

This paper illustrates that, with the application of new processes, smaller steel plants using local raw materials can be economical and advisable. It also introduces the problems connected with the direct reduction processes, which use non-coking coal or gas as reducing agents, and which are employed in connection with conventional reduction to produce excellent results. Electric smelting is also discussed, and some practical examples of operating plants are given.

Jan 1, 1970

By J. Aydt, W. McCombe, H. McLaughlin, L. Nightingale-Mercer

The McClean Lake mill is located approximately 850 kilometers north of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada and is operated by Orano Canada Inc. (Orano). The mill was designed to process high grade uranium ores, and in 2014 completed a multiyear expansion to increase its production capacity to 24 Mlbs U3O8 per annum. This expansion included significant changes to the mill’s secondary leach circuit in support of safely processing high grade ore directly from the Cigar Lake mine. In particular, inter-stage pumps were introduced for slurry transfer between the secondary leach tanks, replacing the original pressure feed forward operation. The design and selection process for these pumps was strongly influenced by the uncertainty related to actual radiation dose exposure when processing undiluted high grade ore (up to 30%U), and consequently the desire to maintain minimal occupancy in the vault enclosure containing the secondary leach tanks. These constraints resulted in the decision to install positive displacement pumps above the leach tanks in a suction-lift configuration. Operating experience with this design has shown that the pump capacity is significantly de-rated due to process solution gas-entrainment and pipe scale build-up, particularly in the front end of the secondary leach circuit where reagent dosage is high. Experience processing high grade ore also provided accurate radiation dose data to demonstrate that the level of occupancy in the leaching vault enclosure could be re-evaluated to accommodate alternate pump configurations. This paper reviews the lessons learned and improvements made to safely increase the capacity and reliability of the leach inter-stage pump system.

Jan 1, 2020

By John D. Godfrey

A brief account of economic developments in and around northeastern Alberta is presented and mention is made of mining and industrial developments currently of interest in the area. Planned and projected operations are briefly discussed for this region. The history of geological surveys and mining activities in the Shield area of Alberta and the adjoining parts of Northwest Territories and Saskatchewan is traced. Reassessment of the presently-known economic picture of northwestern Canada in conjunction with some recent information on Precambrian structures of northeastern Alberta points to some interesting mining possibilities, particularly in and around that province.

Jan 1, 1960

By F. Barriga-Ordonez, J. A. Finch, L. Calzado, S. R. (Ram) Rao

Sludge, formed by lime treatment of acidic drainage and stored in tailing ponds of the Sudbury region, contains 5-7% Ni, mostly in a mix of hydroxides with Fe (~ 10%), Mg (~ 10%) and Cu (-0.5%), and Ca (-3.5%) as sulphate. Investigations were conducted to recover nickel by a 2-stage process. In the first stage, the sludge was leached with sulphuric acid at pH 3.2. About 90% of the nickel was extracted, producing a solution, which contained mainly nickel (2 g/L) and magnesium (3.7 g/L). In the second stage, nickel was separated by treating with ozone which recovered 99% of the nickel in the Ni(III) oxidation state as -85% pure nickel oxide-hydroxide (NiOOH) precipitate. The oxide settled and filtered readily. A potential use of the product in battery making is suggested. The leach residue contained 0.5% Ni making it less toxic for disposal. Some physical properties of nickel oxy-hydroxide and process parameters including ozone consumption will be discussed.

Jan 1, 2005

By A. G. Ballachey

Introduction This paper will describe the mining plant and underground operations at Quemont. Details of geology and milling are beyond its scope. Papers on these subjects will be prepared and presented separately. A detailed account of the exploration and development, 1944 to 1947, has been given by W. L. Brown (1). Location The mining concessions of Quemont Mining Corporation, Limited, are in Rouyn township, Rouyn-Noranda county, northwestern Quebec. These concessions total about 640 acres in area. They lie within the limits of the City of Noranda, contiguous to, and directly north of, the Horne mine of Noranda Mines, Limited. A large area in the southern part of the property is covered by the north arm of Osisko lake. Production The present operating rate is about 2,100 tons per day. Three flotation concentrates are produced: copper, containing a large proportion of the gold and silver in the ore; zinc; and pyrite, which carries an appreciable additional proportion of gold. The copper and zinc concentrates are shipped to smelters as produced. The pyrite concentrate is cyanided to recover additional gold, after which it is filtered, dried, and shipped for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. The principal revenue metals are copper, gold, and zinc. Silver and pyrite are important by-products.

Jan 1, 1952