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By Roger V. Pierce

IN the last few years, much study has been devoted to increasing stoping efficiency. The reasons for this are shortage of manpower, shorter working hours, operating regulations, and shortages of essential materials. More efficiency in mining methods is needed to offset these adverse factors. In the past, attention has been centred upon haulage, hoisting equipment, mill flow-sheets, etc., but recently the spotlight has been focused on the cost of stoping and the cost of handling materials. Scrapers and scraper hoists have thus assumed greater importance. In order to make it possible for certain orebodies to be mined at a profit, it has been necessary to apply assembly-line practices to the streamlining of mining methods. All cycles of the mining operation must balance, and the sooner broken ore is removed from the working face, the sooner another round can be started. Since the introduction of scraper hoists in metal mines more than thirty years ago, much progress has been made in their design and application. Alert operators are now constantly watching for methods in which to apply scrapers. The saving of manpower in development work and the changing of mining methods that once employed manual handling of materials are increasing vital wartime tonnages. Essential ores from newly discovered orebodies are moving rapidly from stopes to reduction plants-because it is now possible to develop an orebody and place it in production with a minimum of manpower and development work. Today, speed is one of the prime essentials o mining. Everywhere, there is a concentrated effort to use experienced miners in breaking rock, in timbering, and in carrying out the various phases of mining that require many months of training. Much effort is being made to mechanize the working places because experienced men naturally prefer to work where the majority of materials are handled mechanically. In line with this policy, many new men are being taught the details of scraper work, because even green men can quickly become acquainted with scrapers and thereby release older heads to perform the more skilled phases of mining.

Jan 1, 1943

By G. Taylor

"The Iron Ore Company Of Canada's Carol Project is located in Labrador City, Newfoundland. Labrador City is some 912 air kilometers northeast of Montreal, and 417 ratl kilometers north of Sept-Iles, Quebec.Over 2,800 employees work at the Carol Project to produce some 20.0 million tonnes of concentrate and 10.5 million tonnes of pellets annually.In 1979 our Training Department started to develop the DACUM System of training for our Concentrator Operations Department.DACUM is an individualized, self-learning, training program. It is both a curriculum plan and an evaluation instrument.To date, the DACUM System has been completed for all occupations in the concentrator and work will commence shortly to develop DACUM for our Pellet Plant and Mine Operations Departments."

Jan 1, 1982

By C. Hudson, D. Tremblay, A. Frey

"A discussion of the design, challenges and successes associated with the commissioning of the gravity recovery circuit at Canada’s newest open pit gold mine - Atlantic Gold’s Moose River Consolidated Project in Nova Scotia, Canada is presented. An overview of the project, its historical significance and overall flowsheet is provided with special focus given to the design and selection of the gravity circuit equipment including the scalping screen, gravity concentrators and the novel intensive leaching technology selected for the project. The performance of the gravity circuit is benchmarked against the feasibility study process design specifications and the outcomes are discussed. Challenges encountered during commissioning are also presented, including the use of third-party automation and the effects of screen sizing on overall gravity circuit performance. Mechanical modifications made to the Sepro Leach Reactor for the Moose River project are also discussed. A detailed technical review of the mechanical and operational aspects of the Sepro Leach Reactor is provided with key operational data on leach times, recoveries, reagent usage, solid-liquid separation, pregnant solution quality and its influence on bullion purity.INTRODUCTION Atlantic Gold Corporation’s Moose River Touquoy Mill in Nova Scotia, Canada was commissioned in the fourth quarter of 2017 with commercial production declared in March of 2018. The 2 Mtpa process plant uses a conventional, gravity-CIL process. This site was previously mined in the 1870s. Interest waned in the early 1900s but resumed in the 1930s and the mine was brought back into production in 1935 until an underground mine collapse in 1936. This mining district became famous after CRBC radio commenced a ground breaking, around the clock, broadcast of the rescue operations. Over 100 million people listened to the broadcast from Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom. These broadcasts changed radio, transforming it from a medium for music to on the spot, breaking news reporting. The mill was constructed by Ausenco on a fixed price EPC contract in the historic Moose River gold mining district, 95 km north-east of Halifax by road. The mill will process ore from the adjacent Touquoy pit for the first 5+ years of operation; after the Touquoy reserves are exhausted, the mill will process ore trucked 37 km from the Beaver Dam deposit for an additional 5 years."

Jan 1, 2019

By Jolanta Olkowska-Oetzel

Reactions of gold?phosphino complexes [(AuX)(PR3)] (X= Cl, Br, I; R = organic rest) with Se(SiMe3)2 lead to the formation of gold complexes with chalcogenide bridges. The reaction of the complex Ph3PAuCl and tBuSe(SiMe3) gives the cluster [Au5Se2(PPh3)4]Cl 1. The in situ preparation of the complex [(AuCl)2dpph] (dpph = Ph2P(CH2)6PPh2) by reaction of dpph with Me2SAuCl, and subsequent reaction with Se(SiMe3)2 leads to the formation of [(Au3Se)2(dpph)3]Cl2 2. Reactions of the gold(I) complex [(AuCl)2dpppe], (dpppe = Ph2P(CH2)5PPh2) with Se(SiMe3)2 and InCl3 in different molar ratios lead to the formation of [Au10Se4(dpppe)4]InCl5 3 and [Au4(SeInCl3)2(dpppe)2] 4. The reaction of [(AuCl)2dpph] with Te(SiMe3)2 and GaCl3 produces the isostructural cluster compound [Au4(TeGaCl3)2(dpph)2] 5. From the reaction of Se(SiMe3)2 with [(AuCl)2dppe] (dppe = Ph2P(CH2)2PPh2) and InCl3 [Au8Se4In(dppe)4](InCl4)3 6 can be isolated. The structures of 1 - 6 were determined by X?ray diffraction.

Oct 1, 2003

By Roberto Busato Belger

- Fertilizer Business Overview - Supply -Demand Balance in the World - Supply -Demand Balance in Brazil - Brazilian Market Growth Opportunities - Fosfertil Operations - Fosfertil Expansion Plan - Salitre Project - Project Characteristics - Technical Challenges and Solutions - Technical Support Studies Conclusions

May 1, 2010

By S. K. Mitterecker, T. Hofbauer, F. Baerhold

"Acid regeneration is a very important process step in each acid leach circuit. It is required to recover dissolved metals and HCl from spent leaching acid. Andritz Metals presents its recently commissioned spray roast pilot plant. The facility is now available for testing and demonstrating acid recovery or metal oxide production which is a requirement in several flow sheets under development for the mining and specialized oxides industries. Results from pilot test campaigns are reported here. We are currently focusing on a nickel ore leaching process, which requires both a feasible iron control and acid regeneration step. In addition, we disclose the results of a magnesium ore and aluminium recycling test campaign conducted in our pilot plant facility.INTRODUCTION Hydrochloric acid regeneration is widely used in the steel industry to regenerate spent pickle liquors into hydrochloric acid at a typical concentration of 18 wt.%. Andritz Metals (formerly known as Ruthner) has built more than 200 acid regeneration plants worldwide (Andritz Metals brochure). As technology leaders Andritz also has vast experience with specialty metal oxide plants, producing metal oxides such as aluminium oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), nickel oxide (NiO), cobalt oxide (Co3O4) and mixed oxides from metal chloride solutions (Baerhold F., Lebl A., Starcevic J., 2006), (Jedlicka, H., n.d.), (Ruthner M.J., Krischner H., 1973), (Ruthner Ind. Planungs AG, 1967). Hydrochloric acid leach circuits have been developed and proven in the industry for many years. Examples of industrial applications are: synthetic rutile production (TiO2) (Walpole E.A., Winter J.D., 2002), Quebec Iron and Titanium’s UGS process (Patoine M.-C., De Mori A., Borowiec K., Coscia C., 2002), magnesium and potassium production (Priemer H., 1973) and Goro Nickel (Vahed A., Colton D.F., Duterque J.P., Karner W., Baerhold F., 2004), (Taylor A., 2013). One of the critical process steps in developing a hydrometallurgical process is acid regeneration, as it is an economic requirement to recover both the dissolved metals and acid (commonly HCl) from the spent leaching solution."

Jan 1, 2016

About Barrick Paste Backfill at Barrick Goldstrike Rodeo Paste Plant Cyclone Lab Testing Challenges and Lessons Learned Future Barrick Projects

May 1, 2013

By G. J. Hamilton

"THE Royalite-Canada Southern Coleville No. 1 gas strike of August 15th, 1951, and the closely following low gravity black-oil strike of August 23rd, were the first of a series of recent oil and gas discoveries in western Saskatchewan. They are in what is now known as the Coleville field, 25 miles north and west of Kindersley and 30 miles east of the Alberta-Saskatchewan border (Figure 1).Gas flows have been recorded in the Viking sand at daily rates of between 5 and 10 million cubic feet, and black oil of 15° A.P.I. gravity is produced from Mississippian sediments of Banff age at a daily rate .of 50 to 100 barrels on pump.Development drilling was carried on during the winter months, with very little attempt at step-out exploratory ventures. This year, however, a step-out programme to the northeast (Figure 2) is •being carried on in order to determine the position of a possible truncation of Mississippian sediments in that direction. Section 30 of the Coleville area has been fully developed on a 20-acre wellsite basis, and structural information is restricted to local rather than regional interpretation. No attempt will be made in this paper to interpret the Coleville area with respect to the regional geology in any but a general manner."

Jan 1, 1952

By R. H. Chambers, L. Alderman

"The paper is introduced by an examination of the factors which have led to the present world-wide interest in charging preheated coal to coke ovens. Various possible methods of preheating and charging the coal are considered and reasons are given for the adoption of the methods chosen. The design of the pilot preheating plant for the British Coke Research Association is discussed and its influence on the design of the commercial units for the South African Iron and Steel Corporation's plant at Pretoria and the British Steel Corporation's plant at Beighton are explained. Operating procedures on the pilot plant are described, particularly with regard to the charging of the preheated coal. Design features of the commercial installations, engineered by Simon-Carves Ltd., are explained with emphasis on the built-in safety of the control system of the preheating plant, and the particular problems associated with the erection of such plants on working coke oven batteries. Commissioning and operating procedures are described and the problems associated with the integration of the preheating plant into the normal pushing schedule of the plant are discussed. Preliminary operating results with regard to the effect of preheating on coal throughput on the commercial plants and on the properties of the coke produced are given."

Jan 1, 1972

By H. Assadi, S. Reutzel, D. M. Herlach

Intermetallics exhibit unique solidification behaviour due to their chemical longrange order. This includes, for instance, generally slow solidification kinetics, and in some cases, an anomalous partitioning behaviour. In the present work the electromagnetic levitation technique - complemented by theoretical modelling - is used to explore various aspects of this behaviour, as observed in solidification of B2 phase in undercooled melts of the Ni-Al system. Moreover, a phase-field model is developed and used to illustrate the effect of chemical order on the solidification kinetics of a B2 phase in a model system. The phase-field model provides an additional basis for the simulation of solidification microstructures in intermetallic forming systems. Both experimental studies and theoretical work signify the role of chemical order in solidification of intermetallics.

Jan 1, 2006

By K. Lundholm, A. E. Mäkinen

"Ore grades are declining and getting more complex around the world which not only complicate the ore processing but also produce new type of requirements to manage the produce waste streams. One specifically problematic and increasingly identified element in waste streams produced in mining and metallurgy is arsenic.Arsenic is a compound that has no significant market value, but that needs to be removed from ores, concentrates and other process streams because of environmental or process technical reasons. One example of a removal process is partial roasting of high-As sulfide concentrates, originally developed by Outotec. In this process the arsenic is volatilized in the gas phase and thus separated from the solid material, i.e. the calcine. If the arsenic is recovered by wet methods the process gas is quenched and all arsenic needs to be stabilized in the effluent treatment plant.Outotec has developed ferric arsenate precipitation as a method to produce stabile arsenic residues from wet gas cleaning effluents. Iron based precipitates, when correctly produced, can meet typical landfill criteria measured with different types of leaching methods meant for characterizing the arsenic dissolution behavior from the precipitates.In this paper partial roasting of sulfide concentrates with arsenic volatilization in combination with ferric arsenate precipitation is discussed from the perspective of producing wastes that can meet the stability requirements set by common leaching tests methods, TCLP and CEN. These leaching test methods set the normative landfill requirements for most operations generating arsenic containing wastes. A typical flow sheet of Outotec® Ferric arsenate process is discussed with results showing the importance of correct process control and sequence on producing arsenic containing waste that can meet the landfill disposal requirements."

Jan 1, 2014

By Binbin Luo, Northeastern University, Chuanyao Sun, Jie Liu, Yimin Zhu, Yanjun Li

"A series of new type collectors a-bromo-saturated fatty acids, CH3(CH2)5CHBrCOOH (a-BHA), CH3(CH2)7CHBrCOOH (a-BDA), CH3(CH2)9CHBrCOOH (a-BLA), CH3(CH2)11CHBrCOOH (a-BMA) were synthesized from saturated fatty acids and bromine by solvent-free method (Hell-Volhard-Zelinski reaction) in laboratory. The micro-flotation tests of quartz mineral were conducted at a relatively low temperature of 15 °C. The adsorption mechanism of such collectors on quartz mineral surface were established by zeta potential measurements, in conjunction with the results of quartz micro-flotation tests. The flotation results showed that the collecting ability is in the order of a-BMA > a-BLA > a-BDA > a-BHA for the flotation of quartz mineral, which also demonstrating that the a-bromo-saturated fatty acids (a-BFAs) are new selective collectors for reverse flotation to remove quartz mineral from iron ores at a relatively low temperature.INTRODUCTIONThe requirement of higher pulp temperature to maintain the activity of fatty acid anionic collectors which have been widely applied in technological process of iron ores reverse flotation lead to a great deal of energy consumption.The purpose of this paper is to synthesize a new modified collector with carbon chains from eight to fourteen atoms, with strong electronegativity bromine atom introduced into a-carbon position to improve the activity and solubility of the reagent so that it can be adopted at a comparatively low pulp temperature. The collecting performances of these new collectors on quartz surface were studied, and the structure - properties were discussed in light of zeta potential measurements and quantum chemistry calculations."

Jan 1, 2016

By M. A. Vasina, I. A. Matveeva, E. A. Naumova, V. V. Doroshenko, N. A. Belov

"Using the calculated (Thermo-Calc software) and experimental methods (SEM, TEM, EMPA, DSC, XRD, etc.) the phase composition, structure and hardening of aluminium alloys of the Al-Ca-Zn-Mg system were studied in the following range: 2. 5%Mg, up to 10% Ca, and up to 14% Zn (wt%). Fragments of this quaternary phase diagram in the aluminium corner were constructed, including the liquidus surface, as well as some vertical sections. It was shown that the relatively large amount of zinc enters in the Ca-containing phase, which formula can be described as (Al,Zn)4Ca. An increase of Zn content leads to formation of Al4Ca primary crystals at lower concentrations of calcium. The eutectic (Al)+(Al,Zn)4Ca has a fine structure and aluminide particles are capable to spheroidization during the heat treatment at temperature 500 C. The maximal level of hardness observed on calcium containing alloys was higher than 200 HV, what gives the reason to expect good strength properties. With an example of an Al-9% Zn-2,5%Mg-3,5% Ca model experimental alloy based on the (Al)+(Al,Zn)4Ca eutectic, a principal possibility of manufacturing thin rolled sheets was demonstrated.INTRODUCTION Aluminum alloyed with calcium was first studied in 1970-80s by such authors as Piatti (1976), Moore (1978, 1980), Il'enko (1985), Swaminathan (1990), and Perez-Prado (1997) as superplastic materials. In particular, the alloy systems Al-Ca-Zn were studied (Il'enko, 1985, Swaminathan, 1990, Perez-Prado, 1997). For some time there was no new published works concerning the aluminum-calcium alloys. During the last years many works were published dedicated to the calcium alloying of magnesium alloys (Kim, 2011; Xu, 2011; Aljarrah, 2008; Bakhsheshi, 2014). This urged the authors (Belov, Naumova & Akopyan, 2016) to start studying cast and wrought aluminum-calcium alloys for construction (2008–2014). There is almost no information in the literature concerning triple and more complex diagrams of the aluminum-based system states with calcium and other elements. In recent work, parts of the state diagrams are plotted for the aluminum angle zone: Al-Ca-Mg-Sc (Belov, Naumova & Bazlova, 2016), Al-Ca-Ni-Sc (Belov, Naumova & Bazlova, 2017), Al-Ca-Si-Sc (Belov, Naumova & Akopyan, 2017) and others. Special attention was paid to the study of the system Al-Ca-Zn-Mg (Naumova, 2017). Based on this system creation of advanced extra-high tensile alloys is planned. Wrought extra-high tensile alloys series 7??? based on the system Al-Zn-Mg-Cu are well studied."

Jan 1, 2018

By E. G. Charlesworth, M. J. Robertson

"Abstract - Gold mineralization in the Main Reef Complex at Sheba Gold Mine is hosted within shear zones in a sequence of shales and greywackes of the Fig Tree Group. Competency contrasts between these rocks and a steeply dipping chert unit provided a locus for the development of right lateral steeply dipping shear zones. A set of flatter dipping shear fractures crosscut these zones with their intersections defining a system of en échelon ore shoots.Mineralization is both of vein type and disseminated strata-controlled replacement type. The latter occurs mainly within the wall rocks to the shear zones. Arsenopyrite and pyrite are the major sulfides, with arsenopyrite being confined largely to greywacke beds and pyrite to the more iron-rich shale units. Gold was introduced, together with minor sphalerite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and early arsenopyrite, toward the end stages of a first pyrite phase. The mineralizing fluids were introduced along dilated cleavage planes and, emanating from these, produced a series of replacement fronts. Mineralization was syntectonic to late tectonic and occurred under conditions of progressive deformation, resulting in sulfides which are concentrated in the hinges of shear-related folds and semi­ massive sulfides within tension fractures which are folded, attenuated and fractured .An analysis of the structures shows a sequence of events in which an initial ductile simple-shear event with a steep sense of movement was succeeded by a more brittle strike-slip event. Mineralization is temporally related to the latter. This evolution in structural style was probably related to reactivation of the Sheba Fault as a transcurrent fault during emplacement of large granitoid bodies."

Jan 1, 1994

By Mario Bureau

Need for a lab assembly reaching better and consistent static anchorage capacities

May 1, 2013

By V. S. Melamud, A. G. Bulaev

"Sulfide ore processing is characterized by significant losses of metals, for example, with flotation tailings. Therefore, flotation tailings can present an important source of metals. The treatment of flotation tailings is a technological issue due to low content of valuable metals (e.g. copper and zinc) and high iron content. The goal of the present work was to investigate extraction of base metals and gold from old flotation tailings containing 17% iron, 0.26% copper, 0.22% zinc, and 0.7 g/t gold. Chemical leaching in columns with 0.5 to 10% sulfuric acid solutions and bioleaching in air-lift percolators were used for the extraction of base metals. 1% H2SO4 provided high extraction of base metals and best selectivity. Recovery of copper and zinc reached 35% and 40%. Increasing H2SO4 concentration did not lead to significant increase in base metals extraction, but led to increased iron concentration in the pregnant solutions. The 1% H2SO4 leaching solid residues were used for further experiments. Acid leaching and bioleaching did not result in significant increase in base metals recovery. Leaching of the residue with 10% H2SO4 provided extraction of 4% copper and 20% zinc, and bioleaching for 100 days provided extraction of 16% copper and 12% zinc. The recovery of gold by cyanidation from the flotation tailings, the 1% H2SO4 leaching solid residue and residue of two-step acid leaching were 50, 49, and 65%, respectively. The results suggest that acid leaching can be effective approach for treatment of old flotation tailings.INTRODUCTIONAbout 80% of base metals (copper, nickel, zinc) are produced through pyrometallurgical treatment of sulfide ores. Mining and metallurgical treatments of sulfide ores are presently characterized by significant losses of non-ferrous and precious metals into the various wastes. For example, flotation of sulfidic ores yields formation sulfide flotation tailings. These wastes pose a problem not just because of their sheer volume, but some of them may affect local ecosystems. Nowadays, mining and metallurgical wastes can be considered as technogenical source of base metals."

Jan 1, 2016

WHAT IF? ?Mine closure and reclamation liabilities were fully funded -at all times from current mine revenues ?Unexpected & catastrophic events were insured ?Remediation costs could be capped ?Risk management was improved ?best practice and independent oversight ?Host communities?concerns were adequately addressed If this could be achieved within a cost-effective financial structure, this may be a solution to a complex issue for the mining industry

May 1, 2006

By W. M. Armstrong

THE GROWTH of the major iron and steel industries on this continent and in many European countries was based on the use of as-mined, high-grade, lump iron ores and on the availability of metallurgical coking coals. The modern coke-fired blast furnace was developed for such materials and is one of the most efficient of ail pyrometallurgical processes. Most of the impure pig iron produced by blast furnaces was converted to refined steel by the Bessemer process in the years prior to 1900 but, when large quantities of low-cost steel scrap be-came available, the more flexible open hearth process was adopted by most large steel producers on this continent. Although this pro-cess has many desirable metallurgical features, the thermal efficiency is low, the capital cost is very high, and the method of charging scrap steel is inefficient by modern standards of material handling. In recent years several conditions have arisen which have stimulated the development of many new pro-cesses and the re-examination of the existing smelting and steelmaking techniques.

Jan 1, 1958

By S. A. H Tyrrell, R. Rotzinger

"Taseko Mines Limited recommenced operation of the Gibraltar copper-molybdenum mine in 2004 and embarked on series of development projects to modernize the mine and increase throughput capacity. The Gibraltar Development Plan 3 (GDP3) project included a second stand-alone copper-molybdenum concentrator, a stand-alone molybdenum separation plant and associated services. Ausenco was contracted to commence the detailed design in 2Q2011, commissioning commenced in 4Q2012 and first ore was processed in 1Q2013. This paper discusses the design, implementation and commissioning of the GDP3 Concentrator.INTRODUCTION The Gibraltar Mine (Gibraltar) property is located in the Cariboo Region of south central British Columbia, approximately 360 kilometers northeast of Vancouver. The site is accessed via an 18 kilometer paved road from the town of McLeese Lake, which is located on the province’s main north-south highway between the cities of Williams Lake and Quesnel. Gibraltar was originally developed by Placer Development and commenced production in 1972. Gibraltar was acquired, while on care and maintenance, by Taseko Mines Limited (Taseko) in 1999 during a period of unusually low metal prices. Taseko recommenced operations at Gibraltar in 2004, and embarked on series of development projects to modernize the mine and increase throughput capacity. The 1972 Gibraltar process flowsheet incorporated two-stage crushing followed by rod and ball milling and flotation. In 2008 Gibraltar completed their first development stage that included the installation of a SAG mill, converting the existing rod mills to ball mills and adding additional flotation capacity. Gibraltar continued development with the installation of an in-pit primary crusher, expansion of the bulk regrind circuit, expansion of the cleaner flotation circuit, replacement of the tailings pumping system and replacement of the concentrate filters and dryer."

Jan 1, 2014

By Jerry C. Tien, Yingjiazi Cao

"Coal spontaneous combustion (SponCom) is a natural phenomenon in underground operations, which can either happen naturally or be triggered by human activities. For underground operations, espe-cially in coal, SponCom can happen frequently as a result of air leakage, although its incubation period may vary depends on types of coal and surrounding environment, resulting in uncertainty in control. In China, most of the underground coal operations now use longwall mining method because of its superior safety, high productivity and efficiency. With an increased popularity, there is also an increasing necessity to study spontaneous combustion, its occurrence and management. There have been many theoretical analysis and experimental studies over the past half century hoping to understand the occurrence of coal combustion and its control measures to better understand the occurrence and to design controlling measures to limit the dam-age it causes. In this paper, research on coal spontaneous combustion fundamentals from these three aspects will be reviewed, gaps highlighted and possible directions for future studies. INTRODUCTION The history of anthropic development is the history of human's energy utilization progress. From the first usage of fire, people have been continuingly seeking energy resources on earth. Coal, as an abundant, economic and convenient source of fuel quickly became indispensable and made significant contribution to economic growth worldwide. With technology and societal development, people are becoming more and more coal-dependent, but at the same time, problems of fossil fuel combustion came into sight. In global coal mining industry, spontaneous combustion has now presented one of the most challenging safety issues, it is also believed that it has contributed significantly toward the climate change. It is essential that more effort be invested to examine the cause of SponCom and its control measures. Coal SponCom is a complex process, with both physical and chemical inter-actions among various interrelated factors such as local airflow distribution, ventilation pressure, methane emissions (if any), and physical surroundings underground. With the advent of powerful computers, simulation techniques and af-fordable modelling packages in recent years, significant advances have been made in understanding sponta-neous combustion. But because of the complex nature of combustion and varying underground conditions, there are still areas that need further examining. This paper will focus on illustrating the current research of coal spontaneous combustion and addressing research gaps and future study areas."

Jan 1, 2019